Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Sikhism & Judaism Notes PDF

Week 4 - Hinduism -​ History and Important Figures -​ Beliefs and Worldview -​ Texts, Stories, and Their Use -​ Leaders, Practices, and Rituals History of Hinduism -​ No founder figure -​ Beliefs and practices formed over time -​ Indus Valley civilization (...

Week 4 - Hinduism -​ History and Important Figures -​ Beliefs and Worldview -​ Texts, Stories, and Their Use -​ Leaders, Practices, and Rituals History of Hinduism -​ No founder figure -​ Beliefs and practices formed over time -​ Indus Valley civilization (2300-1500 BCE) (agriculture planes) -​ Indo-European settlers enter Indus Valley (1500 BCE) -​ History of Hinduism Vedic Period -​ Vedic Period (1500-500 BCE) -​ Written Sanskrit texts (that we understand!) -​ The four Vedas composed (1500-1000 BCE) -​ Brahmanas composed (800-600 BCE) -​ Aranyakas composed (600 BCE) -​ Upanishads composed (700-500 BCE) -​ Vedas are Different than hinduism —----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -​ Pre-Hindu Brahmanism -​ Polytheistic religion (mostly male deities) -​ Brahmin priests -​ Rituals did not require temples -​ Individual access to the gods -​ Agni is the central god -​ God of fire —---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -​ Early ascetic reforms within Hinduism -​ Mahavira (549-477 BCE) (jainism) -​ Gautama/Buddha (563-483 BCE) -​ Decline of Brahmanism -​ Vedic Sanskrit becomes a ritual language -​ Competing religions in India -​ Urbanization History of Hinduism Hindu Synthesis Emergence of Classical Hinduism (500 BCE-300 CE) -​ Influence of ascetic reform movements -​ Classical Sanskrit -​ Emergence of “orthodox” Hinduism, with clear parameters -​ Centrality of the Vedas established History of Hinduism Golden Age -​ Golden Age (300-700 CE) -​ Construction of temples to Hindu Gods -​ Prominence of Brahmins -​ Increase in Literacy -​ Effort to Bring Hinduism to Rural Illiterate Indians -​ Emergence of Classical Hindu philosophical schools -​ Brahmins refers to a caste -​ Brahman is more towards the divine essence that unifies different Gods History of Hinduism Post-Classical Period -​ Post-Classical Period (700-1200 CE) -​ Cultural Fragmentation -​ Medieval Period (1200-1500 CE) -​ Reunification -​ Conflict with Muslims History of Hinduism Colonial Period -​ Colonial Period -​ Christian Inquisition (1560-1774) -​ Portuguese Empire (1505-1961) -​ British Empire (1612-1947) -​ East India Company (until 1858) -​ British Raj (1858-1947) -​ French Empire (1674-1954) -​ Denmark-Norway (1620-1868) -​ “Hinduism” first used (1829) -​ Orientalist interest in Hindu mysticism History of Hinduism Colonial Period -​ Indian Independence Movement (1850-1960) -​ Indian Mutiny of 1857 -​ British Indian Army in WW1 -​ Gandhi -​ Partitioning of Indian provinces into India and Pakistan (1947) History of Hinduism Recent Past -​ Influence of Hinduism on New Religious Movements -​ Hindu Nationalism (Hindutva) -​ Postcolonial theory History of Hinduism Hinduism in Canada -​ Initial south Asian immigration (1903)  -​ Mostly just sikhs at this time -​ Up until 1947 no asian people were allowed to vote in any elections -​ Prohibition on voting -​ Not allowed to vote in Canadian Federal elections until 1947 -​ Multiculturalization of Canada (1960s-present) Deities -​ How many gods are there? -​ Orthodox Hinduism is very flexible -​ Polytheism -​ Monotheism -​ Atheism -​ Monism (Brahman) -​ Monism is the idea that there is one god that takes many names and many forms Trimurti -​ Three main Gods -​ Brahma -​ Vishnu -​ Shiva -​ Common in iconography Trimurti Brahma -​ Creator god -​ Linked with Prajapati -​ Four faces -​ Rarely worshipped today Trimurti Vishnu -​ Also known as Adideva -​ Preserving deity -​ Associated with kindness and “order” -​ Four hands -​ Conch shell -​ Chakra -​ Lotus Flower -​ Beauty of life -​ Mace -​ Strength of the body -​ More important than brahma —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -​ Snakes -​ Lakshmi (wife) -​ Able to control human desire —--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  -​ 9 Avatars -​ Matsya -​ Krishna -​ Buddha -​ 10th Avatar will announce end of the world -​ Kalki -​ One of the most famous avatars / different forms that gods might take Trimurti Shiva -​ God of Destruction -​ Rebirth and Transformation -​ Sits cross-legged -​ God of yoga -​ Often androgynous -​ Destruction is much more neutral in hinduism , just a part of life, good nor evil, it has to happen for renewal -​ Trident is used to destroy ignorance -​ The cobra symbolizes victory over death -​ The eye in the forehead destryots anything with just a glance —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -​ Dance to celebrate destruction and rebirth -​ Delicate balance -​ Tandav – dance of the death The Afterlife -​ Samsara (reincarnation) -​ Atman (soul, essence of the self) -​ Moksha: unification with Brahman (ultimate reality) -​ Karma -​ Atman is brahman -​ Atman is in every living entity and is also immortal as well -​ Good and bad karma effects your next life Key concepts in Hinduism Dharma (social obligations) Three Paths -​ Jnana (wisdom/knowledge) -​ Karma (practice) -​ Bhakti (devotion) Four Goals -​ Artha (worldly success) -​ Kama (pleasure) -​ Dharma (morality) -​ Moksha Vedas (“Knowledge”) -​ Oldest Hindu texts -​ Sanskrit -​ Authoritative to nearly all Hindus Four Vedas -​ Rigveda -​ Yajurveda -​ Samaveda -​ Atharvaveda Rig Veda: Hymn to Agni (Fire) AGNI Upanishads -​ Philosophical teachings of Hinduism -​ Sanskrit -​ Over 100 Upanishads are known; 13 of significant importance -​ Bhagavad Gita (“The Song of God”) -​ Sanskrit -​ Dialogue between Krishna and Arjun -​ Takes place about 3000 BCE - Kurukshetra War -​ Krishna and arjun are the main characters talking in this script -​ Metaphor for internal struggles and focussing on yourself Bhagavad Gita excerpts -​ Wise Karma-yogis, possessed with mental poise by renouncing the attachment to the fruits of work, are indeed freed from the bondage of rebirth and attain the blissful divine state. -​ The desire for sensual pleasures fades away if one abstains from sense enjoyment, but the craving (for sense enjoyment) remains. The craving also disappears from the one who has seen (or known) the Supreme. -​ Those who are devoid of attachment, whose mind is fixed in knowledge, who do work as Servants to the Lord, all Karma of such liberated persons dissolves away. -​ Idea od asceticism, the denial of pleasures, not focused on money or material things but ur trying to reach brahman  -​ Seeking out something more spiritual —---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Afterlife -​ Just as the Atman acquires a childhood body, a youth body, and an old age body during this life, similarly Atman acquires another body after death. The wise are not deluded by this. -​ The one who thinks that Atman is a slayer, and the one who thinks that Atman is slain, both are ignorant, because Atman neither slays nor is slain. -​ The Atman is neither born nor does it die at any time, nor having been i will cease to exist again. It is unborn, eternal, permanent, and primeval. The Atman is not destroyed when the body is destroyed. -​ Reincarnation , there is another body after death -​ Energy transfers it never dies —----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Path to God -​ If you are unable to work for Me then just surrender unto My will with subdued mind, and renounce (the attachment to, and the anxiety for) the fruits of all work (by learning to accept all results, as God-given, with equanimity). -​ Knowledge is better than mere ritualistic practice, meditation is better than mere knowledge, renunciation of the fruit of work is better than meditation, peace immediately follows the renunciation of (the attachment to) the fruit of work. Agamas -​ Over 200 known -​ Devangari -​ Each has four parts -​ Jnana pada -​ Yoga pada -​ Kriya pada -​ Charya pada Hindu Worship Shrines -​ Puja (worship) -​ Murtis (images) -​ Mantras (prayers) -​ You can offer things to the gods Hindu Worship Temples (mandir) -​ Reading of Vedas -​ Celebration of festivals -​ Community gathering site Hindu Festivals -​ Diwali — Festival of Lights -​ Dussera  -​ Ganesha Chaturthi -​ Holi — Festival of Colors -​ Krishna Janmashtami -​ Maha Shivratri -​ Navratri -​ Raksha Bandhan Food in Hinduism -​ Cows as sacred -​ Vegetarianism -​ Fasting -​ Agni punish anyone who kills cows Social Class (Varna) -​ Brahmin (priestly class) -​ Vaishyas (farmers, merchants, traders, and craftsmen) -​ Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors) -​ Shudras (labourers) -​ Dalit (butchers, beggars) -​ You can identify someone's caste based on their last names sometimes Hindu Leadership -​ Priests (Brahmin class) -​ Guru (teacher) -​ Rishi (sage) -​ Atikranta-bhavaniya (yoga) Week 5 - Buddhism -​ History and Important Figures -​ Beliefs and Worldview -​ Texts, Stories, and Their Use -​ Leaders, Practices, and Rituals -​ No founding figure -​ Emerged from a set of practices and texts HISTORY OF BUDDHISM LIFE OF THE BUDDHA -​ Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) -​ Born in the Kingdom of Kosala (Nepal) -​ Advised the King of Magadha (eastern India) -​ 6th century BCE —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -​ Birth -​ Maturity -​ Renunciation -​ Search -​ Awakening and liberation -​ Teaching  -​ Death -​ Oral traditions means there wasn't much biographical information for buddhism and buddha -​ Not sure how reliable before the biographies -​ Buddha royal lineage, lived a very sheltered life -​ Horrified when he leaves his shelter and sees suffering for the first time -​ Becomes an ascetic and gives away all material things -​ He has an ecstatic experience -​ Enlightenment under the bodhi tree at age 35 HISTORY OF BUDDHISM AFTER BUDDHA’S DEATH -​ First Buddhist Council (c. 400 BCE) -​ Distinct Buddhist Schools emerge -​ Support of Mauryan Empire -​ Spread to the Hellenistic Mediterranean HISTORY OF BUDDHISM EMERGENCE OF BUDDHIST SECTS -​ Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhism -​ Oriented toward Nirvana -​ Mahayana Buddhism -​ Oriented toward Bodhisattva -​ Vajrayana Buddhism -​ Theravada and mahayana are the most popular versions -​ Theravada is the more conservative and older version of buddhism, their goal is to become an arhat -​ Mahayaana beliefs enlightenment is also the goal but they look to become a bodhisattva. -​ The difference between bodhisattva and arhat is that bodhisattva chooses to be in the world to teach others to enlightenment. Arhat believes to leave the earth is to reach enlightenment -​ Varjayana is tibetan buddhism and mongolia History of Buddhism Pure Land Buddhism -​ Begins 147 CE -​ Most widely practiced form of buddhism within mahayana buddhism (i.e. east asia) -​ Focused on the buddha amitaba and his “pure land” called sukhavati -​ All sentient beings can become buddhas -​ There are many buddhas of different aspects- sometimes symbolic beings other times literal beings HISTORY OF BUDDHISM ZEN BUDDHISM -​ Formed in the 5th century CE in China, grounded in Mahayana Buddhism (and the bodhisattva path) -​ The prevailing form of Buddhism in Japan -​ Emphasizes Zen (禪– “Chan” in Chinese): a meditative state  -​ Control of the mind, often through focus on breathing BUDDHA IS NOT THE LAUGHING BUDDHA -​ Budai -​ Chinese Buddhist Monk -​ 10th century CE -​ Poor -​ Very few possessions, very asectic but is happy HISTORY OF BUDDHISM TIBETAN BUDDHISM -​ Buddhist texts translated into Tibetan in 7th century -​ State religion of Tibet in 8th century CE -​ Gendun Drup – First Dalai Lama (born 1391) -​ Avalokiteśvara -​ Tenzin Gyatso – 14th Dalai Lama (born 1935) -​ Buddhist princess of china marries a king from tibet HISTORY OF BUDDHISM ENGAGED BUDDHISM -​ Founded by Thích Nhất Hạnh in the 1950s -​ 1926-2022 -​ Vietnamese Buddhist monk in the Zen tradition -​ Emerged and popularized as response to Vietnam War -​ Non-Violence -​ “14 Precepts” -​ Emphasis on peace WESTERN BUDDHISM -​ New Religious Movements -​ Tibetan Activism -​ Peace Movements -​ Secular “Mindfulness” tradition (Drawing upon Zen) BUDDHISM IN CANADA -​ Chinese and Japanese Immigrants (1881) -​ First Buddhist temple built 1905 -​ Countercultural movements of the 1960s -​ Canadian multiculturalism BIRTH AND REBIRTH -​ Samsara (wandering of life) -​ Karma -​ Reincarnation -​ Enlightenment -​ Nirvana (Theravada) or Buddhahood (Mahayana) -​ No real concept of a soul or a self in buddhism -​ Dying is seeking liberation of rebirth  -​ Karma and reincarnation similar to hinduism FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS -​ Dukkha (suffering) -​ Birth, aging, illness, death is all suffering -​ Life at its core is suffering -​ Samudaya (the cause of suffering is desire [greed, ignorance, hatred]) -​ Craving for becoming and the cause of suffering is because we want things -​ Our desire is a cause of suffering -​ Nirodha (the end of suffering is detachment) -​ Giving up those desire and the detachment -​ The only thing u can control is your desire -​ Magga (eightfold path) -​ Eightfold path is how you can detach yourself from suffering and the desires EIGHTFOLD PATH (fourth noble truth) -​ 1. Understanding - know the truth -​ 2. Intention - cultivating the right attitudes -​ 3. Speech - avoiding hate and -​ 4. Right action - not over indulge -​ 5. Right livelihood - living in a way that is not causing harm -​ 6. Right effort’ -​ 7. Right concentration - developing the awareness of what your own mind is doing, think critically on ur own thought process -​ 8. Right mindfulness - FOUR STAGES TO ENLIGHTENMENT -​ Stream-enterer (Sotapanna) -​ No longer believes that there is a self -​ No doubts about the buddha -​ One-More (Sakadagami) -​ Getting very close -​ No longer feelings of desire -​ No-More (Anagami) -​ Feels no desire -​ Around the final rebirth -​ Arhat -​ Someone who has no more rebirths -​ Escaped the chains THREE JEWELS -​ The Buddha -​ Dharma: Teachings of Buddha -​ Sangha: Monastic Order/Buddhists in General -​ If ur in spiritual need u look to these 3 FIVE PRECEPTS -​ Refrain from taking life -​ Refrain from taking what is not given -​ Refrain from the misuse of the senses or sexual misconduct -​ Refrain from wrong speech -​ Refrain from intoxicants that cloud the mind GODS? -​ No omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient creator god -​ Divine beings are not venerated -​ Devas -​ Mara -​ Demon king -​ Opposed to the idea of rebirth -​ Make people try to desire -​ Hungry Ghosts -​ Untimely deaths -​ Become hungry ghosts for awhile before they can reincarnate -​ Family may need to make sacrifices till they can rebirth -​ Fused with local traditional practices BUDDHAVACANA -​ Teachings of Buddha” -​ Dharma -​ Bhuddava -​ Theravada: Pali canon/Tripitaka -​ Vinaya, Sutra, Abhidhamma -​ Chinese Buddhist canon -​ Tibetan Buddhism: Kangyu PALI CANON TEACHING (SUTRA) -​ Anxious things we attach on ourselves that dont actually matter PALI CANON (NIKAYA) -​ Anxieties that we want to be something -​ It holds us back because we keep coming back to these worldly things -​ Clinging towards things that are tangible will delay enlightenment -​ The acceptance of this makes you to nirvana KANGAYA -​ Pre Jewels -​ Holy dharma (teachings of buddha) CHINESE BUDDHIST CANON -​ Asks buddha how to pacify the mind BUDDHIST MONKS (BHIKKU) AND NUNS (BHIKKUNI) -​ Active seeking of release from samsara -​ At least 20 years old -​ Vows: renunciation of wealth and pleasures -​ Distinctive clothes -​ 3 step process for monks -​ Nuns are only in the mahayana tradition -​ 5 additional precepts for monks and nuns -​ Refrain from taking food at inappropriate times -​ Refrain from singing dancing or watching any entertaining programs -​ Refrain from wearing perfume, makeup or any aesthetic, glamour -​ Refrain from sitting on high chairs and luxurious beds -​ Refrain from taking any money TEACHERS -​ Ajahn (Thai) -​ Sayadaw (Burmese) -​ Zen Master and Roshi (Japanese) -​ Tulku and Lama (Tibetan) -​ Sravaka (Pali) -​ Lay orders – attendants -​ Transmit knowledge and teachings VEGETARIANISM -​ First of the five precepts: “Do not take any life” -​ Mahayana: monks/nuns strictly vegetarian -​ Theravada: no meat slain solely for monks; accept dietary alms of others -​ Vajrayana: encouraged by some, including 14th Dalai Lama -​ They're allowed to eat meat if it is given by someone else out of hospitality -​ If the meat was cut solely for them they cannot have it Week 6 - RELIGIONS OF CHINA, KOREA, AND JAPAN Session Outline -​ Confucianism -​ Taoism -​ Asian Shamanism Confucianism Confucius -​ Confucius (551-479 BCE) -​ Bloody wars between Chinese dukes -​ Political advisor -​ Exiled for 31 years -​ Returned home at age 68 Teachings of Confucius -​ Negative “golden rule”: do not do to others what you would not want them to do to you -​ Emphasis on maintenance of tradition and ritual -​ Social obligations -​ Rule by wisdom, not force Confucian Texts -​ Four books -​ Great learning -​ Analects -​ Mencius -​ Doctrine of the mean Analects -​ Confucius said: “Study as if you have not reached your goal —as if you were afraid of losing what you have.” -​ Confucius said: “To study and not think is a waste; to think and not study is dangerous.” -​ Tseng Tzu said, “Each day I examine myself in three ways: in doing things for others, have I been disloyal? In my interactions with friends, have I been untrustworthy? Have not I practiced what I have preached?” -​ Confucius said: “If you are virtuous, you will not be lonely. You will always have friends.” -​ Confucius said: “A young man should serve his parents at home and be respectful to elders outside his home. He should be earnest and truthful, loving all, but become intimate with humaneness. After doing this, if he has energy to spare, he can study literature and the arts.” Confucian Texts Five Classics -​ Book of documents -​ Book of odes -​ Book of rites -​ Book of changes -​ Spring and autumn annals Confucian Beliefs Tian – heaven as source of goodness, life and human dignity Authority – respect for and respect pf -​ Mandate of heaven -​ Right to revolt -​ Knowing place in society Five Constant Values of Humanity -​ Jen (Humaneness) -​ Li (Propriety or rites -​ Yi (Righteousness or rightness) -​ Chih (wisdom) -​ Hsin (Faithfulness) Taoism Lao-Tzu -​ Lao Tzu (“Old Master”) -​ Circa 500 BCE> Maybe fictional? -​ China -​ The way of Tao -​ Worshipped as a god within Daoism -​ Tao Te Ching collect his teachings Tao -​ Tao (The way) -​ Harmony with nature -​ Emptiness -​ Avoids absolutism -​ Wu-wei (non-action) -​ Anti-authoritariansm Tao Te Ching (The Book of the Way of Virtue) The Tao [“way”] that can be spoken is not the eternal Tao. The name that can be named is not the eternal name. The nameless is the origin of heaven and earth While naming is the origin of the myriad things. Therefore, always desireless, you see the mystery Ever desiring, you see the manifestations. These two are the same-- When they appear they are named differently. Their sameness is the mystery, Mystery within mystery; The door to all marvels —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thirty spokes join together in the hub. It is because of what is not there that the cart is useful. Clay is formed into a vessel. It is because of its emptiness that the vessel is useful. Cut doors and windows to make a room. It is because of its emptiness that the room is useful. Therefore, what is present is used for profit. But it is in absence that there is usefulness. —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Accomplish but don't boast Accomplish without show Accomplish without arrogance Accomplish without grabbing Accomplish without forcing. When things flourish they decline Three Pure Ones -​ “The Tao produces One; One produced Two; Two produced Three; Three produced all things -​ The Jade pure one -​ The Supreme pure one -​ The Grand pure one Three Treasures -​ Jing (creative energy) -​ Qi (life-force energy)​ Shen (spiritual energy) Asian Shamanism Shamanism -​ Shaman: “a person... who experiences, absorbs, and communicates a special mode of sustaining, healing power.” – John Grim -​ Altered states of consciousness -​ Spirit possession -​ Ecstatic experiences -​ Local religious specialists -​ Relationship between community and shaman -​ More frequently found in remote areas Divination Practices -​ Ways of accessing the supernatural -​ Some are available to all -​ Some are available only to trained/select individuals -​ Jiaobei (moon blocks) -​ Used in temples or family shrines -​ Ascertain the will of ancestors Session 7 - Sikhism History and Important Figures ​ Beliefs and Worldview ​ Texts, Stories, and Their Use ​ Leaders, Practices, and Rituals ○​ Sikhism is very pluralistic and believe in many gods ○​ No theological reason to discriminate based on gender, caste, etc. Sikhism Before Its Founding ​ Punjab region ​ 15th century CE History of Sikhism: Guru Nanak Dev Ji ​ 1469-1539 CE ​ Born near Lahore, Pakistan, to a Hindu family ​ Religious experience around age 30 ​ Journeys (Udasiya) in South Asia and the Middle East ​ Settled in Punjab at age 55 ​ Appointed Guru Angad Dev as successor ○​ There is no hindu there is no islam – is the first words he says ○​ Beginning of his teachings in islam History of Sikhism: Ten Gurus ​ 1469-1708 CE ​ Guru Granth Sahib (Kartarpur Pothi) ​ Khalsa – Sikh nation ​ Increasing conflict with the Mughal Empire ​ 1716 – Forced conversion or execution of Sikhs begins ○​ Rough being a guru ○​ Early centuries they were being persecuted by Mughal Empire ○​ Tortured and executed, they were badly persecuted ○​ Mughal Empire threatened to ban sikhs off the planet ○​ They fled to the rainforest for safety ○​ Need for self defence throughout their identity ○​ The answer would be 11 if he asks how many gurus are there in sikhism rn History of Sikhism: Sikh Empire History of Sikhism: British Period ​ Sikh soldiers in the British Indian Army ​ Ghadar Party (1913-1948) ○​ The british heavily recruited sikhs into the army ○​ 22% of the british army in world war 1 were sikh History of Sikhism: Independence from Britain ​ Continuing conflict in India and Pakistan ​ Sikh-majority Punjab as Indian state (1966) ​ Sikh Nationalism in India (Khalistan) ​ Anti-Sikh violence (1984) ​ Manmohan Singh (2004-2014) first Sikh head of state worldwide ​ Distinctness in light of Hindutva History of Sikhism: Sikhism in Canada ​ Early Sikhs in Canada (1897) ○​ Railway workers ○​ British soldiers ​ Wilfrid Laurier bans Indian immigrants (1907) ​ Komagata Maru incident (1914) ​ Canadian multiculturalism ○​ 2 months held at bay and got sent back to india after ○​ And then once they landed they got arrested for illegal immigration and it started a riot ​ Jagmeet Singh (2017) – NDP leader Sikhism: Belief in God (Waheguru) ​ Monotheism/Monism ​ Genderless, formless, eternal, creator ​ Equality before God ​ Direct access to God ​ Exceeds human understanding ○​ Connected to hinduism ○​ Hypothetically everyone has access to God, no need for priests Sikhism: Afterlife ​ Karma ​ Atma ​ Dharam Rai (The Righteous Judge) ​ Reincarnation (samsara) ​ Liberation (mukti) ​ Sachkhand (Realm of Truth) ○​ Identical words to hinduism ○​ After you die dharam rai gets this report that lists everything you've done and all your thoughts. He offers a verdict, either reincarnation or suffering in hell ○​ Eventually when you live well you end at mukti aka liberation , beyond words, pen cannot write down what it is like ○​ Mystical union with god Sikhism: Duties and Vices Three Duties: 1.​ Nam Japna – Pray and remember God's Name. 2.​ Kirt Karna – Engage in honest work and earn a living with integrity. 3.​ Vand Chhakna – Share with others and give to those in need. -​ If God is truth then you should also live in an honest way yourself Five Vices:  1.​ Lust 2.​ Covetousness and Greed 3.​ Attachment to things of this world 4.​ Anger 5.​ Pride -​ Illusory pleasures but they lead you away Sikhism 5 Ks -​ Each of the 5 elements start with a K -​ Mostly for men but many women do it as well -​ Sikhs who have gone through sikh baptism -​ Kesh - sikhs do not cut their hair because, God gave it to you as a gift -​ Kara - wristband bangle, symbol of restraint and a link to the guru, infinite number of sides symbolizes a link to god -​ Kanga - wooden comb symbolizes clean mind and body, keeping it tidy -​ Kacha - they don't come below the knee -​ Kirpan - The blade that they have, no single style, kept sheathed, soldier saints Four Major Prohibitions ​ Cutting hair ​ Consumption of halal meat ​ Non-marital intercourse ​ Use of tobacco Sikhism Humanity ​ “Oneness” of humanity ​ Equality of people ​ No priests, only present “guru” is the text itself ​ Men and women can take part in all parts of worship ​ Atma (divine spark) as a gift from Waheguru ​ All creatures are created by God and must be treated with respect ​ God can be found via many paths, including other religions ○​ Gender, race , may be a social fact but God does not care about that. Guru Granth Sahib ​ Adi Granth ​ The continuing teacher of Sikhs ​ 11th Sikh guru Guru Granth Sahib ​ Hymns of Guru Nanak and other gurus  ​ Moral teachings ​ Codification begins by Guru Arjan (5th guru) – 1601-1604 ​ Further hymns added ​ Specific contents determined by Guru Gobind Singh, named as successor (1707; effective as Guru in 1708) Dasam Granth (Book of the Tenth Guru) ​ Disputed status in Sikhism ​ Contains hymns (purportedly) by Guru Gobind Singh (10th guru) Sakhi ​ Moral tales ​ Usually featuring one of the ten gurus or people around their time ​ Not part of Guru Granth Sahib ○​ tales about the gurus ○​ Usually have a moral to learn along with them ○​ Not quite scripture tho —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sikhism Initiation ​ Amrit Sanskar (Nectar ceremony) ○​ Begun in 1699 Before the Ceremony (Sahajdhari) ○​ Must be willing to devote one’s life to Sikh principles and practices ○​ Bathed, no symbols of other religions on them ​ Initiation into sikh nation, it doesn't mean ur not sikh if u havent done it ​ During the Ceremony (after > Amritdhari) ○​ 5 Sikhs, 1 narrator, and Guru Granth Sahib ○​ Hymns, prayers offered ○​ Amrit mixed ○​ Initiate drinks amrit, sprinkled on eyes and hair ○​ Initiates recite Mool Mantar (single most important passage) ○​ Initiate consumes kara parshad Sikhism Initiation ​ After the Ceremony ○​ Name change ​ Singh (male) ​ Kaur (female) ○​ Wear the 5 Ks ○​ Member of Khalsa ​ You can tell caste systems by looking at their last names, but if everyone has the same last name then everyone is equal Sikhism Diet ​ Langar (community meal) ○​ Run by volunteers, anyone can participate in it ○​ It is seen to be something desirable ○​ Designed for anyone to be able to join as everyone is seen as equal -​ Most Sikhs – consumes meat if executed by jhatka ​ Some sects – do not eat meat or eggs ​ Prohibition of halal and kosher meat (kutha) ○​ The name if god should not be uttered when killing an animal Sikh Holidays ​ Maghi – January 14 ​ Hola Maholla – March 26 ​ Vaisakhi – April 14 ​ Martyrdom of Guru Arjan – June 16 ​ Celebration of the Guru Granth Sahib – August or September ​ Diwali – October ​ Guru Nanak’s Birthday – November 15 ​ Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur – November 24 Sikhism​ Worship ​ Gurudwara (Temple) ​ Guru Granth Sahib sits above congregants and under a canopy ​ Sikh flag flying on the building ​ No priests ​ Rituals ○​ Langar ○​ Amrit Sanskar ○​ Marriages ○​ Funerals Five Takhts -​ Founded with the human gurus -​ When something needs policy it kind of goes through here -​ Rough comparison like the vatican Week 8 - Judaism Terminology ​ Judaism – Pertains to the religion of Jewish people ​ Jewishness – Pertains to the ethnicity or culture of Jewish people ​ Denomination and Sect – Different groups within Judaism ​ Jewish Bible = Hebrew Bible = Tanakh = Old Testament – Different terms used for the sacred texts  ​ “Torah” is NOT the same as “Tanakh” – Torah refers specifically to the first five books of the Hebrew Bible ○​ Torah has multiple meanings: book of torah ( i.e genesis, deuteronomy,) the written torah (i.e, the instructions that God gave to moses,) the oral torah (i.e, jewish customs and teachings) Patriarchs ​ Abraham (20th century BCE) – Forefather of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam ○​ Jews and christians identify as the firsthand, in islam he is seen as the avenue to God's promise land ○​ Agreed to be fictional by historians ○​ Isaac – Son of Abraham and Sarah, central to Jewish and Christian traditions ○​ Ishmael – (recognized in Islam, son from Hagar) ​ Moses (16th century BCE) – ​ ○​ Led the Exodus from Egypt, ○​ the Ten Commandments, ○​ Law of Israel ○​ Land of Canaan – The Promised Land in Jewish tradition Kingdoms of Israel and Judah United Monarchy (1000 BCE) ​ King Saul ​ King David ​ King Solomon ○​ Creates the temple ○​ Only lasted a few generations Divided Monarchy (922 BCE) ​ Israel ​ Judah ○​ Where jerusalem is and the temple Kingdoms of Israel and Judah Prophets Prophet as fore-teller ​ E.g., Isaiah ○​ Tells people whether things are a good idea Prophet as social critic ​ E.g., Amos ○​ Critical on how people are treating others and how god is gonna punish if u do things wrong Prophet as miracle worker ​ E.g., Elijah, Elisha  ○​ Travelling around the countryside healing people Foreign Conquest Assyrian Crisis (722 BCE)​ Babylonian Exile (587 BCE) ​ Destruction of the Jerusalem Temple​ Persian Return (539 BCE) ​ Second Temple Built ○​ Persians helped to rebuild temple that babylonians destroyed but they also wanted money ○​ Persians became pretty well admired in the books Graeco-Roman Period ​ Alexander the Great’s Conquest ○​ Hellenistic period (332 BCE) -​ Hasmonaean Kingdom (163 BCE) -​ Roman Conquest (63 BCE) -​ Destruction of the Second Temple (70 CE) -​ Not on good terms with the roman empire -​ Bar Kokhba War (130-135 CE) Rabbinic Period -​ Mishnah (200 CE) -​ Gemara/Talmud (500 CE) -​ Jerusalem Talmud -​ Babylonian Talmud -​ Christianization of Roman and Byzantine Empires (330- 638 CE) Medieval Judaism ​ Islamic Period (638 CE) ​ Muslim Spain – The Jewish Golden Age (8th-11th centuries CE) ​ Guaranteed protections under the law ​ Tolerance for religious diversity -​ Crusades (1099-1260) Denominations Hamburg Temple Disupute -​ Orthodox Judaism (1819) -​ Reform Judaism (1819) -​ Conservative Judaism (1854) Modern Anti-Semitism  -​ Yiddish culture -​ Pogroms -​ Third Reich -​ Holocaust -​ Conspiracy Theories Recent Developments in Judaism -​ Jewish Denominations -​ Orthodox Judaism -​ Conservative Judaism -​ Reform Judaism Zionism (1890) -​ Israel and Palestine -​ Theodor Hertzl (1890) Judaism in Canada Banned in Quebec until 1760​ First Canadian Synagogue (Montreal 1768)​ Ezekiel Hart denied seat in Legislature of Lower Canada (1807)​ Fleeing European pogroms Monotheism ​ One God, revealed in the Hebrew Bible ○​ Omnipotent ○​ Omniscient ○​ Creator Deity ○​ Formless ○​ Moral Deity -​ “Chosen People” -​ Covenants between God and Jewish People​ Commandments given to Moses Coming Messiah (“Anointed One”) -​ Descendent of King David -​ Usher in a “Messianic Age” -​ Restoration of the Promised Land “Promised Land” -​ 12 Tribes of Israel -​ Zionism Afterlife  Resurrection of the Dead?​ World to Come (haba olam)​ Underworld (Sheol or Gehinnom) Tanakh / Jewish Bible -​ Torah (Law) -​ Nevi’im (Prophets) -​ Ketuvim (Writings) Torah (Law) -​ Genesis -​ Exodus -​ Leviticus -​ Numbers -​ Deuteronomy -​ Narrative but also instruction based Nevi’im (Prophets) Former Prophets ​ Joshua ​ Judges ​ 1-2 Samuel ​ 1-2 Kings Latter Prophets ​ Isaiah ​ Jeremiah ​ Ezekiel ​ Twelve minor prophets Ketuvim (Writings) Poetic Books ​ Psalms ​ Proverbs ​ Job ​ Five Megillot (Five Scrolls) ​ Song of Songs ​ Ruth ​ Lamentations ​ Qohelet (Ecclesiastes) ​ Esther Other ​ Daniel ​ Ezra-Nehemiah  ​ 1-2 Chronicles Torah: Ten Commandments 1.​ I am the LORD your God, who has brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. 2.​ You shall have no other gods beside Me. You shall not make for yourself any carved idol or any likeness of anything... you shall not bow down to them, nor serve them. 3.​ You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain. 4.​ Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days shall you labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to God. 5.​ Honor your father and your mother. 6.​ You shall not murder. 7.​ You shall not commit adultery. 8.​ You shall not steal. 9.​ You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. 10.​You shall not covet... anything that is your neighbor’s. Torah: Laws of Kashrut ​ Certain animals may not be eaten at all. ​ Birds and mammals that may be eaten must be killed in accordance with Jewish law. ​ All blood must be drained from meat and poultry or broiled out before consumption. ​ Certain parts of permitted animals may not be eaten. ​ Fruits and vegetables are permitted but must be inspected for bugs (which cannot be eaten). ​ Meat (birds and mammals) cannot be eaten with dairy. ​ Utensils (pots, pans, and cooking surfaces) that touch meat may not be used with dairy, and vice versa. Utensils that touch non-kosher food may not be used with kosher food. This applies only if the contact occurred while the food was hot. ​ Grape products made by non-Jews may not be eaten. Respect for God ​ Do not say God’s name (euphemized in English as LORD). ○​ Adonai (which means “Lord”) is pronounced in its place in Hebrew. ○​ God’s name is sometimes referred to as the tetragrammaton (i.e., four-letter name). ​ Often avoid the word “God” in English (euphemized as “G-d”). ​ Do not visually depict God (i.e., no graven images). ​ Six names of God are to be treated with respect – albeit to varying levels. Torah: Other Regulations -​ Sexual regulations -​ Purity regulations -​ Clothing -​ Mezuzah  -​ Many others Important Rituals -​ Brit Milah (circumcision) -​ Bar Mitzvah/ Bat Mitzvah Holidays ​ Shabbat (Saturdays) ​ Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year – September) ​ Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement – September/October) ​ Sukkot (Festival of Booths – September/October) ​ Hanukkah (Festival of Lights – December) ​ Pesach (Passover – March/April) WEEK 9 - Christianity Christian Origins: Jesus -​ Jesus of Nazareth (6 BCE-30 CE) -​ Jewish teacher -​ Wisdom -​ Apocalyptic -​ “Kingdom of God” -​ Executed by Romans -​ Resurrected after three days The Apostolic Period (30-110 CE) -​ 12 Disciples -​ Additional Apostles -​ Is the Law of Moses binding on non-Jewish Christians? -​ Who among the apostles has the most authority? -​ Simon Peter -​ James the Brother of Jesus -​ The Apostle Paul -​ When will the Kingdom of God arrive? The Patristic Period (110-330 CE) -​ What books are authoritative? -​ What is the role of women in the church? -​ Junia, “Foremost among the apostles” (Romans 16:7) -​ How do we live if the Kingdom of God is not arriving any time soon? -​ What beliefs and practices are mandatory for Christians? Which ones are unacceptable? -​ Gnosticism -​ What does it mean to call Jesus the son of God? -​ Can someone deny being Christian during persecution? The Emperor Constantine -​ Ends Persecution of Christianity (311 CE) -​ Battle of Milvian Bridge (312 CE) -​ Constantine vs. Maxentius -​ Chi-Rho -​ Christianity enters the highest levels of power -​ Edict of Milan (313 CE) -​ Sponsor Church activities (bible publication, convenes church councils Church Councils -​ Council of Nicaea (325 CE) -​ The Trinity -​ NOT when the books of the Bible were decided upon Medieval Period -​ Schism of Eastern and Western Christianity (1054) -​ Scholasticism -​ Anselm of Canterbury (1033- 1109) -​ Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) -​ Crusades (1095-1291) -​ Attempted conquest of “the Holy Land” Christianity in the Americas -​ Columbus’ arrival in the Americas (1492) -​ John Cabot’s arrival in Newfoundland (1497) Recent Developments in Christianity -​ Christianity in the Global South -​ Feminist Christianity -​ Anti-Racist Christianity -​ Queer Christianity -​ Eco-Theology -​ Critical Study of the Bible -​ Christian Eschatology Divinity of Jesus and Nature of God -​ Messiah prophesied by Hebrew Bible -​ “Fully God and Fully Man” -​ God Incarnate -​ Historical Human Being -​ Holy Trinity -​ Father, Son, and Holy Spirit -​ God as uncreated, all- knowing, all-powerful Humanity’s Sinful Nature -​ Sinful nature of humanity -​ “All have sinned and fallen short of the will of God” -​ “Original Sin” – Adam and Eve  -​ Call to repentance -​ Saved by God’s grace through the death of Jesus -​ Eternal life as God’s gift Salvation -​ Process of salvation (soteriology): Faith alone? Can actions play a role in salvation? Universalism? -​ Kingdom of God (eschatology): Apocalyptic kingdom or present in the world now? -​ Afterlife: Resurrection of the elect, souls to heaven, nothing, presence of God, or something else? The Bible and Other Sources of Authority -​ Sola Scriptura: Bible only -​ Wesleyan Quadrilateral: Bible, Tradition, Reason, Experience -​ Catholic: Magisterium, Scripture, Tradition Which Books of the Bible? -​ Deuterocanonical works: 1-4 Maccabees, Tobit, Bel and the Dragon, etc. -​ The Bible: “Inspired” or “Inerrant”? The Bible: Old Testament/Hebrew Bible -​ All Christians accept all books of Tanakh as part of the Old Testament The Bible: New Testament -​ Extent is unanimous among Christians -​ Four Gospels -​ Acts of the Apostles -​ 14 Letters by Paul or associated with him -​ 7 General Epistles -​ Revelation of John New Testament: Four Gospels -​ Matthew, Mark, Luke, John (70-140 CE) -​ Narrative Accounts of Jesus’ life, especially his ministry -​ All anonymous, traditionally attributed to various apostles -​ Written 40-100 years after Jesus’ death -​ Matthew, Mark, and Luke: Parables, Aphorisms, Kingdom of God, Many healings and exorcisms -​ John: Long discourses about his identity, seven miracles/signs New Testament: Acts of the Apostles -​ Depicts events from Jesus’ Ascension to the Apostle Paul’s arrival in Rome (30-62 CE) -​ Narrative account of the early Church -​ Anonymous text, Luke-Acts functions as a two-volume history -​ Jerusalem > All Judaea > Eastern Mediterranean > Rome New Testament: Letters by Paul or Associated with Him -​ Earliest surviving Christian Texts (50-60 CE) -​ Paul did not know Jesus personally -​ Had a Vision of the Resurrected Jesus -​ Private Letters to Early Christian Churches Key Themes -​ You don’t need to be Jewish to be Christian -​ Preparedness for Jesus’ return -​ Community conduct New Testament: General Epistles -​ Community Conduct -​ Church Organization -​ Clarifying ambiguities in earlier writings New Testament: Revelation of John -​ John of Patmos -​ Apocalyptic visions of cataclysm and fall of an Empire -​ Heavy symbolism Denominational Differences -​ Roman Catholic -​ Eastern Orthodox (e.g., Greek, Syrian, Ethiopian) -​ Protestant (umbrella term) -​ Mainline -​ Evangelical -​ Other (e.g., Jehovah’s Witnesses, Church of Jesus Christ and Latter-Day Saints Baptism (Christening) -​ Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist in the Jordan River -​ Initiation ritual -​ Not necessary for salvation, but a sign of commitment to Christianity, can participate in sacraments When? -​ Infant Baptism (Catholic, Orthodox, Mainline) -​ Believer’s Baptism (Anabaptist, Evangelical) Communion (Eucharist or Lord’s Supper) -​ Last Supper before Jesus’ execution -​ Bread (body) and Wine (blood) -​ Symbol? Presence? Flesh of Jesus? -​ Open vs. Closed Communion Holidays -​ Weekly worship on Sundays -​ Advent (preparation for birth of Jesus) -​ Christmas (birth of Jesus) -​ Lent (Jesus’ Temptation) -​ Ash Wednesday -​ Holy Week -​ Palm Sunday (Jesus’ entrance to Jerusalem) -​ Good Friday (death of Jesus) -​ Easter (resurrection of Jesus) -​ Pentecost (Holy Spirit descends upon Christians) Church Hierarchy Denomination-Dependent -​ Head of Denomination -​ Roman Catholic – Pope -​ Church of England – King of England -​ Orthodox – Bishops (Bishop of Constantinople) -​ Protestants: Presiding Bishop, Moderator, etc. -​ Pastors/Priests -​ Ordained? Lay ministry? -​ Qualifications? (M.Div., none, etc.) ISLAM WEEK 10 The Prophet Muhammad ​ 570-632 CE ​ Born in Mecca (modern Saudi Arabia) ​ Qur’anic Revelation (610 CE) ○​ Cave of Hira (outside Mecca) ○​ Angel Gabriel recited what would become the Qur’an to Muhammad ​ Preaching Monotheism in Mecca (613 CE) ○​ Early persecution —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Isra and Mi’raj (620) ​ Tour of heaven and hell Hijra (622) ​ Migration to Medina ​ Conflict between Mecca and Medina Conquest of Arabia Hajj (632) -​ Pilgrimage to Mecca Death (632) Sunni and Shia -​ Succession ​ Ali ibn Abi Talib (Shia Islam) ○​ Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law ○​ Purportedly chosen by Muslim people ○​ “Imam” ​ Abu Bakr (Sunni Islam) ○​ Muhammad’s father-in-law ○​ Purportedly chosen by Muhammad himself ○​ “Caliph” Early Caliphates (Sunni) ​ Rashidun (632-661 CE) ​ Umayyad (661-750 CE) ​ Abbasid (750-1517 CE) ​ Fatimid (909-1169 CE) – Shi’ite Compiling the Hadith and Writing Biographies ​ Muhammad Ibn Ishaq (704–767) ○​ Oldest surviving biography of Muhammad ​ Hadith - Compiled in the 9th century Islamic Golden Age -​ 786 - 1258 C.E -​ House of wisdom -​ Engineering principles -​ Drug tests principles that are still here to this day Subsequent Empires ​ Ottoman Empire (1299-1922) ○​ Eastern Mediterranean ​ Safavid Empire (1501-1736) ○​ Middle East ​ Mughal Empire (1526-1857) ○​ Indian Subcontinent ○​ Emergence of Sikhism Other Traditions in Islam: Sufism Began in the 9th Century Islamic mysticism ○​ divine presence within oneself ○​ Ascetic experiences / visions ​ Practiced Mainly within Sunni Islam Not exclusive to Sunni Islam ​ Whirling Dervishes ​ Rumi (1207-1273) ○​ A central figure in Sufism ○​ Famous Quote: ​ "This place is a dream. Only a sleeper considers it real. Then death comes like dawn, and you wake up laughing at what you thought was your grief." Other Sects of Islam: Ahmadiyya Islam ​ Founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1889 ○​ Identified as the Messiah and Madhi (Guided One) ○​ Has the title of Hazrat ○​ 26th Prophet (ummati) -​ Closer theologically to Sunni Islam -​ Has its own distinctive Caliphate -​ Reform movement within Islam ​ Experience of Discrimination and Persecution Islam in Recent History -​ Iranian Revolution -​ Postcolonial theory -​ Islamic Feminism -​ Secularity and Islam Islam in Canada -​ Possible arrival as part of trans-Atlantic slavery before 1833 -​ First known Muslims: James and Agnes Love (Scottish converts) 1854 -​ 1901 – 47 Muslim Canadians (Canada Pacific Railway) -​ Experience of racism, turn toward the USA -​ Edmonton, Al-Rashid Mosque (1938 – first mosque in Canada) -​ 1952 – McGill begins its Muslim Studies program -​ Canadian multiculturalism (1960s-present) Five Pillars of (Sunni) Islam -​ Shahada (the creed) -​ The idea that there is no god but God -​ Salat (prayer) -​ 5 prayers a day facing mecca -​ Sawm (fasting) -​ Ramadan -​ 9th month of the islamic calendar -​ The idea that you are becoming more aware and grateful for everything that god gave you -​ Hajj (pilgrimage) -​ Expected to attend mecca at least once -​ Place where abraham nearly sacrificed his son -​ Zakat (Almsgiving) Six Articles of Faith -​ Allah Alone is God -​ Moral, but merciful deity -​ Genderless and immaterial -​ Eternal, Omniscient, Omnipotent -​ The one and only god -​ Existence of Angels -​ Revelation in Holy Books -​ Qur’an supersedes earlier (Jewish and Christian) texts -​ Predestination with free will -​ 25 Prophets of Allah -​ Day of Judgment 25 Prophets Day of Judgment (Yawm ad-Din) -​ Signs of its coming -​ All living beings are resurrected  -​ Souls no longer in Barzakh -​ Subject to individual judgment -​ Scroll with good deeds weighed against a scroll with evil deeds -​ Jannah (Paradise) Qur’an -​ God’s words to Muhammad 619-632 CE -​ Written in Arabic (no translation) -​ Written down by his literate friends -​ Codified into a single text after his death -​ Presumes familiarity with Hebrew Bible and New Testament -​ Recounts some stories from these texts, often with differences or alternate interpretations —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Key Passage in the Qur’an “Allah: there is no true God but Him. The Ever-Living,the Eternal Master of all. Neither drowsiness nor sleep overtakes Him. His is all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth. Who is there that can intercede with Him, except by His permission? He knows all that lies open before them and all that lies hidden from them; whereas they cannot attain to anything of His knowledge save as He wills. His Kursi [authority] extends over the heavens and the earth, and the preservation of both does not tire Him. He is the Most High, the Most Great.” (Qur’an 2:255) -​ Oneness of god is a very important part of this religion -​ Omniscience as well -​ Perfection of God Tales of the Prophets Shared with Jewish Bible and New Testament Hadith -​ Collected sayings and deeds of Muhammad -​ Not written by immediate followers, but later biographers (compiled in the 9th century) -​ Authority is disputed among Muslims, historicity disputed among historians -​ Many Muslim customs (sunnah) are derived from hadith Dietary Regulations -​ Haram (forbidden) -​ Alcohol, Pork, fanged animals, animals dying by means other than slaughter or hunting, scavengers -​ Halal Slaughter (Zabihah) -​ Name of God must be mentioned while doing it -​ Quick death  -​ Must be done by Muslim, Jew, or Christian -​ Fasting during Ramadan -​ A lot of overlap with jewish dietary restrictions Respect for the Prophet(s) -​ Will intercede for believers on the last day -​ “Peace Be Upon Him” (abbreviated as PBUH or SAW) -​ No visual depictions of Muhammad -​ Aversion to depictions of other prophets -​ Respected, but not worshipped (idolatry) -​ Qur’an is never illustrated Gender -​ Holding/shaking hands -​ Gender-specific clothing -​ Gender segregated prayers/worship Leadership -​ Caliph -​ Imam -​ Male leadership -​ Women sometimes lead women in prayer, but rarely do women lead mixed-gender prayer Holidays -​ Month of Ramadan -​ Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Power) -​ Eid al-Fitr -​ Month of Hajj -​ Day of Arafat -​ Eid al-Adha (Festival of Sacrifice)