CE 211: Fundamentals Of Surveying PDF

CE 211: FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING FINAL TERM TOPIC NO. 1: PLANE SURVEYING ENGR. ANGEL LEAH B. CANIOS NOVEMBER 06, 2024  PLANE SURVEYING Plane surveying is a branch of surveying in which the earth's surface is assumed to be a flat. Curvature of the earth is...

CE 211: FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING FINAL TERM TOPIC NO. 1: PLANE SURVEYING ENGR. ANGEL LEAH B. CANIOS NOVEMBER 06, 2024  PLANE SURVEYING Plane surveying is a branch of surveying in which the earth's surface is assumed to be a flat. Curvature of the earth is neglected in small areas, so plane geometry and trigonometry can be applied directly without significant error.  PLANE SURVEYING It is used primarily for surveys of relatively small areas, where high accuracy can be achieved without considering the earth’s curvature.  PLANE SURVEYING Plane surveying is widely used in engineering projects like construction of buildings, roads, railways, and for establishing boundaries in real estate.  PLANE SURVEYING: CHAIN SURVEYING Chain surveying is a simple surveying technique that involves measuring distances using a chain to create a map of an area. It’s suitable for relatively small, flat areas with few obstacles, where angles don’t need to be measured. For measuring distances between points. Chains are made of metal links.  PLANE SURVEYING: CHAIN SURVEYING Primarily used for establishing the locations and distances between different points. It’s an economical and straightforward approach, ideal for open areas with few obstructions.  PLANE SURVEYING: CHAIN SURVEYING Principles of Chain Surveying Triangulation: The area to be surveyed is divided into a series of interconnected triangles. Triangulation allows for precise calculation of distances and areas using basic geometry.  PLANE SURVEYING: CHAIN SURVEYING Equipment Used in Chain Surveying Chains: Typically 20 or 30 meters long, chains are made of metal links joined by rings, with handles on each end.  PLANE SURVEYING: CHAIN SURVEYING Types of Chains Metric Chain: Comes in lengths of 20 or 30 meters, marked in decimeters and centimeters.  PLANE SURVEYING: CHAIN SURVEYING Types of Chains Gunter’s Chain: A historical 66-foot chain commonly used in the U.S. (equivalent to 20.1 meters).  PLANE SURVEYING: CHAIN SURVEYING Types of Chains Metric Chain: Comes in lengths of 20 or 30 meters, marked in decimeters and centimeters. Gunter’s Chain: A historical 66-foot chain commonly used in the U.S. (equivalent to 20.1 meters).  PLANE SURVEYING: CHAIN SURVEYING Equipment Used in Chain Surveying Arrows or Ranging Rods: Metal pins or rods are used to mark points on the ground. Cross-Staff: Used for setting out right angles and taking offsets.  PLANE SURVEYING: CHAIN SURVEYING Chain surveying is a fundamental method in surveying, valued for its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, especially in small, flat areas. While it has limitations in accuracy and application over large areas, it remains an essential tool in basic surveying tasks where other methods may be unnecessary or impractical. With correct procedures and error adjustments, chain surveying offers a reliable approach for straightforward survey needs.  PLANE SURVEYING: TRAVERSE SURVEYING Traverse surveying is a method of establishing control points in surveying by connecting a series of linear measurements and angles to form a path. This path can be either open (unclosed) or closed, forming a polygon.  PLANE SURVEYING: TRAVERSE SURVEYING Purpose: This method is widely used in situations where it’s challenging to conduct triangulation due to terrain, or where there are obstacles that prevent direct line-of- sight measurement. Traverse surveying is essential for boundary and property surveys, construction layouts, road and railway alignment, and other engineering projects.  PLANE SURVEYING: TRAVERSE SURVEYING Types of Traverses Open Traverse: A sequence of survey lines that does not return to the starting point or connect to another known point. This is often used for projects like roadways or pipelines, where the survey continues in one direction. Closed Traverse: A sequence of survey lines that form a closed loop or polygon, returning to the starting point or another known station. Closed traverses are common in property boundary surveys and construction sites, as they allow for error checks by balancing the closing line.  PLANE SURVEYING: TRAVERSE SURVEYING Equipment Used in Traverse Surveying Theodolite: Essential for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles between traverse lines. Modern total stations often integrate a theodolite with distance-measuring capabilities. Total Station: Combines an electronic distance measurement (EDM) device and a theodolite, allowing for precise measurements of both distance and angles. Data from total stations can also be recorded digitally.  PLANE SURVEYING: TRAVERSE SURVEYING Equipment Used in Traverse Surveying Tape or Chain: For measuring short distances accurately, typically in small traverses. Plumb Bob: Ensures vertical alignment when placing the instrument or setting up reference points. Surveyor’s Tripod: Provides stability for the theodolite or total station. Ranging Rods: Mark control points and sightlines, especially in long traverses.  PLANE SURVEYING: TRAVERSE SURVEYING Applications of Traverse Surveying Boundary Surveys: Commonly used to define property lines in open areas or in urban settings where triangulation may be impractical. Route Surveys: Used for linear projects like roads, railways, and pipelines, particularly in open traverses.  PLANE SURVEYING: TRAVERSE SURVEYING Applications of Traverse Surveying Control Surveys: Establishes control networks in large-scale projects where a reliable framework of points is essential for future survey work. Construction Layouts: Defines precise layout points for large construction projects, providing a foundation for positioning structures.  PLANE SURVEYING: TRAVERSE SURVEYING Traverse surveying is a foundational surveying method used for both small-scale and large-scale projects. The method’s accuracy and flexibility make it invaluable for defining control points and mapping areas with complex terrains or obstacles. While it requires skilled handling and regular error checks, traverse surveying remains one of the most reliable surveying techniques, especially in engineering and infrastructure projects.  PLANE SURVEYING: PLANE TABLE SURVEYING Plane table surveying is a graphical method of surveying in which field measurements and mapping are performed simultaneously. A drawing board, known as a plane table, is mounted on a tripod, and measurements are plotted in real-time directly onto a sheet of paper on the table.  PLANE SURVEYING: PLANE TABLE SURVEYING This method is particularly useful for small and medium-scale surveys, where a quick visual representation is needed. It’s ideal for topographic surveys, mapping small areas, and for work requiring real-time adjustments based on the terrain.  PLANE SURVEYING: PLANE TABLE SURVEYING Commonly used in preliminary surveys, construction site layout, cadastral surveys, and in areas where real-time map updates are beneficial.  PLANE SURVEYING: PLANE TABLE SURVEYING Equipment Used in Plane Table Surveying Plane Table: A flat, smooth board (usually made of wood or metal) mounted on a tripod, on which the map is drawn directly. Alidade: A sighting device used to observe objects and determine their directions relative to the table. There are two types: Plain Alidade: A ruler with a straight edge and sight vanes. Telescopic Alidade: Equipped with a small telescope, used for precise sighting over longer distances.  PLANE SURVEYING: PLANE TABLE SURVEYING Equipment Used in Plane Table Surveying Plumb Bob: Used for centering the plane table over the station point on the ground. Drawing Accessories: Includes pencils, sheets of drawing paper, protractors, and scales for plotting measurements accurately.  PLANE SURVEYING: PLANE TABLE SURVEYING Equipment Used in Plane Table Surveying Plumb Bob: Used for centering the plane table over the station point on the ground. Drawing Accessories: Includes pencils, sheets of drawing paper, protractors, and scales for plotting measurements accurately.  PLANE SURVEYING: ORDINARY LEVELING Ordinary leveling, also known as differential leveling, is a surveying method used to determine the relative elevations of points on the ground. The primary goal is to establish a level reference line between different points and measure the elevation differences to map the topography or establish grades for construction.  PLANE SURVEYING: ORDINARY LEVELING Ordinary leveling is essential in construction, infrastructure projects, and topographic surveys. It helps determine the slope, height, and relative position of points on the ground. Commonly used in road, rail, and drainage construction, property boundary delineation, and mapping elevation changes in terrain.  PLANE SURVEYING: ORDINARY LEVELING The basic principle of leveling is to determine elevation differences by establishing a horizontal line of sight with a leveling instrument and measuring vertical distances from this line to the ground points.  PLANE SURVEYING: ORDINARY LEVELING Equipment Used in Ordinary Leveling Leveling Instrument: Used to create a horizontal line of sight. There are several types: Dumpy Level: A simple, durable instrument with a telescope mounted on a solid base. The line of sight is fixed horizontally once leveled. Automatic (Self-Leveling) Level: Contains an internal compensator that automatically adjusts the line of sight to be horizontal.  PLANE SURVEYING: ORDINARY LEVELING Equipment Used in Ordinary Leveling Leveling Instrument: Used to create a horizontal line of sight. There are several types: Leveling Staff (Rod): A graduated rod used to measure vertical distances from the line of sight to the ground. It typically has a numbered scale and may be collapsible. Tripod: Supports and stabilizes the leveling instrument. It has adjustable legs for setting up on uneven terrain. Bubble Tube: Integral to leveling instruments to ensure the instrument’s line of sight is perfectly horizontal.  PLANE SURVEYING: ORDINARY LEVELING Ordinary leveling remains one of the most widely used and fundamental surveying methods due to its accuracy and simplicity. While it can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, the method’s reliability makes it indispensable for applications that require precise elevation data. Ordinary leveling continues to be a foundational skill in surveying, essential for both small- and large-scale projects in civil engineering, construction, and land development.