Nursing Care of School-Age Children and Adolescents

Nursing Care of Family with School Age to Adolescent Child  Growth and Development of a School-Age Child Physical growth Developmental Sexual milestones Gross motor maturation development Sexual, and...

Nursing Care of Family with School Age to Adolescent Child  Growth and Development of a School-Age Child Physical growth Developmental Sexual milestones Gross motor maturation development Sexual, and Fine motor physical concerns development Concerns of girls Play Concerns of boys Language Teeth development Emotional development  Moral and spiritual Developmental Socialization development Preconventional reasoning task: Industry Cognitive Rule orientation vs. Inferiority Home development Language development School Decentering Fears and anxiety Structured Accommodation School phobia activities Conservatism Home schooling Problem solving Lack of adult Class inclusion Living with others supervision Sex education  Safety Nutrition and diet Dental caries and malocclusion Assessing School-Age Speech problems Children Fear and anxiety Victim of violence, terrorism, and bullying Drug use Nursing Diagnoses: School-Age Children Health-seeking behaviors related to normal school- age growth and development Readiness for enhanced parenting related to improved family living conditions Anxiety related to slow growth pattern of child Risk for injury related to deficient parental knowledge about safety precautions for a school-age child Health Promotion: Safety  Establishing healthy eating patterns Fostering industry and Health nutrition Promotion: Nutrition Recommended dietary reference intakes Vegetarian diet  Dress Sleep Health Promotion: Exercise Daily Activities Hygiene Care of teeth Health Promotion: Family Functioning Health Promotion: Family Functioning  Sexual education Reproductive organ function and physiology of reproduction, so children understand what menstruation is and why it occurs Secondary sexual characteristics, so children will understand what is happening in their bodies Male sexual functioning, including why the production of increased amounts of seminal fluid leads to nocturnal emissions The physiology of pregnancy and the possibility for unintended pregnancies, which will come with sexual maturity Social and moral implications of sexual maturity  Stealing Early childhood stealing is best handled without a great deal of emotion. Shoplifting must be taken seriously by parents. Parents should set good examples.  Violence or terrorism Assure children they are safe. Observe for signs of stress. Do not allow children or adolescents to repeatedly view footage of traumatic events. Watch news programs with children; explain the situation portrayed. Prepare a family disaster plan; designate a “rally point” to meet if ever separated.  Recreational drug use Suspect if child regularly appears irritable, inattentive, or drowsy. Counsel against use of steroids; highlight future cardiovascular irregularities, uncontrollable aggressiveness, and possible cancer. Teach to recognize tobacco advertising manipulation; caution against experimenting with smokeless tobacco. Role model excellent nonsmoking health behavior. Growth and Development of an Adolescent Child Physical ▪ Developmental milestones growth ▪ Play or recreation ◦Teeth ▪ More adult forms of recreation ◦Puberty ▪ Team loyalty becomes intense ◦Secondary ▪ Much time talking with peers, face-to-face sex changes or electronically ▪ Part-time job ▪ Charitable endeavors  Female Breast and Pubic Hair Developme nt  Male Genital and Pubic Hair Developme nt Emotional ▪ Early adolescent development developmental task: identity ◦Early adolescent versus role confusion— developmental task: (cont.) identity versus role ▪ Career decisions confusion ▪ Emancipation ◦Body image ▪ Late adolescent ◦Self-esteem developmental task: ◦Value system intimacy versus isolation ▪ Sense of intimacy ▪ Socialization  Parental Concerns During the Adolescent Years ▪ Sexuality and sexual activity Health problems ▪ STDs ◦Hypertension ◦Poor posture ▪ Pregnancy ◦Body piercing and tattoos ▪ Homosexuality ◦Fatigue ▪ Date rape ◦Menstrual irregularities ◦Acne ▪ Stalking ◦Obesity ▪ Hazing or bullying ▪ Substance use disorders ▪ Depression and self-injury Assessing Growth and Development of the Adolescent Nursing Diagnoses: Adolescent Growth and Development Health-seeking behaviors related to normal growth and development Low self-esteem related to facial acne Anxiety related to concerns about normal growth and development Risk for injury related to peer pressure to use alcohol and drugs Readiness for enhanced parenting related to increased knowledge of teenage years Health Promotion: Safety Health Promotion: Nutrition Recommended dietary reference intakes Varied diets ◦Vegetarian ◦Glycogen loading Health Promotion: Daily Activities Dress and hygiene Care of teeth Sleep Exercise Sun exposure Health Promotion: Family Functioning Substance use disorders: education ◦Whether a drug is inhaled, swallowed, or injected, it still is absorbed, enters the body, and is potentially harmful. ◦Relying on drugs to give courage to solve problems (or to help forget you have problems) prevents you from learning to handle life situations and maturing. ◦The bottom line of substance use disorder is that you have the final say: You are the only one who can stop chemical dependency from happening. ◦Despite their social acceptability, alcohol and nicotine are drugs. A short span of daily use of either can make you addicted. Runaway youth ◦Usually preceded by last-straw argument with parents, following long-term disagreements; possibly loneliness; pregnancy; problems with friends, school, police ◦Common health concerns ◦STIs, substance abuse, hepatitis, vaginitis, suicide attempts Homeless youth ◦Thorough history to not miss that homelessness; do not reveal shock at report of homelessness