Surveying Methods and Applications PDF

SURVEYING SURVEYING METHODS AND ITS APPLICATION TO SITE CONSTRUCTION SURVEYING SURVEYING – THE ART AND SCIENCE OF DETERMINING ANGULAR AND LINEAR MEASUREMENTS TO ESTABLISH THE FORM, EXTENT AND RELATIVE POSITION OF POINTS, LINES AND AREAS ON OR NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH OR ON OTHER EXTRA...

SURVEYING SURVEYING METHODS AND ITS APPLICATION TO SITE CONSTRUCTION SURVEYING SURVEYING – THE ART AND SCIENCE OF DETERMINING ANGULAR AND LINEAR MEASUREMENTS TO ESTABLISH THE FORM, EXTENT AND RELATIVE POSITION OF POINTS, LINES AND AREAS ON OR NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH OR ON OTHER EXTRATERRESTRIAL BODIES THROUGH APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND THE USE OF SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES. TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING PLANE SURVEYING – A type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be flat surface and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded. GEODETIC SURVEYING – Surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth NO. PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING 1 The earth surface is considered as plain Surface. The earth surface is considered as Curved Surface. 2 The Curvature of the earth is ignored The curvature of earth is taken into account. 3 Line joining any two stations is considered to be straight The line joining any two stations is considered as spherical 4 The triangle formed by any three points is considered as plain The Triangle formed by any three points is considered as spherical. 5 The angles of triangle are considered as plain angles. The angles of the triangle are considered as spherical angles. 6 Carried out for a small area < 250 km2 Carried out for a Larger area > 250 km2 TYPES OF SURVEYS CADASTRAL SURVEYING – Usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and bounderies, corners and areas. TYPES OF SURVEYS CITY SURVEYS – Surveys of the areas in and near the city for the purpose of planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments, determining the physical features and configuration of land and preparing maps. TYPES OF SURVEYS CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS – surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configurations, and the location and elevation of structures which are of concern to engineers, architects, and builders TYPES OF SURVEYS FORESTRY SURVEYS – This type of survey executed in connection with forest management and mensuration and the production and conservation of forest land. APPLICATION OF SURVEYING HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY – refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans and other bodies of water. These surveys are made to map shorelines, chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams. They are of general importance in connection with navigation, development of water supply and resources, flood control, irrigation, production of hydroelectric power, subaqueous constructions and recreation. APPLICATION OF SURVEYING INDUSTRIAL SURVEYS – Sometimes known as optical tooling. It refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircrafts, layout and installation of heavy and complex machinery and other industries where very accurate dimensional layouts are required. APPLICATION OF SURVEYING MINES SURVEY – Surveys performed to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations, to calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades for the other related mining work. APPLICATION OF SURVEYING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS – A type of surveys which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations. APPLICATION OF SURVEYING ROUTE SURVEYS – Involves determination of alignment, grade, earthwork quantities and location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines and other linear projects. APPLICATION OF SURVEYING TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS – Surveys made for determining the shape of the ground and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features. ROLES AND WORK OF SURVEYOR IN CONSTRUCTION THE SURVEYOR The surveyor is the person who is supposed to make precise measurement that will identify the boundary. Surveyors help in providing unique contours on the surface of the earth which will let the engineers to make maps and construction projects. WHAT ARE THE DUTIES OF SURVEYOR? The surveyors have to measure the distance and the angles between specific points on the earth surface. Based on reference points, certain important features points are located by traveling. WHAT ARE THE DUTIES OF SURVEYOR? Detailed research is carried out on the records related to the land, survey, and the titles of the land. The boundary lines are to be located by searching for the past boundary present in the site. WHAT ARE THE DUTIES OF SURVEYOR? The surveying is conducted and the obtained results are recorded. Later they are verified for accuracy and corrections. Based on the surveyed records plots, maps, the respective reports of the surveyed site is prepared. WHAT ARE THE DUTIES OF SURVEYOR? The findings obtained from the surveying is presented to the clients and the respective government agencies. The official land needs and water boundaries are established. These are established either for lease or deeds. WORK CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEYOR The works performed by the surveyor can be divided into three different parts. They are: Field Work Office Work Instruments Care and Adjustments FIELD WORK This involves all activities performed on the survey site. Tasks include: Reconnaissance (preliminary inspection of the survey area). Measurement of distances, angles, and elevations. Establishing control points. Observing and recording field data. Setting out or marking positions based on design plans. Tools commonly used: total station, theodolite, GPS, levels, and measuring tapes. OFFICE WORK This entails processing and analyzing the data collected during fieldwork. Tasks include: Calculations and adjustments of field measurements. Drafting maps, plans, and profiles using software like AutoCAD or GIS tools. Preparing reports, drawings, and survey documentation. Collaborating with engineers, architects, or project stakeholders. Quality control to ensure data accuracy and compliance with standards. INSTRUMENT CARE AND ADJUSTMENTS Surveying instruments must be well-maintained to ensure accurate measurements. Tasks include: Cleaning, inspecting, and calibrating instruments regularly. Repairing or replacing defective parts. Verifying instrument accuracy through routine checks and adjustments. Proper storage to protect instruments from damage or environmental conditions. Keeping a log of instrument usage and maintenance. These three components ensure that surveyors produce precise, reliable, and efficient work for engineering, construction, and mapping projects.