Week 5 Dent 1006 Health Education PDF

DENT1006 PUBLIC HEALTH IN DENTISTRY Practice of Public Health/Health Education Lecture I: Practice of Public Health Critical Issues in Healthcare and Public Health Health Financing: Ensuring adequate funding for health services is a significant challenge. Human Resources for Health: There i...

DENT1006 PUBLIC HEALTH IN DENTISTRY Practice of Public Health/Health Education Lecture I: Practice of Public Health Critical Issues in Healthcare and Public Health Health Financing: Ensuring adequate funding for health services is a significant challenge. Human Resources for Health: There is a need for skilled health workers to deliver quality healthcare services. Mental Health: Mental health issues have been on the rise, and addressing them is a major challenge. Climate Change: Climate change poses one of the biggest threats to both the planet and the health of the people who live on it. Poverty: Poverty is a major barrier to access to healthcare services. Reproductive Health: Ensuring access to reproductive health services is a significant challenge. Infodemic: The spread of misinformation, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, has been a major challenge. Humanitarian Crisis: Providing healthcare in conflict and crisis situations is a significant challenge. Epidemiology The study of the distribution and determinants of health- related states or events in specified populations, and application of this study to control of health problems. Scientific Elements of Epidemiology Aetiology Pathogenesis Prevention Objectives of Epidemiology: 1. To describe the distribution and magnitude of health and disease problems in the population. 2. To identify the determinants of aetiological factors and risk factors in the population. 3. To provide the data essential for planning, implementation and evaluation of services for prevention, control and treatment of disease or to setting up priorities for these services. In order to fulfil these objectives, descriptive studies, analytical studies, and experimental or interventional studies are undertaken. The ultimate aim of epidemiology is to promote and preserve health and eliminate or reduce morbidity and its consequences. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS The primary concern of an epidemiologist is to study disease occurrence among people. Factors and circumstances to which people are exposed may throw light on the cause of the disease. Epidemiologist employs carefully designed methods to find out the cause of disease occurrence. The methods he or she employs can be classified as: 1. Observational studies a. Descriptive studies b. Analytical studies Case-control studies Cohort studies 2. Experimental/interventional studies Randomized control studies, field trials-community trials. Descriptive Studies Descriptive studies are a type of observational research that involves collecting data to describe patterns of health or disease, without looking at cause-and-effect relationships. 1.Purpose: The main goal of descriptive studies is to observe and describe the distribution of a health condition or related events in a population. 2.Process: These studies involve measuring the frequency of the condition or event, as well as its patterns in relation to variables such as age, sex, and geographical location. 3.Outcome: The findings from descriptive studies can help identify patterns or trends, generate hypotheses, or provide information for further research. 4. Usage: Descriptive studies are often the first step in a research investigation. They can provide valuable information about the “who”, “what”, “where”, and “when” of health-related events. While descriptive studies can provide important information about health conditions or behaviours in a population, they do not provide evidence of a cause-and-effect relationship.  a. Analytical studies Case-control Studies 1.Starting Point: Case-control studies begin by identifying individuals who have a specific disease or health condition (known as ‘cases’) and those who do not have the disease (known as ‘controls’). The goal is to investigate what might have caused the disease by looking into the past. 2.Selection: Cases are chosen because they have the disease or condition being studied. Controls, on the other hand, come from the same population but do not have the disease. To make sure cases and controls are similar in certain aspects (like age, sex, socioeconomic status), a process called ‘matching’ is often used. 3.Exposure Measurement: Researchers look at the past exposure of both cases and controls to factors that are suspected to cause the disease. 4.Analysis: Researchers compare how often cases and controls were exposed to the suspected causes. They calculate something called an ‘odds ratio’ to understand the relationship between the exposure and the disease. If the odds ratio is statistically significant, it suggests that there’s likely a relationship between the exposure and the disease.  a. Analytical studies Cohort Studies 1.Starting Point: Cohort studies start by selecting a group of people who share a common characteristic or exposure. This group is then followed over time to see if they develop the disease or outcome being studied. 2.Selection: The study involves two groups: one that has been exposed to a certain factor (like a lifestyle habit or environmental exposure) and another that hasn’t been exposed. 3.Exposure Measurement: Researchers collect data on the exposure and other relevant variables from both groups. 4.Follow-up and Analysis: Both groups are followed over a specified period. The researchers then compared the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. They calculate measures like relative risk and attributable risk to evaluate the association between exposure and disease risk. These measures help estimate the impact of the exposure on disease occurrence. 2. Experimental/interventional studies Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) Purpose: RCTs are the gold standard for establishing causation in epidemiology. Method: Individuals are randomly assigned to either an intervention group (receives a specific treatment or intervention) or a control group (does not receive the treatment). Goal: Assess the impact of the intervention on disease outcomes. Key Feature: Random assignment minimizes bias and helps establish a cause-and-effect relationship.  RCT on Dental Implants: This study evaluated the characteristics of RCTs regarding implant-supported single tooth or fixed partial dentures. The study assessed publication details, study characteristics, international collaboration networks, and characteristics related to the implant-supported treatment. RCT on Dental Anxiety: This trial examined the effect of perioperative propranolol against dental anxiety. The distributions of demographic variables and quantitative data were displayed in tables. RCT on Oral Health Education: This educational intervention used the health belief model for improving oral health behaviours. The Papillary bleeding index (PBI) was used as a measure in this study.  RCT on the Effect of Probiotics on Oral Health: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of probiotics on oral health. The study found that probiotics can be used as an adjunct to oral hygiene practices and may be effective in improving oral health. RCT on the Effect of Fluoride Varnish on Caries Prevention: This trial evaluated the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in preventing dental caries in children. The study found that fluoride varnish was effective in reducing the incidence of tooth decay in children. RCT on the Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Caries Arrest: This study evaluated the effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in stopping dental caries. The study found that SDF is effective in stopping dental caries and can be used as an alternative to traditional restorative treatments. RCT on the Effect of Laser Therapy on Periodontal Disease: This trial evaluated the effectiveness of laser therapy in the treatment of periodontal disease. The study found that laser therapy effectively reduced pocket depth and improved clinical attachment levels in patients with periodontal disease. Clinical research designs Clinical research is a scientific study that involves human subjects to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new treatments, therapies, and interventions. Ethics in clinical research is essential to ensure that the rights, safety, and well-being of human subjects are protected. It also ensures that the research is conducted in a scientifically valid and socially responsible manner. Ethical Guidelines: Ethical guidelines are established for clinical research to protect patient volunteers and to preserve the integrity of the science. The ethical guidelines in place today were primarily a response to past abuses, such as the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, which was conducted from 1932 to 19721. Some of the influential codes of ethics and regulations that guide ethical clinical research include: Nuremberg Code (1947) Declaration of Helsinki (2000) Belmont Report (1979) CIOMS (2002) U.S. Common Rule (1991) Principles Guiding Ethical Research: Seven main principles have been described as guiding the conduct of ethical research: Social and clinical value Scientific validity Fair subject selection Favorable risk-benefit ratio Independent review Informed consent Respect for potential and enrolled subjects Ethical Issues in Clinical Research: Some of the ethical issues that arise in clinical research include informed consent, confidentiality, conflicts of interest, and vulnerable populations. Lecture II: HEALTH EDUCATION Health education is a process based on sound principles that inform and empower individuals to make informed health choices, while propaganda often uses emotional appeals to influence behaviour without necessarily fostering critical thinking or individuality. Definition and Principles of Health Education: Principles: Health education is guided by principles such as interest (creating interest in health topics), participation (engaging individuals actively), motivation (encouraging a desire for health), comprehension (ensuring clear understanding), reinforcement (repeatedly promoting health practices), and more. Approaches and Methods of Health Education: Approaches: Health education can be delivered through various approaches, including regulatory (enforcing health-related laws), service (incorporating health education into healthcare services), health education (direct educational programs), and primary health care (integrating health education into primary care services). Methods: Health education uses methods like lectures (spoken presentations), symposiums (group discussions or seminars), group discussions (interactive conversations), role-playing (simulating health situations), demonstrations (showing practical From - The ruling Government health actions), etc. Through - Administrative set-up Expected outcome - change of unhealthy behaviour.  Health education methods Lectures: A traditional method where an expert delivers a talk to a large audience. It is efficient for transmitting factual information, but it has limited audience participation and interaction. Group Discussions: A method that involves a small group of individuals discussing a particular topic. It encourages active participation and allows for the exchange of ideas and experiences. Demonstrations: A method that involves showing the audience how to do something, such as how to perform a particular exercise or how to cook a healthy meal. It is a very effective way to teach skills. Role-Playing: A method that involves participants acting out scenarios related to the health topic. It is a great way to explore attitudes and behaviours in a safe environment. Education Theories Health Education Health Education 04.12.2023 DENT5002 Public Oral and Dental Health © Assist. Prof. Berkman ALBAYRAK Methods of Health Education METHODS n d v d u a l Level G r o u p Level General Publ c Education at Individual Level The most important advantage of this type of health education is that, it facilitates a "two-way" communication and also that the health educator can discuss with the individual and persuade to change his or her behaviour. The main disadvantage of this method is that health education is given to only those who come in contact with a doctor or dentist or the health educator. Thus the number of people receiving health education is small. Health Education Education at Group Level It is usually used extensively in colleges and high schools. It is also a most accepted and popular method. Health Education Health Education 04.12.2023 DENT5002 Public Oral and Dental Health © Assist. Prof. Berkman ALBAYRAK Education at Group Level Lecture The main disadvantage of a lecture is that it is a "one way" communication. The topic selected for the lecture for a particular subject if it is not in relation to the interest of the audience, it would not be effective. Symposium Advantage: The audience understands the topic better if it is presented in an easy and a simple way by various speakers. Disadvantage: Lack of participation from the audience, so no scope for Health Education either participation or feedback. Education at Group Level Group Discussions Usually group discussions are the most commonly employed methods for group health education. It is of utmost importance in health education because the participants get a chance lo express and exchange their views and ideas during the proceedings. It is a type of "two way" communication. Health Education Health Education 04.12.2023 DENT5002 Public Oral and Dental Health © Assist. Prof. Berkman ALBAYRAK Education at Group Level Small Group Discussions The most informal form of communication is the small group discussions or buzz sessions. It provides considerable interaction by students and allows free expression of ideas and opinions. A good buzz session depends on a background of information. Large Group Discussions A discussion following the presentation of new ideas and practices helps in bringing out the important decisions and in reinforcing the thinking of the group. The learners should be given opportunities to express his or her ideas and opinions. The whole group should be made to involve. Education at Group Level Panel Discussions Panel discussions are another widely employed popular method for group health education. There will be a panel comprising three to five members out of which one person is chosen as the leader. Workshops Experts from a particular discipline discuss specific topics and problems, and outline the proceedings for action. Workshops usually last for few days where people get together and work in different groups and discuss problems of concern. Education at Group Level Seminars These are methods usually employed by educational institutions. Education can be given to a large number of people among the presence of persons qualified in topics of interest or disciplines. Role-playing or socio-dramas Socio-dramas or role-playing are forms of expressing dramatic experiences during health education programs. These arc methods that have gained wide popularity among school children. It can also be called as "psychodrama" and it is a form of demonstration where real life situations are enacted out without any artificial ingredients. Education at Group Level Demonstrations This is mainly based on the principle of learning by doing. The advantage of demonstration is that it is more effective than spoken words as it leaves a visual impression in the minds of the audience. Institute It is a popular method of group health education in the western countries. The institutes comprise a number of meetings, which are scheduled over a period of time usually scheduled for few days or weeks. Health Education The purpose of institute is to convey specific information and instructions in selected areas of work Education for General Public RADIO TELEVISION HEALTH HEALTH INF ORMATION NEWSPAPER MAGAZINE B OOKLETS HEALTH MUSEUM POSTER HEALTH EX HIB ITION Characteristics and Barriers to Health Education: Characteristics: Effective health education targets influential community members, uses adaptable communication channels, emphasizes short-term benefits, and provides opportunities for dialogue and feedback. Barriers: Health education must overcome barriers like physiological (health-related limitations), environmental (contextual factors), psychological (mental barriers), and cultural (cultural differences) factors that hinder effective communication. Health Education and Propaganda: Health Education: Health education appeals to reason, encourages critical thinking, fosters self-discipline, promotes reflective behaviour, and develops individuality. It empowers people to make informed health choices. Propaganda: Propaganda, on the other hand, appeals to emotion, often discouraging critical thinking, and may manipulate or exploit primal desires. It tends to induce reflexive behaviour and conform to predefined patterns. THANK YOU! Have a nice holiday!