Week 5-SCIE 101 Lesson 8 & 9 PDF

Science, Technology and Society (STS) INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINED SOCIETY Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Discuss the paradigm shifts through history; 2. Explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed the way how humans see the world; 3....

Science, Technology and Society (STS) INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINED SOCIETY Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Discuss the paradigm shifts through history; 2. Explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed the way how humans see the world; 3. Describe the technological advancements that happened in the information age. INTRODUCTION Historical antecedents have affected the course of science and technology. It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants. Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the people. There have also been instances when advancements in science and technology changed people’s perceptions and beliefs. Much of these events happened in a period now known as the Intellectual Revolution. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION A famous philosopher and astronomer, Claudius Ptolemy, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth. The sun and the moon’s revolution explained the existence of days and nights. He believed that the Earth was at the center – a concept known as geocentrism. Ptolemy’s geocentric model was widely accepted by the people and was one of the greatest discoveries of that time.  COPERNICAN REVOLUTION In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept known as heliocentrism, which suggested that the center of the Solar System was not the Earth but actually the sun. Image result for geocentric model of the solar system by Copernicus photos COPERNICAN REVOLUTION In Copernicus book: He wanted a model of the universe in which everything moved around a single center at varying rates. He placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe. The Earth and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the sun each year. The moon, however, would still be seen orbiting the Earth. His model of the Earth orbiting around the Sun automatically positioned the planets into a logical sequence. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Copernicus outlines two kinds of planetary motion: – The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus closer to the sun. – The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, farther from the sun. Therefore, this model: 1. work on the length of time it will take for each planet to orbit once around the sun. 2. placed the planets in order of increasing distance from the sun. One of the great problems in the Copernicus model was the position of the stars. The stars cannot be placed in a fixed position like crystals in a distance sphere.  The idea of Copernicus was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many since their religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created first before all things. Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic because his teachings were against what was widely accepted by religion. As a whole, the Copernican theory caused the paradigm shift of how the Earth and the sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (Earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the Earth revolving around it). DARWINIAN REVOLUTION The Darwinian revolution was considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time. In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, and geologist published his book, On the Origin of Species. In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution, which posited that population passed through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. He stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a process known as evolution. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION His book also presented evidence on how species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate species. Darwin’s accomplishments were so diverse that it is useful to distinguish two fields to which he made major contributions: – Evolutionary Biology – Philosophy of Science What made Darwin truly remarkable was his courage to challenge religious and unscientific ideas that are deemed to be prominent during those days. It is a science marked by observation and experiments. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION However, this theory became very controversial as people perceived it to be contradictory to the church’s teachings that the source of life is a powerful creator. The theory emerged at a time when most of the population believed and accepted the biblical version of the Earth’s creation. In general, the Darwinian revolution has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology. The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published his book “The Origin of Species” that emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis. In his theory, Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behaviour and emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego. INFORMATION AGE The Information Age began around the 1970s and still going on today. It is also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age. This era brought about a time period in which people could access information and knowledge easily. The Internet has turned society into homebodies, individuals who do everything from the comfort of their homes instead of venturing outdoors to complete tasks. Tim Berners-Lee, Steve Jobs, and Bill Gates are several important people of the Information Age. INFORMATION AGE Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web. Steve Jobs, created the first effective personal computer called the Apple 1, a huge advancement in computer sciences and it carved the path for the computers we have now. Apple has created iPhone, iPod, iPad, iMac and Apple TV. Bill Gates is also a huge force in the Information Age. He founded Microsoft, which creates almost everything that has to do with computers. Microsoft develops programs like Microsoft Office, Windows, and many other influential products. Image result for Steve Jobs photos Image result for Tim Berners-Lee photos Image result for Bill Gates photos INFORMATION AGE The Information Age has changed people, technology, science, economics, culture and even the way people think. The Information Age brought about many new inventions and innovations. Many communication services like texting, email, and social media developed and the world has not been the same since. However, because of the things like the Internet, new laws had to be put in place to stop hacking, piracy and identity theft.  Science, Technology and Society (STS) MESO-AMERICAN AND ASIAN INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION  Cradles of Early Science Meso-Americans ▪ Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South America. ▪ There is no doubt that the Mesoamerica region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its European colonizers. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Mayan Civilization ▪ One of the most famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years. ▪ These people are known for their works in astronomy. ▪ They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures. ▪ This allows them to use their temples for astronomical observations. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Mayan Civilization ▪ Mayans are also known for ▪ Mayan knowledge and measuring time using two understanding about celestial complicated calendar bodies was advanced for their systems. time. ▪ These calendars were ▪ As evidence by their very useful for their knowledge of predicting life especially in eclipse and using planning their astrological cycles in activities and in planting and harvesting. observing their religious rituals and cultural celebrations. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Mayan Civilization ▪ Mayans also developed the technology for growing different crops and buildings elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools. ▪ Mayans built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different communities. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Mayan Civilization ▪ Mayans used various tools and adapt themselves to innovations especially in the field of arts. ▪ Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica. ▪ Mayans also believed to be the first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844. Mesoamerican rubber ball A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Mayan Civilization ▪ Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica. Mayans are also famous as one of the world’s first civilization to use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Mayan Civilization ▪ Mayans are also skilled in Mathematics and created a number system based on the numeral 20. ▪ Mayans independently developed the concept of zero and positioning value, even before the Romans did. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Inca Civilization ▪ Inca made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization. ▪ The following were scientific ideas and tools developed by the Incans to help them in everyday life: 1. Roads paved with stones. 2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disaster A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Inca Civilization 3. Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Inca Civilization 4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Inca Civilization 5. The first suspension bridge A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Inca Civilization 6. Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Inca Civilization 7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievement A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Aztec Civilization 1. Mandatory Education ▪ The Aztec puts value on education, that is why their children are mandated to get educated regardless of their social class, gender, or age. ▪ It is an early form of universal or inclusive education. 2. Chocolates ▪ The Aztecs in Mexico developed chocolate during their time ▪ In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency ▪ The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their gods. 3. Invention of the Canoe ▪ A light narrow boat used for travelling in water system A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Aztec Civilization 4. Antispasmodic medication ▪ They used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spasm and relax muscles which could help during surgery. 5. Chinampa ▪ It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals. 6. Aztec Calendar ▪ This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.  Intellectual Revolutions 6. ASIAN Science and technology in Asia is varied depending on the country and time. In the past the Asian civilizations most notable for their contributions to science and technology were India, China and the West Asian civilizations. At present, probably the most notable country in Asia in terms of its technological and scientific achievement is Japan, which is particularly known for its electronics and automobile products. B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders. The Indians creativity developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday lives. B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ India is known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. ▪ Their steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire. Ancient Indian Metallurgy B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ India is also famous in medicine ▪ Example: Ayurveda - a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2,500 BC is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine. B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ Indians also discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them to developed medicines to cure various illnesses. B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ Some ancient Indian text, like Susruta Samhita, describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India. B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ Ancient India is also notable in the field of Astronomy. ▪ They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each. ▪ The first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani, written in 12th century covers the following topics: ▪ Mean longitude of the planets ▪ True longitudes of the planets ▪ The three problems of diurnal rotation ▪ Solar eclipses ▪ Rising and settings ▪ Conjunctions of the planets with each other ▪ Paths of the sun and the moon. ▪ Conjunction of the planet with the fixed stars B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ Ancient India is also known for their mathematics. ▪ Earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization. ▪ The people of this civilization tried to standardized measurement of length to a height degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mahenjodaro ruler. B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ Aryabhata (476-550) Indian astronomer and mathematician ▪ Aryabhatiya ▪ Introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra. ▪ Brahmagupta (628 AD) ▪ Suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, ▪ lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit