Emotional Well-Being and Exercise PDF

Emotional Well- Being and Exercise Dr. Jeremy Walsh KINESIOL 3H03 Synchronous Lecture Week #9 mcmaster.ca  Lecture Outline and Objectives Differences between affect, emotion and mood Measures of affective responses and...

Emotional Well- Being and Exercise Dr. Jeremy Walsh KINESIOL 3H03 Synchronous Lecture Week #9 mcmaster.ca  Lecture Outline and Objectives Differences between affect, emotion and mood Measures of affective responses and potential limitations Issues in affect and exercise research Negative psychological effects of exercise  Aspect of our mental health related to anxiety & depression Defining Emotional Well-Being A greater amount of positive than negative affect Favorable thoughts Loading… Satisfaction with life Affect, Emotion & Mood: What’s the Difference? ♂  Affect, Emotion, or Mood? Tendency for these 3 terms to get confused Important distinctions between these terms Loading… Example: getting punched in the face  Affect Core affect = “valenced” feeling state Pleasure[+] ↔ Displeasure[–] Primitive, automatic/reflexive (~0.2msec) *no cognitive appraisal (no time to comprehend why or how you feel that way) Ekkekakis, 2013  Emotion Emotion = response following a cognitive appraisal Short-lived, temporary (e.g., a few seconds) Intense, variable, specific to stimulus E.g., anger after being punched in the face Ekkekakis, 2013  Mood Mood = subjective states w/ cognitive basis Longer lasting (e.g., minutes to hours) Broader, sometimes unspecified causes Less intense as emotions E.g., feeling irritated later on in the day Ekkekakis, 2013 Measuring Affect, Emotion, and Mood Generalized Measures Loading… COPYRIGHT © HOLCOMB HATHAWAY, PUBLISHERS  Generalized Measures Profile of Mood States (POMS) Most popular self-report instrument of mood 6 mood states (tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, confusion) Can examine mood changes in response to exercise manipulations Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Provides measures of positive and negative affect – 20 items Measures only high-activation states like excitement or nervousness ← Limitation PANAS Measurement Rate Your Mood: Profile of Mood States (POMS)  Criticisms of Generalized Measures Not sensitive enough to exercise stimuli Irrelevant items (e.g., enthusiasm) POMS = 6 mood states, missing some? Existing measures fail to detect unique, distinct properties of exercise Exercise-Specific Measures  Feeling Scale (Hardy & Rejeski, 1989) Single-item measure of valence or hedonic tone i.e., core affect 11-point continuum (-5 to +5) Can be used during exercise Criticisms of Exercise-Specific Measures Each was initially developed in the absence of a guiding theoretical framework EFI, SEES, and PAAS did not satisfactorily address the concerns that led to their development I.e., did not fully address limitations of generalized measures Research Issues Issues Related to Study of Exercise-Related Affect Categorical vs. Dimensional Approaches Temporal Dynamics of Affective Response Dose–Response Issues  Categorical vs. Dimensional Approaches Categorical Affective states are distinct with unique properties and antecedents Exercise may reduce one state but not others E.g., POMS  Categorical vs. Dimensional Approaches Dimensional Affective states are interrelated and can be captured by a small number of dimensions Dimensional approaches are broader in scope E.g., circumplex model of affect (i.e., valence x activation) Two-Dimensional Circumplex Model of Affect Activation = Arousal - sense of being “worked up” or stimulated COPYRIGHT © HOLCOMB HATHAWAY, PUBLISHERS  Temporal Dynamics of Affective Responses When should responses be measured? Affect experienced during exercise may be distinct from the change reported before and after Has implications for exercise prescription and exercise adherence  Dose-Response Issues What duration of exercise is ideal? Some say: 20-30min BUT, no clear evidence regarding ideal duration How intense should the exercise be? Some say: moderate intensity BUT, need to acknowledge individual differences in metabolic and affective responses to exercise What about the nature of the exercise? (e.g., continuous vs. interval) Recall: Intensity-Preference Intensity-Preference A predisposition to select a a particular level of physical effort when given the opportunity to choose the level American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) – 2000 “individual preferences for exercise must be considered to improve the likelihood that the individual will adhere to the exercise program” Ekkekakis et al., 2005, 2006  Dose-Response Issues *Individually determined metabolic landmarks may have implications for the relationship between exercise intensity and affective responses E.g., lactate threshold, ventilatory threshold More on this next lecture… Negative Psychological Loading… Effects of Exercise  Overtraining If implemented properly, can allow athletes to physiologically adapt to greater levels of training stress/stimuli *BUT, maladaptive overtraining it can lead to: Previously called ‘staleness syndrome’ negative mental health Poorer performance Clinical depression Changes in psychological profile…  Overtraining “Iceberg profile” Psychological profile of the elite athlete POMS profile Can be reversed with extreme overtraining Treatment = training load Reverse “Iceberg” with extreme overtraining  Lecture Summary Differences between affect, emotion and mood Measures of affective responses and potential limitations Generalized vs. Exercise Specific Measures Research Issues: Categorical vs. dimensional measures Temporal Dimensions Dose-Responses Issues Negative psychological effects of exercise