Week 2 Human Anatomy Past Paper PDF

CRS101: HUMAN ANATOMY Week 2 – Language of Anatomy & Introduction to Musculoskeletal System INSTRUCTIONS 1. Complete the exercises below to demonstrate your comprehension. Scroll down to the last page to ensure you don’t miss anything. 2. When answering, ch...

CRS101: HUMAN ANATOMY Week 2 – Language of Anatomy & Introduction to Musculoskeletal System INSTRUCTIONS 1. Complete the exercises below to demonstrate your comprehension. Scroll down to the last page to ensure you don’t miss anything. 2. When answering, check these references in order. You can focus on books of Snell and Seeley. 3. Use the following format for saving your document in PDF format: Name of the PDF document: Week 2 _Introduction to Anatomy_Section_Last Name, First Name Example: Week 2_Introduction to Anatomy_2_Dela Cruz, Juan 4. When you finish the worksheet, submit it in the designated submission bin in the iLS Blackboard. The submission deadline is on or before September 2, 2024. 5. If you encounter any issues uploading to the submission bin, please send your worksheet to [email protected] and the faculty-in-charge. Additionally, notify the topic organizer and faculty-in-charge via a private message on Microsoft Teams. Include your section in the message. 6. The grading rubric for your work is specified in the Student Guide. EXERCISE 1: LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY & SKELETAL SYSTEM 1. What do you think the importance of studying anatomy is in your chosen course? (Maximum of 150 words) As a Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy (BSPT) student, I believe that the study of anatomy is extremely relevant for anyone tackling the medical field. Understanding anatomy helps us handle our patients better and address their concerns while explaining their medical situations clearly. A comprehensive grasp of anatomical structures and their functions is essential for accurate assessment and diagnosis of musculoskeletal issues. This knowledge enables us to develop effective, individualized treatment plans tailored to each patient’s specific needs. Additionally, understanding anatomy enhances our ability to educate and communicate with patients about their conditions and the importance of prescribed therapies. It also supports the safe application of therapeutic techniques, reducing the risk of injury or further complications for our patients. It is our duty as medical personnel to be professional and prepared therefore being able to grasp anatomy will help us further in those ordeals 2. Choose one of the movements described below. Take a picture of yourself performing it and attach to this document. 1. Place the ventral part of either hand on the contralateral body part that is lateral to your axilla. 2. In supine position, place the most medial part of your hands on the anterior femoral areas. 3. Place the ventral part of your right hand inferior to your clavicle. 3. Consider one simple daily activity and explain or narrate it using at least three anatomical, directional, and regional terms. Please adhere to the format outlined below. Student before taking the first anatomy Student after taking the first anatomy class class Drinking water everyday is a simple but Drinking water every day involves several steps important task I do everyday to maintain from the anatomical, directional, and regional hydration. I simply start with grabbing a perspectives. I start by using my hand to retrieve glass from the pantry, walking towards the the glass from the pantry, located in the anterior water dispenser, then filling up my glass region relative to my initial position. I then move with water. Afterwards while holding the towards the water dispenser, traveling in an glass, I move it towards my mouth to have anterior direction to fill the glass with water. a drink. After drinking I move towards the Holding the glass, I bring it towards my oral cavity, sink to wash my glass then put it back to which involves a movement in a posterior direction the pantry relative to my body. I tilt my head slightly in a posterior direction and sip the water, which flows from the glass into the oral cavity, passes through the buccal (cheek) region, then into the pharynx (throat), and travels down the esophagus (inferior to the pharynx) to the stomach. After drinking, I walk to the sink (anteriorly relative to my drinking position) to clean the glass, and then return it to the pantry, moving it in a posterior direction relative to the sink. For example: Student before taking the first anatomy Student after taking the first anatomy class class Taking a bath is something I do every day. Taking a bath is something I do every day. When I When I shower, I wash my head first; then shower, I usually start from the cephalic to the all body parts down to my feet. I start by caudal region. I start by massaging my scalp with massaging the back of my head right water and shampoo, focusing on the occipital above the neck and move on to the rest of region, then moving on to the superior parts of my my scalp, massaging upward… head… 4-6. Surface Markings, Bones, Types, and Locations: Complete the table. Term/Feature/Surface Description Specific Examples Bones Type of Bone Classification Markings according to location General Body Main part Body of femur Femur Long Appendicular Head Enlarged, often Head of femur rounded end Neck Constriction between Neck of femur Femur Long Appendicular head and body Margin, border Edge Lateral border of Scapula Appendicular scapula Angle Bend Mandibular angle Mandible Axial Ramus Branch off the body Mandibular ramus Mandible Axial beyond the angle Condyle Smooth, rounded Lateral condyle articular surface Facet Small, flattened Superior articular facet Atlas Axial articular surface of atlas Ridges Line, linea Low ridge Intertrochanteric line of Femur Long Appendicular femur Superior nuchal line of occipital bone Occipital Crest, crista Prominent ridge Iliac crest Ilium Appendicular Process Prominent projection Acromion process Scapula Appendicular Axial Tubercle Small, rounded Greater tubercle Humerus Long Appendicular projection Appendicular Tuberosity, tuber Rounded projection; Deltoid tuberosity Humerus Long Appendicular larger than a tubercle Trochanter Tuberosity on the Greater trochanter Femur Long Appendicular proximal femur Epicondyle Upon a condyle Lateral epicondyle Femur Long Appendicular Lingula Flat, tongue-shaped Lingula of mandible Mandible process Hamulus Hook-shaped process Pterygoid hamulus of Sphenoid sphenoid bone Horn Horn-shaped process Greater horn of hyoid Hyoid Openings Foramen Hole Foramen magnum of Occipital bone occipital bone Canal, meatus Tunnel Hypoglossal canal of Occipital sphenoid bone Fissure Cleft Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid Axial of sphenoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Sphenoid Axial Sinus, labyrinth Cavity Ethmoid labyrinth Ethmoid Fossa General term for a Coronoid fossa Humerus Long Appendicular depression Olecranon fossa Mandibular fossa Notch Depression in the Mandibular notch Axial margin of a bone Intercondylar notch Fovea Little pit of femur Fovea capitis of femur Femur Long Appendicular Groove, sulcus Deep, narrow Intertubercular groove Humerus Long Appendicular depression of humerus EXERCISE 2: JOINTS and MUSCULAR SYSTEM DEFINITION OF TERMS Let us begin our worksheet but defining important terms that you will come across during our synchronous discussion (: Terms Definition Connective tissue One of the 4 primary tissue types that primarily functions to connect structures together Ligament Connective tissue bands that hold bones together Tendon Connective tissue bands that attach muscles to bones Firm, smooth, resilient, nonvascular connective tissue that functions to resist compressive forces, Cartilage enhance bone resilience, and provide support on bony areas. Range of motion Describes the amount of mobility that can be demonstrated in a given joint Joint cavity A space between the articulating bones that contains a small amount of synovial fluid. Articular cartilage Hyaline cartilage that covers the surfaces of the bones forming the joint. Two layers that enclose the joint cavity. The tough external layer is the fibrous layer composed of Articular capsule dense irregular connective tissue. The inner layer is the synovial membrane composed of loose connective tissue. A viscous fluid located in the joint cavity and the articular cartilage. This fluid acts as a lubricant, Synovial capsule reducing friction. Pads composed of fibrocartilage (menisci) may also be present to minimize wear and tear on the Articular discs bone surfaces. Sac filled with synovial fluid that reduces friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, and Bursae bones rub together. Tendon sheats Elongated sac with synovial fluid that wraps around a tendon. Word Bank: Articular Cartilage Bursa Joint Cavity Range of Motion Tendon Articular Capsule Cartilage Ligament Synovial Fluid Tendon Sheath Articular Discs Connective Tissue A joint (or articulation) is defined as, “a place where two or more bones come together.” (Seeley, 2020). They perform 2 major functions for the body, namely (read Marieb, p.185): 1. Allow our skeleton to freely function and move 2. To keep our bones intact Joints are classified either functionally and structurally. The functional classification is based on the amount of movement the joint allows (degree of motion). Meanwhile, the structural classification is based on whether which major connective tissue connects the two bones and whether there is a presence of fluid-filled joint capsule. Fill-in the boxes below (read Seeley, p.247):  Cartilaginous Fibrous Joints Joints Synorial Joints Synathsosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis Suture Synchondrasis Hinge Syndesmosis Symphysis Saddle Gomphosis Pivot Condyloid ball and socket Plain joint Ellipsoid Summarize the structural and functional classification of joints by answering the table below. Structural Class Structural Structural Types Examples Functional Characteristics Classification Synarthrosis Fibrous Suture (joint fibers) (Immovable) Syndesmosis (long fibers) Fibrous Gomphosis (periodontal Tooth in a bony socket ligament)  Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage) Adjoining bones united Cartilaginous by cartilage; no joint Symphysis cavity (fibrocartilage) Structural Class Structural Structural Types Examples Functional Characteristics Classification Hinge Saddle Pivot Diarthroses (freely Synovial Condyloid movable) Wrist Ball-and-socket Shoulder and hip Plane joint Intercarpal and Intertarsal joints Ellipsoid Radiocarpal joint Identify the parts of the synovial joints using the names indicated in the box on the right side (read p.244, Seeley): Bursa Word Bank Synovial 1. Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage membrane 2. Bursa 3. Fibrous Capsule (Outer Layer) Fibrous 4. Joint Cavity Capsule 5. Periosteum 6. Synovial Membrane (Inner Layer) 7. Tendon Sheath 8. Tendon Joint cavity Articual cartilage Tendon Sheath Peristeum Tendon (fibrous) Peristeum (cellular) Synovial joints are the most complex among the three structural classifications. Understand them better by answering the table below (Reference: Snell R. (2012) Clinical Anatomy By Regions. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Synovial Joint Description of articulating surface Movement Examples Hinge A rounded or cylindrical bone fits into a concave surface on the other bone Flexion extension and Monoaxial diarthrosis Saddle Articulating surface are saddle-shaped; one Flexion, extension, surface is concave, the other surface is Abduction, adduction, Carpometacarpal joint convex Circumduction Pivot Proximal radioulnar joint Monoaxial diarthrosis Atlantoaxial joint Condyloid Bi-axial: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction Radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joint Ball-and-socket Flexion, extension, Shoulder joint Hip joint Abduction, adduction, Circumduction Plane Non-axial: gliding Intercarpal and intercarsal Joint Ellipsoid Elliptical convex articular surface fits into an elliptical concave; Rotation is impossible Bi-axial Radiocarpal joint NAMING THE JOINTS Now that you are familiar with what joints are and their structural and functional classifications, it is important for you to know how to identify and name the joints. The joints are named according to: 1. Bones that join together 2. Greek or Latin Name For the Greek/Latin names, the students need to be familiar with these. Meanwhile, let us apply your knowledge on the names of the skeletal bones to be able to name the following joints: Example 1 Example 2 Example 3  1 Bone 1 ne Bone 1 Bo Bone 2 Bone 2 Bone 2 Bone 1: Acromion Process of Scapula Bone 1: 5th Lumbar Vertebral Bone Bone 1: Metacarpal Bone Bone 2: Clavicle Bone 2: Sacral Bone Bone 2: Proximal Phalanges Name of Joint: Acromioclavicular Joint Name of Joint: Lumbosacral Joint Name of Joint: Metacarpophalangeal Joint Name the following joints according to the bones that join them together: Temporomandibular Sternoclavicular Atlanto-occupital Atlantoaxial Sternocostal Sacroiliac Shoulder or glenohumeral coxal Elbow Tibiofemoral Proximal radioulnar joint Femeropatellar Superior Tibiofibular Inferior Tibiofibular Carpometacarpal of digit 1 Carpometacarpal Tarsometatarsal Metacarpophalangeal Metatarsophalangeal Interphalangeal Interphalangeal  Part II: Muscular System Identify the functions of muscular system. 1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7. There are 3 types of muscles in the body, namely, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Differentiate these three by filling-in the table below (read p.267, Seeley): Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Location Appearance Cell-Shape Very long and cylindrical (1 mm–4 Spindle-shaped (15–200 μm in Cylindrical and branched (100–500 cm, or length, μm as much as 30 cm, in length, 10 5–8 μm in diameter) in length, 12–20 μm in diameter) μm–100 μm in diameter) Nucleus Striations Control Function For the Prelims period, we are going to focus on the Musculoskeletal System. Hence, we will emphasize the skeletal muscle type in this topic. Watch this short video on Skeletal Muscle Parts: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCznFaTwTPE (2 mins, 10 seconds) before proceeding to the next part of the worksheet. Label the parts of the skeletal muscle (read p.201, Marieb):  Word Bank: Endomysium Epimysium Muscle Fasciculus Muscle fiber Myofibril Perimysium Tendon Watch the short video about the Structure of a Myofibril: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0n3vnjGE6I (4 mins). Label the parts of the myofibril (read p.212-213, Tortora): Word Bank for Labelling of parts of Myofibril: A-band H-Zone I-band Word Bank for Definition of Terms M-Line Z-Disc A-band Muscle Fiber Endomysium Myofibril Epimysium Myofilaments H-band Perimysium I-band Sarcomere M-line Skeletal Muscle Muscle Cell Z-discs Muscle Fascicle Definition of Terms (Skeletal Muscle Structure): Terms Definition Epimysium Connective tissue that forms the outer layer, encircling the entire muscle. Connective tissue that surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating them into Perimysium bundles called muscle fascicles. Connective tissue that penetrates the interior of each muscle fascicle and separates individual Endomysium muscle fibers from one another. Long cylindrical cell covered by endomysium and sarcolemma; contains sarcoplasm, myofibrils, Muscle cell many peripherally located nuclei, mitochondria, T tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and terminal cisterns. Muscle Fascicle Bundle of muscle fibers. Skeletal muscle Organ made up of muscle fascicles that contain muscle fibers, blood vessels, and nerves. Threadlike contractile elements within sarcoplasm of muscle fiber that extend entire length of fiber; Myofibril composed of filaments Contractile proteins within myofibrils that are of two types: thick filaments composed of myosin and Sacromere thin filaments composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin; sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments produces muscle shortening  The filaments inside a myofibril do not extend the entire length of a muscle fiber. Instead, they are Muscle fiber arranged in these compartments. Basic functional unit of a myofibril Z-disc Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next. Dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of thick filaments and includes those parts A-band of thin filaments that overlap thick filaments. Lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that contains remainder of thin filaments but no thick I-band filaments. A Z-disc passes through center of each I band. H-band Narrow region in center of each A band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments. Region in center of H zone that contains proteins that hold thick filaments together at center of M-line sarcomere. Definition of Terms (General Principles of Skeletal Muscle Anatomy) (read p.209, Seeley): Terms Definition Origin Also called the fixed end; is usually the most stationary, proximal end of the muscle. Also called the mobile end, is usually the distal end of the muscle attached to the bone undergoing Insertion the greatest movement. Tendon At the attachment point, each muscle is connected to bone by this connective tissue. Belly The part of the muscle between the origin and the insertion. Action Movement accomplished by the muscle when it contracts. Agonist A muscle that accomplishes a certain movement. Antagonist A muscle acting in opposition to an agonist. Synergist Members of a group of muscles working together to produce a movement Prime mover This muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the movement. Fixators Muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usually more distal bone is moved. Head Some muscles have multiple origins. Each origin is also called a. Word Bank for General Principles of Skeletal Muscle Anatomy: Action Belly Head Origin Tendon Agonist Fixators Insertion Prime mover Synergists Antagonist The shape of the muscle determines the type of movement it has. There are 5 classes of muscle shapes as determined by the arrangement of its fascicles, namely, circular, convergent, fusiform, parallel, and pennate (Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate). Complete the table below (read p.311, Seeley): Pattern Description Shape of Muscle Examples Circular Fascicles arranged in a circle around an Orbicularis Oris opening; act as sphincters to close the opening Orbicularis Oculi Convergent Broadly distributed fascicles converge at a 1. Pectoralis major single tendon 2. Pectoralis minor  Pattern Description Shape of Muscle Examples Parallel (One for each shape) 3. Trapezium 4. Rhomboideus 5. Rectus abdominis Pennate (One for each shape) 6. Unipennate 7. Bipennate muscle 8. Multipennate muscle Fusiform 9. Biceps branchii 10. Sartorius NAMING OF MUSCLES Fill-in the table for the characteristics used to name muscles (read, p.352, Tortora) Name Meaning Example DIRECTION: Orientation of muscle fascicles relative to the body’s midline Rectus Parallel to midline Rectus abdominis Transverse Perpendicular to midline Transversus abdominis Oblique Diagonal to midline External abdominal oblique SIZE: Relative size of the muscle Maximus Largest Minimus Smallest Longus Brevis Latissimus Longissimus Magnus Major Minor Vastus SHAPE: Relative shape of the muscle Deltoid Trapezius Serratus Rhomboid Orbicularis Pectinate Piriformis Platys Quadratus  Gracilis ACTION: Principal Action of Muscle Flexor Extensor Abductor Adductor Levator Depressor Supinator Pronator Sphincter Tensor Rotator NUMBER OF ORIGINS: Number of tendons of origins Biceps Triceps Quadriceps LOCATION: Structure near which a muscle is found; Example: Temporalis, muscle near temporal bone ORIGIN AND INSERTION: Sites where muscle originates and inserts; Example: sternocleidomastoid, originating on sternum and clavicle and inserting on mastoid process of temporal bone Accomplished by: I hereby state that I completed the worksheet independently and did not engage in any form of cheating or collusion with my classmates. My work is a true reflection of my individual effort and understanding of the material. Maria Ysabel Zhuri F. Cunanan /PT1-4/ September 5, 2024 Name and Signature of Student / Section / Date Accomplished References Snell R. (2012) Clinical Anatomy By Regions. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J. L., Russo, A. F., Seeley, R. R., Stephens, T., & Tate, P. (2020). Seeley's anatomy & physiology. McGraw-Hill. Marieb, M., Keller, S. (2019). Essentials of human anatomy & physiology. 13th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Marieb, M. & Smith, L. (2023). Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual. 12th Edition. United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy & physiology. 15th edition. Danvers, MA, Wiley. Topic Organizer: Myzelle Anne J. Infantado, PTRP https://theawkwardyeti.com/