Emotional Well-Being and Exercise PDF

Emotional Well-Being and Exercise Dr. Ross Murray KINESIOL 3H03 Oct. 29, 2024 Week #9 mcmaster.ca Updates and Announcements 1. Assignment #3 – released tomorrow, due Friday Nov 8th (+3 day extension) 2. Tutorials this w...

Emotional Well-Being and Exercise Dr. Ross Murray KINESIOL 3H03 Oct. 29, 2024 Week #9 mcmaster.ca Updates and Announcements 1. Assignment #3 – released tomorrow, due Friday Nov 8th (+3 day extension) 2. Tutorials this week  Lecture Outline and Objectives  Differences between affect, emotion and mood  Measures and timing of affective responses Affect and Exercise Research Continuous vs. Interval Exercise  Recall: Affect, Emotion, or Mood? Affect  Primitive, automatic/reflexive (~0.2msec) No cognitive appraisal… ‘in the moment’ Emotion  Response following cognitive appraisal Short-lived, temporary (e.g., a few seconds) Intense, variable, specific to stimulus Mood  Longer lasting (e.g., minutes to hours) Broader, sometimes unspecified causes Less intense than emotions Measuring Affect, Emotion, and Mood Activity Time Affect Check Pt.1 Measurement Issues: Categorical vs. Dimensional Approaches Categorical Assumption: Affective states are distinct with unique properties and antecedents  Exercise may reduce one state but not others Creates research bias… only focus on certain categories (e.g., depression and anxiety) Dimensional Assumption: Affective states are interrelated and can be captured by a small number of dimensions  Dimensional approaches are broader in scope  We need to play resident evil (finish 1 +) Measurement Issues: Categorical vs. Dimensional Approaches Categorical What conclusions could you make based on this data? What are we missing? Sadness Worry Apathy Many others… Study design & measured outcomes will bias conclusions Activity Time! Categorical Category 0 1 2 3 4 Calm Refreshed Enthusiastic Happy Fatigued Energetic  Exercise-Specific Measures Feeling Scale  Single-item measure of valence or hedonic tone  i.e., core affect  11-point continuum (-5 to +5)  Can be used during exercise  Exercise-Specific Measures FELT AROUSAL SCALE (FAS) (Svebak & Murgatroyd, 1985) Felt Arousal Scale Estimate here how aroused you actually feel. Do this by circling the appropriate number. By “arousal” we meant how “worked-up” you feel. You might experience high arousal in one of a variety of ways, for example as Estimate here how aroused you actually feel. excitement or anxiety or anger. Low arousal might also be experienced by you in one of a number of different ways, for example as relaxation or boredom or By “arousal” we mean how “worked-up” you feel. calmness. You might experience high arousal as excitement or anxiety or anger. 1 LOW AROUSAL Low arousal might be relaxation or boredom or calmness 2 3 4 5 6 HIGH AROUSAL Two-Dimensional Circumplex Model of Affect Valence = Affect / Feelings Feelings Scale (-5 to +5) Activation = Arousal Felt Arousal Scale (0 to 6) COPYRIGHT © HOLCOMB HATHAWAY, PUBLISHERS Activity Time!  +5 FIRED UP!!! -5 +5 Activation -5 Really chill Really bad Valence Really good  Temporal Dynamics of Affective Responses  When should responses be measured?  Affect experienced during exercise may be distinct from the change reported before and after  Has implications for exercise prescription and exercise adherence Temporal Dynamics: What would happen if we measured feeling states during exercise? 15min Treadmill Exercise Lower intensity Moderate intensity High intensity VT = ventilatory threshold Ekkekakis et al., 2008 Temporal Dynamics: What would happen if we measured feeling states during exercise? 15min Treadmill Exercise Ekkekakis et al., 2008  Dual-Mode Model (Ekkekakis, 2003) Ventilatory Threshold (VT)  Inflection point in ventilation (breathing) during exercise  Closely aligned w/ lactate threshold (La accumulation > La removal)  Indicates greater contribution of anaerobic metabolism during higher intensity exercise  VT a key intensity indicator for affective responses to exercise Temporal Dynamics: What would happen if we measured feeling states during exercise? During VO2max test Recovery Period VT = ventilatory threshold Ekkekakis, Partif, and Petruzzello (2011) Sports Med  Question for the Class We know that high-intensity exercise is better for numerous health outcomes… Cardiometabolic health, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), cognitive function, mental health Which do YOU think is more important for long-term exercise adherence? An individual’s affect DURING or AFTER exercise? WHY? In-Task Exercise Responses  But why does this even matter??? Not much research  Hedonic theory: people gravitate towards behaviour that brings them pleasure (and avoid displeasure)  How people feel during exercise may be consequential to future behaviour…  Affect-Behaviour Relationship  Affective responses during continuous exercise shown to predict future exercise behaviour (Rhodes & Kates, 2015)  Concern that negative affect during interval exercise may deter future behaviour  What about other forms of exercise like HIIT or SIT?  What about your past exercise experiences? Highly active people = more preference for higher intensity exercise High Active Group Low Active Group Anticipated pleasure from high intensity Equal to low and moderate intensity Higher likelihood that you will do it again… Inactive people = preference for lower intensity Anticipate displeasure from high intensity exercise Likely to avoid in the future Kurth et al. (2023) Int J Sports & Exerc Psych  Section Summary Exercise dynamically impacts affect Dimensional measures provide greater details about changes affective changes during and following exercise Timing of measures matters! Pre-post measures can miss what is happening during exercise In-task affect predicts future behaviours Ventilatory threshold important indicator of affective responses to exercise Affective Responses to HIIT SIT vs. HIIT vs. MICT SIT = Sprint Interval Training HIIT = High-Intensity Interval Training MICT = Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Gibala, Gillen, & Percival 2014 Affect & Interval Exercise Based on this data, what would you conclude about the effect of HIIT or SIT on affect? Is there anything missing? Wood et al., 2016 Affect & Interval Exercise SIT Protocol: 4 x 30s “all out” 5 4.5 Rest 4 Bout 3.5 3 Bout Feeling Scale 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 Pre W-Up Bout 1 Rest 1 Bout 2 Rest 2 Bout 3 Rest 3 Bout 4 Rest 4 30-Post 60-Post Stork, Kwan, Gibala & Martin Ginis, 2015 Affect & Exercise Intensity Continuous Exercise Interval Exercise Exercise continuously at a set intensity Work AND rest periods Linear decrease (more negative) in affect Affect drops (more negative) during high over time intensity bouts Rises after completion of exercise Affect rises (more positive) during rest periods  Section Summary In-task affect tends to be more negative during interval exercise in comparison to continuous exercise Rest periods provides a ‘rebound’ effect Affect returns to pre-exercise levels following interval exercise (same as continuous exercise) Post-exercise measures of enjoyment and exercise preferences tend to be equal or more positive for interval exercise compared to continuous exercise  Summary Affect & Exercise Types Continuous Exercise (at set intensity) Linear decrease (more negative) in affect over time Rapid increase (more positive) after completion of exercise Interval Exercise (work AND rest periods) Affect drops (more negative) during high-int. bouts Affect rises (more positive) during rest periods Rapid increase (more positive) after completion of exercise Summary Despite negative affect during interval exercise, enjoyment and preferences for continuous vs. interval exercise are similar Affect during continuous exercise predicts future exercise behaviour (for performing continuous exercise)