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LECTURE 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE CORE BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF MAJOR RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD.  Revealed Religions.. 1. Judaism. 2. Christianity.  LEARNING OBJECTIVES. A comprehensive introduction to Judaism and its basic beliefs. A comprehensive introductio...

LECTURE 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE CORE BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF MAJOR RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD.  Revealed Religions.. 1. Judaism. 2. Christianity.  LEARNING OBJECTIVES. A comprehensive introduction to Judaism and its basic beliefs. A comprehensive introduction to Christianity and its basic beliefs.  JUDAISM. ❑ Judaism is defined as the religion of the Jews, based on the old testament and the Talmud, having as its central point a belief in one God. It is the religion and cultural traditions of the Jews. ❑ Old name of the Jews is Bani Israel (Children of Israel). ❑ Israel is the title of Hazrat Yaqub (A.S), who was a prophet of Allah Almighty. Meaning of Israel is Slave of Allah Almighty. ❑ The Jews are the nation for whose guidance Allah Almighty sent Hazrat Musa (A.S) as a prophet. ❑ Origin of homeland: kinan, Iraq. ❑ Jewish in Egypt: Hazrat Yousuf(A.S)  COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JUDAISM AND ISLAM. Common features: 1. Tauheed. 2. Prophethood. 3. Belief in judgment day. 4. The revealed book. Opposite features: Final result. Islam (Allah is the self guardian of the Holy Quran. For this reason, the Holy Quran is completely safe from all kinds of distortions and changes.) Judaism (According to the interpretation of The Holy Qur'an, the protection of The Torah was entrusted to the Jews by Allah, so the scholars of the Jews made numerous changes in the words and meanings of the verses of The Torah.)  CHRISTIANITY. Christianity is defined as the religion of Christian. Its beliefs and practices are of those people who believe in Prophet Hazrat Essa (A.S), one of the famous Prophet from Bani Israel. (Children of Israel) Birth of Prophet Essa (A.S) Sign and word of Allah Almighty(birth without a father.) ‫سى اب ُْن َم ْريَ َم‬ َّ ‫ت ْال َم ََل ِئ َكةُ يَا َم ْريَ ُم ِإ َّن‬ َ ‫َّللاَ يُبَ ِش ُر ِك ِب َك ِل َم ٍة ِم ْنهُ ا ْس ُمهُ ْال َمسِي ُح ِعي‬ ِ َ‫{ ِإ ْذ قَال‬ ]45 :‫َو ِجي ًها فِي الدُّ ْنيَا َو ْاْل ِخ َر ِة َو ِمنَ ْال ُمقَ َّر ِبينَ } [آل عمران‬ Translation: Remember˺ when the angels proclaimed, “O Maryam! Allah gives you a good news of a Word from Him, his name will be the Messiah, son of Maryam; honoured in this world and the Hereafter, and he will be one of those nearest to Allah.  CHRISTIANITY.  Religious book: Bible (Injeel)  Major beliefs of Christianity: Belief in Kaffarah. (expiation of sins) Belief in Three Gods. (Trinity) Belief in Baptism. (purification concept in Christianity)  CHRISTIANITY. Common beliefs of Christianity and Islam: 1. Tauheed. 2. Prophet hood. 3. Belief in dooms day. 4. The revealed book.  SLOS ❑ To summarize the basic understanding of major religions of the world. ❑ To understand the comparative studies of different major religions of the world.  LECTURE # 4 IBADAAT (ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF WORSHIP) LEARNING OBJECTIVES. The Basic Articles of Faith.  MEANING OF WORSHIP Worship means devotion to Allah, who has the only right to be worshipped, and this right is deservingly reserved for Allah(alone). IBADAT : Ibadaat is an Arabic word, that is taken from Abd, which means slave and servant. THE AIM AND OBJECT OF A HUMAN LIFE. The aim and object of a human life is to worship Allah alone, Allah say's in Surah Adh-Dhariyat. ِ ‫نس ِإ ََّّل ِليَ ْعبُد‬ ٥٦ ‫ُون‬ ِ ْ ‫َو َما َخلَ ْقتُ ْٱل ِج َّن َو‬ َ ‫ٱْل‬ Translation: I have not created the jinn and ins (mankind for any other purposes except that they worship Me. ُ ‫ٱلز َك ٰوة َ ۚ َو ٰذَ ِل َك د‬ ‫ِين‬ ۟ ُ ‫صلَ ٰوة َ َويُؤْ ت‬ َّ ‫وا‬ ۟ ‫صينَ لَهُ ٱلدِينَ ُحنَفَا ٓ َء َويُ ِقي ُم‬ َّ ‫وا ٱل‬ ِ ‫ٱَّللَ ُم ْخ ِل‬ ۟ ‫َو َما ٓ أ ُ ِم ُر ٓو ۟ا ِإ ََّّل ِل َي ْعبُد‬ َّ ‫ُوا‬ ٥ ‫ْٱلقَيِ َم ِة‬ Translation: even though they were only commanded to worship Allah alone with sincere devotion to Him in all uprightness, establish prayer, and pay alms-tax. That is the upright Way.  CONCEPT OF WORSHIP. Worship is an indispensable part of all religions. It is motivated, however in each religion by objectives and assumes different forms and is performed under a different set of rules. As for Islam, its conception of worship is related to its fundamental view that the true Foundation of a good life is soundness of belief and thinking, purity of soul and righteousness of action. It serves as a means to purge man’s soul and his practical life from sin and wickedness.  DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF WORSHIP. The Holy Quran provides us the guide lines that the concept of worship is very comprehensive and linked with our entire life. Freedom from Intermediaries. Islam has liberated worship from the bondage of intermediaries between man and his creator, Islam seeks to create a direct link between man and his Lord. DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF WORSHIP Worship is not confined to Specific places. Islam has liberated worship from the confinement to specific places. Islam regards every place whether it is one’s dwelling place, the board of a vessel on the surface of the sea or a mosque specially built for worship as declared enough for the performance of worship, the Holy prophet (P.B.U.H) has expressed this idea beautifully:- ‫ورا‬ ً ‫ط ُه‬ ُ ‫ت ِلي ْاْل َ ْر‬ َ ‫ض َم ْس ِجدًا َو‬ ْ َ‫ُج ِعل‬ Translation: The (whole of the) earth has been rendered for me a mosque pure and clean..(Bukhari Shareef, Chapter The Book Of As-salat (The Prayer, Hadith no 438)  DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF WORSHIP All embracing view. Islam has also considerably widened the scope of worship. In Islam worship is not confined to specified shapes which are to be performed on particular occasions. Rather Islam consider every virtuous action which has been sincerely performed and with Allah’s pleasure, an act of worship for which man will be rewarded. The fact is that even eating, drinking sleeping and enjoyment of innocent recreation becomes acts of worship provided they are performed with true religious motives. The real purpose of Islam in declaring that worship embraces the total life of a man is to make religious. Faith play a practical and effective role in reforming human life.  COMPREHENSIVE DEMANDS OF WORSHIP. Prayer, sacrifice, life and death belong to Allah alone. َ‫ب ْٱلعَ ٰـلَ ِمين‬ ِ ‫اى َو َم َماتِى ِ ََّّللِ َر‬ َ ‫قُ ْل ِإ َّن‬ ُ ُ‫ص ََلتِى َون‬ َ َ‫س ِكى َو َم ْحي‬ Translation: Say, “Surely my prayer, my worship, my life, and my death are all for Allah—Lord of all worlds.(Surah Al-An'am, verse no 162) Islam stresses that act of worship is alone for Allah Almighty. We should devote everything we do in our daily life based on worship of Allah alone. Prayer is the most significant pillar of Islam. It is a key to paradise. Our prayer, our sacrifice, our entire life and death all are only for Allah. We should follow the instructions in our entire life. Our entire life is worship for Allah Almighty alone and there is no associate of Him. COMPREHENSIVE DEMANDS OF WORSHIP. A Muslim must entered perfectly in Islam. َ ‫ش ْي‬ ‫ط ٰـ ِن ۚ ِإنَّ ۥهُ لَ ُك ْم َعد ًُۭو‬ َّ ‫ت ٱل‬ ُ ‫وا ُخ‬ ِ ‫ط ٰ َو‬ ۟ ُ‫وا ٱ ْد ُخل‬ ۟ ُ‫وا ِفى ٱلس ِْل ِم َكآفَّ ًۭةً َو ََّل تَت َّ ِبع‬ ۟ ُ‫يَ ٰـٓأَيُّ َها ٱلَّذِينَ َءا َمن‬ ٢٠٨ ‫ين‬ ًۭ ‫ُّم ِب‬ Translation: O believers! Enter into Islam wholeheartedly and do not follow Satan’s footsteps. Surely he is your sworn enemy. Islam provides complete guideline to all his believers to follow it in all walks of life. Its guidance is comprehensive and includes the social, economical, political, ethical and spiritual aspects of life.  BASIC PILLARS OF ISLAM. َ‫ش َهادَة ُ أَ ْن َّل‬ َ ‫علَى خ َْم ٍس‬ َ ‫اْل ْسَلَ ُم‬ ِ ‫ي‬َ ِ‫َّللاِ صلى هللا عليه وسلم " بُن‬ َّ ‫سو ُل‬ُ ‫ قَا َل قَا َل َر‬،‫ع َم َر‬ ُ ‫ع ِن اب ِْن‬ َ ْ ‫اانَ َو َح ُّ ُّ البَ ْيتِ۔‬ َ ‫ص ْو ُم َر َم‬ َّ ‫صَلَةِ َوإِيتَا ُء‬ َ ‫الز َكاةِ َو‬ َّ ‫َّللاِ َوإِقَا ُم ال‬ َّ ‫سو ُل‬ُ ‫َّللاُ َوأَ َّن ُم َح َّمدًا َر‬ َّ َّ‫إِلَهَ إَِّل‬ Translation: Ibn Umar(R.A) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (P.BUH)said: "Islam is based upon five: the testimony of La Ilaha Illallah, and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, the establishment of the Salat, giving the Zakat, fasting in the month of Ramadan, and performing Hajj to the House of Allah. (Jami` at-Tirmidhi Hadith no:2609) From the above hadith we deduce the given five pillars of Islam: 1. Tauheed and Prophethood of Hazrat Mohammad (P.B.U.H). 2. Prayers. 3. Fasting. 4. Zakat. 5. Hajj.(Pilgrimage)  THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL COMPREHENSION. The basis of the Islamic teachings and way of life are various obligatory acts of worship, that are often referred to as the five pillars of Islam. These consist of Shahadat, Salah, Saum, Zakat and Hajj. These acts of worship require the participation of all aspects of man’s nature, his soul, his mind, his feelings, his body, his time, his energy and his possessions. They demand the worship of Allah with all the faculties of an individual. For instance the declaration of faith is to be always present in the mind and heart of the Muslims and is to be uttered again and again with the tongue during his daily prayers. Prayers are to be performed five times daily, everyday of a man’s life. Fasting is for a full month every year, while Zakat is to be paid once yearly and Hajj is to be performed once in a lifetime on every affording Muslim.  SHAHADAT(TESTIMONY) Testimony is a declaration that none deserves to be worshipped except Allah and Muhammad (P.B.U.H) is His slave and last messenger. The first part of the declaration attests not only to the oneness and uniqueness of Allah, but also attests a constant theme of the holy Quran. It is repeatedly mentioned as the basic principle of Islam and of all revealed religions. This declaration also signifies the oneness of lordship, the sovereignty and the authority in the universe and in this world. As there is no other creator and sustainer of the universe, there can, likewise, be no ruler, lawgiver and supreme authority for mankind. Allah is the only lord of all creations. He creates what He pleases. He is giving the nature, role and functions to each of His creatures which He desires for it, and in this He is not accountable to any one and all things are under His absolute control.  SALAT(PRAYERS) Five prayers are obligatory on every adult Muslim on a daily basis. The importance of prayer in Islam is great, as it is the foremost duty of the Muslims and the chief of the pillars on which the structure of Islam stands. It is the distinguishing feature between a Muslim and a Non-Muslim. The Holy Prophet(P.B.U.H) said:.‫ص ََل ِة‬ َّ ‫ک ال‬ ُ ‫ک َو ْال‬ َ ‫ک ْف ِر تَ ْر‬ َّ َ‫ِإ َّن َبيْن‬ ِ ‫الر ُج ِل َو َبيْنَ ال ِش ْر‬ “What stands between a man and disbelief is the abandonment of Salat” (Muslim Shareef ) Salah is the central point of the life of a Muslim, without which he would not be able to maintain a strong and vital link with his Lord or continue his inner struggle against wrong doing or temptation. Because of all these aspects, Salat is the principal means whereby the Muslim keeps in mind the limited and temporary nature of worldly life and the certainty of death and life to come. Thus, he is able to maintain a sense of balance and proportion between the needs and demands of this world and the hereafter.  FASTING. Islam signifies fasting as a protecting shield that may guard you against evil. The keynote of fasting is self- discipline and self-control. Fasting is for the improvement of the moral and spiritual condition of man. It makes a Muslim disciplined and steadfast in his habits. It also makes him capable of enduring hardships. It develops compassion and humanism and removes barriers between the rich and the poor. By fasting, the rich undergo an experience which makes them aware of the condition of the poor and hungry and instills in them a desire to help the poor. It enables the rich to thank Allah for the bounties bestowed on them. Thus, on the material side, fasting involves total abstinence from food, drink and matrimonial and on the spiritual side abstinence from falsehood, speaking ill of others, quarrelling, backbiting, or wrong behaviors.  ZAKAT. A major pillar on which the structure of Islam stands is zakat, which can be defined as that portion of a man’s wealth which is chosen for the poor. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), himself described zakat as wealth which is collected from the well-to-do and distributed to the poor. The word zakat which is derived from “zaka” which means to increase or to bless. Another meaning of the word as used in the Quran carries the sense of purification. It finds its origin in the Quranic command to take alms from their goods to purify and sanctify(bless) them.(9:103)  HAJJ. (PILGRIMAGE) Hajj to Makkah in Saudi Arabia constitutes the fifth act of worship prescribed by Islam. The Quran says: ً ‫س ِب‬ ]97 :‫يَل} [آل عمران‬ َ ‫ع ِإلَ ْي ِه‬ ِ ‫اس ِح ُّ ُّ ْالبَ ْي‬ َ َ‫ت َم ِن ا ْست‬ َ ‫طا‬ ِ َّ‫علَى الن‬ َ ِ‫{ َو ِ ََّّلل‬ “Pilgrimage thereto is a duty which men owe to Allah those who can afford the journey.” The literal meaning of Hajj is the will and desire to visit, but in the terminology of the Shariah, it means the will to visit the Holy Ka’abah which was the first structure built by Hazrat Adam(A.S) for the worship of Allah. Then, about 4,500 years ago, Hazrat Ibrahim (A.S) and Hazrat Ismail (A.S) rebuilt it at the command of Allah. Hajj is the only pillar which requires both physical, financial and temporal sacrifices. Hajj is one of the fundamental religious rituals of Islam. It is the greatest of all acts of worship. It is an exhibition of brotherhood, equality, punctuality and discipline.  SLOS. To synthesize Islamic concept of worship (Ibadat)" To understand the concept of the Islamic Jurisprudence.  LECTURE # 4 IBADAAT (ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF WORSHIP) LEARNING OBJECTIVES. The Basic Articles of Faith.  MEANING OF WORSHIP Worship means devotion to Allah, who has the only right to be worshipped, and this right is deservingly reserved for Allah(alone). IBADAT : Ibadaat is an Arabic word, that is taken from Abd, which means slave and servant. THE AIM AND OBJECT OF A HUMAN LIFE. The aim and object of a human life is to worship Allah alone, Allah say's in Surah Adh-Dhariyat. ِ ‫نس ِإ ََّّل ِليَ ْعبُد‬ ٥٦ ‫ُون‬ ِ ْ ‫َو َما َخلَ ْقتُ ْٱل ِج َّن َو‬ َ ‫ٱْل‬ Translation: I have not created the jinn and ins (mankind for any other purposes except that they worship Me. ُ ‫ٱلز َك ٰوة َ ۚ َو ٰذَ ِل َك د‬ ‫ِين‬ ۟ ُ ‫صلَ ٰوة َ َويُؤْ ت‬ َّ ‫وا‬ ۟ ‫صينَ لَهُ ٱلدِينَ ُحنَفَا ٓ َء َويُ ِقي ُم‬ َّ ‫وا ٱل‬ ِ ‫ٱَّللَ ُم ْخ ِل‬ ۟ ‫َو َما ٓ أ ُ ِم ُر ٓو ۟ا ِإ ََّّل ِل َي ْعبُد‬ َّ ‫ُوا‬ ٥ ‫ْٱلقَيِ َم ِة‬ Translation: even though they were only commanded to worship Allah alone with sincere devotion to Him in all uprightness, establish prayer, and pay alms-tax. That is the upright Way.  CONCEPT OF WORSHIP. Worship is an indispensable part of all religions. It is motivated, however in each religion by objectives and assumes different forms and is performed under a different set of rules. As for Islam, its conception of worship is related to its fundamental view that the true Foundation of a good life is soundness of belief and thinking, purity of soul and righteousness of action. It serves as a means to purge man’s soul and his practical life from sin and wickedness.  DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF WORSHIP. The Holy Quran provides us the guide lines that the concept of worship is very comprehensive and linked with our entire life. Freedom from Intermediaries. Islam has liberated worship from the bondage of intermediaries between man and his creator, Islam seeks to create a direct link between man and his Lord. DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF WORSHIP Worship is not confined to Specific places. Islam has liberated worship from the confinement to specific places. Islam regards every place whether it is one’s dwelling place, the board of a vessel on the surface of the sea or a mosque specially built for worship as declared enough for the performance of worship, the Holy prophet (P.B.U.H) has expressed this idea beautifully:- ‫ورا‬ ً ‫ط ُه‬ ُ ‫ت ِلي ْاْل َ ْر‬ َ ‫ض َم ْس ِجدًا َو‬ ْ َ‫ُج ِعل‬ Translation: The (whole of the) earth has been rendered for me a mosque pure and clean..(Bukhari Shareef, Chapter The Book Of As-salat (The Prayer, Hadith no 438)  DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF WORSHIP All embracing view. Islam has also considerably widened the scope of worship. In Islam worship is not confined to specified shapes which are to be performed on particular occasions. Rather Islam consider every virtuous action which has been sincerely performed and with Allah’s pleasure, an act of worship for which man will be rewarded. The fact is that even eating, drinking sleeping and enjoyment of innocent recreation becomes acts of worship provided they are performed with true religious motives. The real purpose of Islam in declaring that worship embraces the total life of a man is to make religious. Faith play a practical and effective role in reforming human life.  COMPREHENSIVE DEMANDS OF WORSHIP. Prayer, sacrifice, life and death belong to Allah alone. َ‫ب ْٱلعَ ٰـلَ ِمين‬ ِ ‫اى َو َم َماتِى ِ ََّّللِ َر‬ َ ‫قُ ْل ِإ َّن‬ ُ ُ‫ص ََلتِى َون‬ َ َ‫س ِكى َو َم ْحي‬ Translation: Say, “Surely my prayer, my worship, my life, and my death are all for Allah—Lord of all worlds.(Surah Al-An'am, verse no 162) Islam stresses that act of worship is alone for Allah Almighty. We should devote everything we do in our daily life based on worship of Allah alone. Prayer is the most significant pillar of Islam. It is a key to paradise. Our prayer, our sacrifice, our entire life and death all are only for Allah. We should follow the instructions in our entire life. Our entire life is worship for Allah Almighty alone and there is no associate of Him. COMPREHENSIVE DEMANDS OF WORSHIP. A Muslim must entered perfectly in Islam. َ ‫ش ْي‬ ‫ط ٰـ ِن ۚ ِإنَّ ۥهُ لَ ُك ْم َعد ًُۭو‬ َّ ‫ت ٱل‬ ُ ‫وا ُخ‬ ِ ‫ط ٰ َو‬ ۟ ُ‫وا ٱ ْد ُخل‬ ۟ ُ‫وا ِفى ٱلس ِْل ِم َكآفَّ ًۭةً َو ََّل تَت َّ ِبع‬ ۟ ُ‫يَ ٰـٓأَيُّ َها ٱلَّذِينَ َءا َمن‬ ٢٠٨ ‫ين‬ ًۭ ‫ُّم ِب‬ Translation: O believers! Enter into Islam wholeheartedly and do not follow Satan’s footsteps. Surely he is your sworn enemy. Islam provides complete guideline to all his believers to follow it in all walks of life. Its guidance is comprehensive and includes the social, economical, political, ethical and spiritual aspects of life.  BASIC PILLARS OF ISLAM. َ‫ش َهادَة ُ أَ ْن َّل‬ َ ‫علَى خ َْم ٍس‬ َ ‫اْل ْسَلَ ُم‬ ِ ‫ي‬َ ِ‫َّللاِ صلى هللا عليه وسلم " بُن‬ َّ ‫سو ُل‬ُ ‫ قَا َل قَا َل َر‬،‫ع َم َر‬ ُ ‫ع ِن اب ِْن‬ َ ْ ‫اانَ َو َح ُّ ُّ البَ ْيتِ۔‬ َ ‫ص ْو ُم َر َم‬ َّ ‫صَلَةِ َوإِيتَا ُء‬ َ ‫الز َكاةِ َو‬ َّ ‫َّللاِ َوإِقَا ُم ال‬ َّ ‫سو ُل‬ُ ‫َّللاُ َوأَ َّن ُم َح َّمدًا َر‬ َّ َّ‫إِلَهَ إَِّل‬ Translation: Ibn Umar(R.A) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (P.BUH)said: "Islam is based upon five: the testimony of La Ilaha Illallah, and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, the establishment of the Salat, giving the Zakat, fasting in the month of Ramadan, and performing Hajj to the House of Allah. (Jami` at-Tirmidhi Hadith no:2609) From the above hadith we deduce the given five pillars of Islam: 1. Tauheed and Prophethood of Hazrat Mohammad (P.B.U.H). 2. Prayers. 3. Fasting. 4. Zakat. 5. Hajj.(Pilgrimage)  THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL COMPREHENSION. The basis of the Islamic teachings and way of life are various obligatory acts of worship, that are often referred to as the five pillars of Islam. These consist of Shahadat, Salah, Saum, Zakat and Hajj. These acts of worship require the participation of all aspects of man’s nature, his soul, his mind, his feelings, his body, his time, his energy and his possessions. They demand the worship of Allah with all the faculties of an individual. For instance the declaration of faith is to be always present in the mind and heart of the Muslims and is to be uttered again and again with the tongue during his daily prayers. Prayers are to be performed five times daily, everyday of a man’s life. Fasting is for a full month every year, while Zakat is to be paid once yearly and Hajj is to be performed once in a lifetime on every affording Muslim.  SHAHADAT(TESTIMONY) Testimony is a declaration that none deserves to be worshipped except Allah and Muhammad (P.B.U.H) is His slave and last messenger. The first part of the declaration attests not only to the oneness and uniqueness of Allah, but also attests a constant theme of the holy Quran. It is repeatedly mentioned as the basic principle of Islam and of all revealed religions. This declaration also signifies the oneness of lordship, the sovereignty and the authority in the universe and in this world. As there is no other creator and sustainer of the universe, there can, likewise, be no ruler, lawgiver and supreme authority for mankind. Allah is the only lord of all creations. He creates what He pleases. He is giving the nature, role and functions to each of His creatures which He desires for it, and in this He is not accountable to any one and all things are under His absolute control.  SALAT(PRAYERS) Five prayers are obligatory on every adult Muslim on a daily basis. The importance of prayer in Islam is great, as it is the foremost duty of the Muslims and the chief of the pillars on which the structure of Islam stands. It is the distinguishing feature between a Muslim and a Non-Muslim. The Holy Prophet(P.B.U.H) said:.‫ص ََل ِة‬ َّ ‫ک ال‬ ُ ‫ک َو ْال‬ َ ‫ک ْف ِر تَ ْر‬ َّ َ‫ِإ َّن َبيْن‬ ِ ‫الر ُج ِل َو َبيْنَ ال ِش ْر‬ “What stands between a man and disbelief is the abandonment of Salat” (Muslim Shareef ) Salah is the central point of the life of a Muslim, without which he would not be able to maintain a strong and vital link with his Lord or continue his inner struggle against wrong doing or temptation. Because of all these aspects, Salat is the principal means whereby the Muslim keeps in mind the limited and temporary nature of worldly life and the certainty of death and life to come. Thus, he is able to maintain a sense of balance and proportion between the needs and demands of this world and the hereafter.  FASTING. Islam signifies fasting as a protecting shield that may guard you against evil. The keynote of fasting is self- discipline and self-control. Fasting is for the improvement of the moral and spiritual condition of man. It makes a Muslim disciplined and steadfast in his habits. It also makes him capable of enduring hardships. It develops compassion and humanism and removes barriers between the rich and the poor. By fasting, the rich undergo an experience which makes them aware of the condition of the poor and hungry and instills in them a desire to help the poor. It enables the rich to thank Allah for the bounties bestowed on them. Thus, on the material side, fasting involves total abstinence from food, drink and matrimonial and on the spiritual side abstinence from falsehood, speaking ill of others, quarrelling, backbiting, or wrong behaviors.  ZAKAT. A major pillar on which the structure of Islam stands is zakat, which can be defined as that portion of a man’s wealth which is chosen for the poor. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), himself described zakat as wealth which is collected from the well-to-do and distributed to the poor. The word zakat which is derived from “zaka” which means to increase or to bless. Another meaning of the word as used in the Quran carries the sense of purification. It finds its origin in the Quranic command to take alms from their goods to purify and sanctify(bless) them.(9:103)  HAJJ. (PILGRIMAGE) Hajj to Makkah in Saudi Arabia constitutes the fifth act of worship prescribed by Islam. The Quran says: ً ‫س ِب‬ ]97 :‫يَل} [آل عمران‬ َ ‫ع ِإلَ ْي ِه‬ ِ ‫اس ِح ُّ ُّ ْالبَ ْي‬ َ َ‫ت َم ِن ا ْست‬ َ ‫طا‬ ِ َّ‫علَى الن‬ َ ِ‫{ َو ِ ََّّلل‬ “Pilgrimage thereto is a duty which men owe to Allah those who can afford the journey.” The literal meaning of Hajj is the will and desire to visit, but in the terminology of the Shariah, it means the will to visit the Holy Ka’abah which was the first structure built by Hazrat Adam(A.S) for the worship of Allah. Then, about 4,500 years ago, Hazrat Ibrahim (A.S) and Hazrat Ismail (A.S) rebuilt it at the command of Allah. Hajj is the only pillar which requires both physical, financial and temporal sacrifices. Hajj is one of the fundamental religious rituals of Islam. It is the greatest of all acts of worship. It is an exhibition of brotherhood, equality, punctuality and discipline.  SLOS. To synthesize Islamic concept of worship (Ibadat)" To understand the concept of the Islamic Jurisprudence.  LECTURE 5 THE LIFE OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (SAW) EARLY LIFE AND PROPHET HOOD. HIS LIFE IN MECCA.  LEARNING OBJECTIVES. Importance and characteristics of Prophet hood. The life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).  Part 1 Prophet hood and its Importance.  CONCEPT OF PROPHET HOOD. The Holy persons who have been chosen by Allah Almighty to convey His messages to all mankind and guide them, are called Prophets. Prophet hood is a special gift from Allah to mankind. Prophet hood is one of the basic and most important faith. Belief in all Prophets is compulsory to remain in the circle of Islam.  SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPHET HOOD. ▪ Human beings need the guidelines of the Prophets at every step of their lives. Without obedience of the Prophets, we cannot follow the perfect guidelines for success. ▪ To inform about unseen thing and guidance of Ummah in all circles of life are the duties of every Prophet.  UNDERSTANDING AND APPLICATION. The prophets provide the guidance to their followers and they receive inspiration from Allah. It is not possible for a prophet that he could misguide people in wrong doings and guide them to worship others rather than Allah. All revealed books and history of the world is witness. All prophets said to their nations, be worshippers of Allah Almighty alone.  Part 2 The life of The Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) Birth and Upbringing: ▪ The Holy Prophet was born on 12 Rabi ul-Awwal (i.e 22 April 571 AD) in Makkah‫۔‬ ▪ His father name is Abdullah, mother name is Amina, and grandfather name is Abdul Muttalib. ▪ His father died six months before his birth and when he was six years old, his mother died, and at the age of eight, his grandfather also passed away. ▪ His grandfather suggested his name “ Muhammad” and his mother suggested “Ahmed”.  In the beginning, Halima Sadia brought him up for four years. After that, his mother did it for two years and then his grandfather did it for two years. After that, his uncle Abu Talib took care of him and always loved him more than a real father. Foster Mothers: 1. Halima Sadia. 2. Suwaiba. 3. Khawla. Sons: 1. Qasim. 2. Abdullah. 3. Ibrahim.  Daughters: 1. Hazrat Zainab.(R.A) 2. Hazrat Ruqayya..(R.A) 3. Hazrat Umm-e-Kulsoom..(R.A) 4. Hazrat Fatima Zahra..(R.A) Sons-In-Law. 1. Hazrat Abul Aas Bin Rabi..(R.A) 2. Hazrat Usman..(R.A) 3. Hazrat Ali..(R.A)  Wives of the Holy Prophet(P.B.U.H) 1. Hazrat Khadija. 2. Hazrat Sawda. 3. Hazrat Aisha. 4. Hazrat Hafsa. 5. Hazrat Zainab Bint-e-Khuzaima. 6. Hazrat Umm-e-Salama. 7. Hazrat Zainab Bint-e-Jahash. 8. Hazrat Jawairia. 9. Hazrat Umm-e-Habiba. 10. Hazrat Safia. 11. Hazrat Maimoona. The last Prophet of Allah Almighty. The Holy Prophet Muhammad(P.B.U.H) was the last Messenger of Allah Almighty. He is termed as Khatam-un- Nabiyyin. According to the Holy Quran (Surah Al Ahzab, verse no 40): َ ِّ‫ّللاُ بِ ُك ِي‬ }‫ي ْء ٍ َع ِلِّ ًما‬ َّ َ‫ّللاِ َوََاَ َ َم للََِِّّ ِِّيِّنَ َو َكان‬ ُ ‫{ َما َكانَ ُم َح َّمدٌ أَبَا أ َ َح ٍد ِم ْن ِر َجا ِل ُك ْم َولَ ِك ْن َر‬ َّ ‫سو َل‬ Translation: Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but is the Messenger of Allah and the seal of the prophets, and Allah has perfect knowledge of all things. The meaning of Khatam is a seal, means the last part of any thing or the seal of finality. The implication of the verse is that no more prophet will come after Muhammad (peace be upon him). The chain of revelation started with Hazrat Adam(A.S) and ended with Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him). Belief in Muhammad(P.B.U.H) being the last prophet is the basic belief of Islam: As true Muslim, our faith should be strong that Muhammad (P.B.U.H) is the last and final Prophet. Our faith and belief will be not completed and accepted if we have any type of doubt in mind or in heart. Believe in last Prophet Muhammad (P.BU.H) is compulsory and mandatory for everyone.  SLOS. ▪ To identify the concept of Prophet hood and its significance. ▪ To illustrate a better understanding of the life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in Makkah.  LECTURE 5 THE LIFE OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (SAW) EARLY LIFE AND PROPHET HOOD. HIS LIFE IN MECCA.  LEARNING OBJECTIVES. Importance and characteristics of Prophet hood. The life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).  Part 1 Prophet hood and its Importance.  CONCEPT OF PROPHET HOOD. The Holy persons who have been chosen by Allah Almighty to convey His messages to all mankind and guide them, are called Prophets. Prophet hood is a special gift from Allah to mankind. Prophet hood is one of the basic and most important faith. Belief in all Prophets is compulsory to remain in the circle of Islam.  SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPHET HOOD. ▪ Human beings need the guidelines of the Prophets at every step of their lives. Without obedience of the Prophets, we cannot follow the perfect guidelines for success. ▪ To inform about unseen thing and guidance of Ummah in all circles of life are the duties of every Prophet.  UNDERSTANDING AND APPLICATION. The prophets provide the guidance to their followers and they receive inspiration from Allah. It is not possible for a prophet that he could misguide people in wrong doings and guide them to worship others rather than Allah. All revealed books and history of the world is witness. All prophets said to their nations, be worshippers of Allah Almighty alone.  Part 2 The life of The Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) Birth and Upbringing: ▪ The Holy Prophet was born on 12 Rabi ul-Awwal (i.e 22 April 571 AD) in Makkah‫۔‬ ▪ His father name is Abdullah, mother name is Amina, and grandfather name is Abdul Muttalib. ▪ His father died six months before his birth and when he was six years old, his mother died, and at the age of eight, his grandfather also passed away. ▪ His grandfather suggested his name “ Muhammad” and his mother suggested “Ahmed”.  In the beginning, Halima Sadia brought him up for four years. After that, his mother did it for two years and then his grandfather did it for two years. After that, his uncle Abu Talib took care of him and always loved him more than a real father. Foster Mothers: 1. Halima Sadia. 2. Suwaiba. 3. Khawla. Sons: 1. Qasim. 2. Abdullah. 3. Ibrahim.  Daughters: 1. Hazrat Zainab.(R.A) 2. Hazrat Ruqayya..(R.A) 3. Hazrat Umm-e-Kulsoom..(R.A) 4. Hazrat Fatima Zahra..(R.A) Sons-In-Law. 1. Hazrat Abul Aas Bin Rabi..(R.A) 2. Hazrat Usman..(R.A) 3. Hazrat Ali..(R.A)  Wives of the Holy Prophet(P.B.U.H) 1. Hazrat Khadija. 2. Hazrat Sawda. 3. Hazrat Aisha. 4. Hazrat Hafsa. 5. Hazrat Zainab Bint-e-Khuzaima. 6. Hazrat Umm-e-Salama. 7. Hazrat Zainab Bint-e-Jahash. 8. Hazrat Jawairia. 9. Hazrat Umm-e-Habiba. 10. Hazrat Safia. 11. Hazrat Maimoona. The last Prophet of Allah Almighty. The Holy Prophet Muhammad(P.B.U.H) was the last Messenger of Allah Almighty. He is termed as Khatam-un- Nabiyyin. According to the Holy Quran (Surah Al Ahzab, verse no 40): َ ِّ‫ّللاُ بِ ُك ِي‬ }‫ي ْء ٍ َع ِلِّ ًما‬ َّ َ‫ّللاِ َوََاَ َ َم للََِِّّ ِِّيِّنَ َو َكان‬ ُ ‫{ َما َكانَ ُم َح َّمدٌ أَبَا أ َ َح ٍد ِم ْن ِر َجا ِل ُك ْم َولَ ِك ْن َر‬ َّ ‫سو َل‬ Translation: Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but is the Messenger of Allah and the seal of the prophets, and Allah has perfect knowledge of all things. The meaning of Khatam is a seal, means the last part of any thing or the seal of finality. The implication of the verse is that no more prophet will come after Muhammad (peace be upon him). The chain of revelation started with Hazrat Adam(A.S) and ended with Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him). Belief in Muhammad(P.B.U.H) being the last prophet is the basic belief of Islam: As true Muslim, our faith should be strong that Muhammad (P.B.U.H) is the last and final Prophet. Our faith and belief will be not completed and accepted if we have any type of doubt in mind or in heart. Believe in last Prophet Muhammad (P.BU.H) is compulsory and mandatory for everyone.  SLOS. ▪ To identify the concept of Prophet hood and its significance. ▪ To illustrate a better understanding of the life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in Makkah.  LECTUER 6 LIFE OF THE HOLY PROPHET(SAW) IN MADINAH BATTLES. GHAZWAT-E-NABVI (PBUH)  LEARNING OBJECTIVES. Causes and reasons of mentioned Battles. 1. Ghazwah -e-Badar. 2. Ghazwah-e-Uhud. 3. Ghazwah-e-Ahzab (battle Of Trench) 4. Ghazwah-e-Khyber. 5. Ghazwah-e-Tabuk.  GHAZWAH -E-BADAR. (THIS WAR WAS FOUGHT IN 2ND HIJRI). Reasons and back grounds. 1. Reaction of jealousy of Quraish against Muslims after migration to Madinah. 2. Permission of Jihad. 3. Abu Jahl's discussion with Hazrat Sa'd Ibn-e- Muaz while performing Umrah. First great final decision war between Muslims and disbelievers. Discipline and management of arm forces: Commander of immigrants: Hazrat Ali.(R.A) Commander of Ansars: Saad Bin Ma’az. (R.A) Central commander with white flag: Mussab Bin Umair. (R.A) Officer incharge left group: Miqdad Bin Aswad. (R.A) Commander in chief : Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) Officer incharge right group: Zubair Bin Awam. (R.A)  EVENTS OF GHAZWAH-E-BADAR. Some major events are as under: Commander in-chief of Muslims: Hazrat Muhammad.(P.B.U.H) Commander in-chief disbelievers: Abu -Jahil. Strength of believers : 313 soldiers. Strength of non-believers: 1000 men. Full preparation of Quraish for war. Complete trust of Immigrants and Ansars on Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) and practical participation in war. Excellent intelligence system of Holy Prophet Muhammad. (P.B.U.H) Special blessings of Allah Almighty in form of rain. Centre fixed for the central command of the Holy Prophet Muhammad. Prediction for killing the major leaders of disbelievers by Prophet Muhammad. Practical fighting between believers and dis believers. Special pray of the Holy Prophet in the field of Badar. Special help by the angels. The greatest success in Muslims hand.  FINAL RESULT OF GHAZWAH-E-BADAR. Special loss for devil. The worst defeat for disbelievers. Seventy infidels were killed. Fourteen companions of Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬were martyred. Major leaders of disbelievers were killed in this war. The day of Badar is called "Youm-ul-Furqan", means final decision between right and wrong.  GHAZWAH-E-UHUD (THIS WAR WAS FOUGHT IN 3RD HIJRI) Uhud is one of the famous mountain at a distance of 3KM far from Madinah city. Reasons and back grounds: There were many reasons for war of Uhud but main reason is revenge of Ghazwah-e-Badar. Secret preparation of the disbelievers against Muslims. Informed by Hazrat Abbas regarding disbeliever’s intention and preparation to the Holy city of Madinah. Intelligence of the Holy Prophet about disbelievers.  EVENTS OF GHAZWAH-E-UHUD. ❑ Arrival of Quraish army near Jabal-e-Uhud. ❑ Emergency declared by the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). ❑ Strict security arrangement of Madinah city by the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). ❑ Defense of Madina city and meeting of consensus (Majlis-e-Shora). ❑ Final decision-war to be fight in open area. ❑ Strength of Muslim army: 700 soldiers. ❑ Strength of disbelievers: 3000 men. ❑ Immigrant commander: Musib Bin Umair, ❑ Commander of Oas Tribe: Asad Bin Huzair. ❑ Commander of Khazrag Tribe: Habib Bin Munzir. ❑ Commander of special 50 soldiers: Abdullah Bin Jubair. ❑ Conquest of Muslim army. ❑ The top of Abdullah Bin Jubair left their place and were re-attacked by disbelievers.  RESULTS AND LESSONS. Finally success and conquer for believers. Muslim soldiers martyred:70. Disbelievers killed:22(and 37 reported by Ibn-e-Hasham). Lesson for believers to obey their Prophet Muhammad’s instructions firmly. Temporary defeat due to disobedient of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). Talha Bin Ubaid (R.A) was given special appreciation by the Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H). Hazrat Amir Hamza was martyred in the battle of Uhud. Abu Sufyan was not ready for third encounter with Muslims and returned to Makkah.  GHAZWAH-E-AHZAB (BATTLE OF TRENCH) Ahzab means the combined groups. This war was fought in 5th Hijri. This war was fought between companions of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and combined non-believers and Jewish forces. Reasons and background: Revenge against Islam and Muslims. Arranged planning and preparation for combined war against believers. Banu Nazeer was exiled from Khyber and its conspiracy against Islam. Jewish anti-Islam motivation.  EVENTS OF GHAZWAH-E-AHZAB. Strength of combined armed forces of enemy: 10000. Madinah city safe from three sides. Syrian side was open and defense with trenches was planned. (five yard depth). Difficulties and hardship for enemy. Special help for believers by fast wind. Chief commander of dis-believers was Abu Sufyan. Strength of Muslims army: 3000. Commander in chief of Muslim army Muhammad (P.B.U.H) Trench a new experience for believers. Tension and cold wind were caused for defeating enemy.  RESULTS AND LESSON. ❑ Defensive techniques remained one month. ❑ Combined armed forces defeated. ❑ Final turning towards great victory. ❑ Special help from Allah. ❑ Prediction of conquest about Yamen, Syria and Iran while digging trenches. ❑ Clear message for Muslims that Jewish are not sincere with them.  GHAZWAH-E-KHYBER. ❖ This war was fought in 7th Hijri. ❖ The Khyber city is situated about 120KM from Madina city. ❖ It was the strongest shelter of Jews. Reasons and background: ❖ Plotting of Jews against Muslims. ❖ Intelligence report about Jews. ❖ Unity of Arab Jewish and preparation to attack on Madina. ❖ External Jews planning and internal bad plotting (Abdullah Bin Ubai Bin Salol top leader of hypocrites). ❖ Khyber was offensive war against Jews.  EVENTS OF KHYBER. Commander in chief of Muslims army Muhammad.  Strength of Muslims : 1600.  Purely purpose: Jihad Fe-sabeelallah.  Three flags: first: Habib Bin Manzer. Second: Saad Bin Ibadah. Third : Hazrat Ali(RA).  Participation of Muslims ladies in Khyber.  Fort easily captured: special fighting of Qameus Merhib and Hazrat Ali(RA).  RESULTS AND LESSON.  Khyber and its all forts conquered.  Jewish killings:93.  Muslims killings:15.  Khyber land totally under Muslims control and Jewish permitted possession and half of all productions would be given o Muslims according to commitments.  Zineb a Jewish lady, offered poisoner food to Prophet(PBUH) and his followers.  Political and administrative reforms.  GHAZWAH-E-TABUK  (War of Tabuk held in 9th Hijri)  Reasons and background:  Tabuk situated 220KM away from Madinah city.  Non-believers combined forces planned to attack on Madinah city.  Offensive Jihad managed by Muslims soldiers.  The worst activities of hypocrite of Madinah failed to stop Muslims from Tabuk war.  EVENTS OF GHAZWAH-E-TABUK.  Muslims army commander in chief Muhammad(PBUH).  Strength of Muslims army :30000.  Strength of combined non-Muslims 40000.  Deputy commander Hazrat Ali nominated to look after Madinah city.  Prophet Muhammad stayed 20 days at Tabuk.  Combined non-Muslims were not ready for war.  RESULTS AND LESSON.  Muslim supremacy practically accepted.  Non-believers not courage against Muslims.  Khalid Bin Waleed, with 400 soldiers captures Arab Chief; Ikedar.  Ikedar paid personal homage and got pardon.  SLOS. To understand the reasons and causes of the Prophet's (pbuh) wars are legitimate when they are examined under the criteria that are used to determine the legitimacy of war in the past and today. To understand that wars or battles is seen as the relationships among individuals and states are based on the principle of peace.  LECTUER 6 LIFE OF THE HOLY PROPHET(SAW) IN MADINAH BATTLES. GHAZWAT-E-NABVI (PBUH)  LEARNING OBJECTIVES. Causes and reasons of mentioned Battles. 1. Ghazwah -e-Badar. 2. Ghazwah-e-Uhud. 3. Ghazwah-e-Ahzab (battle Of Trench) 4. Ghazwah-e-Khyber. 5. Ghazwah-e-Tabuk.  GHAZWAH -E-BADAR. (THIS WAR WAS FOUGHT IN 2ND HIJRI). Reasons and back grounds. 1. Reaction of jealousy of Quraish against Muslims after migration to Madinah. 2. Permission of Jihad. 3. Abu Jahl's discussion with Hazrat Sa'd Ibn-e- Muaz while performing Umrah. First great final decision war between Muslims and disbelievers. Discipline and management of arm forces: Commander of immigrants: Hazrat Ali.(R.A) Commander of Ansars: Saad Bin Ma’az. (R.A) Central commander with white flag: Mussab Bin Umair. (R.A) Officer incharge left group: Miqdad Bin Aswad. (R.A) Commander in chief : Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) Officer incharge right group: Zubair Bin Awam. (R.A)  EVENTS OF GHAZWAH-E-BADAR. Some major events are as under: Commander in-chief of Muslims: Hazrat Muhammad.(P.B.U.H) Commander in-chief disbelievers: Abu -Jahil. Strength of believers : 313 soldiers. Strength of non-believers: 1000 men. Full preparation of Quraish for war. Complete trust of Immigrants and Ansars on Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) and practical participation in war. Excellent intelligence system of Holy Prophet Muhammad. (P.B.U.H) Special blessings of Allah Almighty in form of rain. Centre fixed for the central command of the Holy Prophet Muhammad. Prediction for killing the major leaders of disbelievers by Prophet Muhammad. Practical fighting between believers and dis believers. Special pray of the Holy Prophet in the field of Badar. Special help by the angels. The greatest success in Muslims hand.  FINAL RESULT OF GHAZWAH-E-BADAR. Special loss for devil. The worst defeat for disbelievers. Seventy infidels were killed. Fourteen companions of Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬were martyred. Major leaders of disbelievers were killed in this war. The day of Badar is called "Youm-ul-Furqan", means final decision between right and wrong.  GHAZWAH-E-UHUD (THIS WAR WAS FOUGHT IN 3RD HIJRI) Uhud is one of the famous mountain at a distance of 3KM far from Madinah city. Reasons and back grounds: There were many reasons for war of Uhud but main reason is revenge of Ghazwah-e-Badar. Secret preparation of the disbelievers against Muslims. Informed by Hazrat Abbas regarding disbeliever’s intention and preparation to the Holy city of Madinah. Intelligence of the Holy Prophet about disbelievers.  EVENTS OF GHAZWAH-E-UHUD. ❑ Arrival of Quraish army near Jabal-e-Uhud. ❑ Emergency declared by the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). ❑ Strict security arrangement of Madinah city by the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). ❑ Defense of Madina city and meeting of consensus (Majlis-e-Shora). ❑ Final decision-war to be fight in open area. ❑ Strength of Muslim army: 700 soldiers. ❑ Strength of disbelievers: 3000 men. ❑ Immigrant commander: Musib Bin Umair, ❑ Commander of Oas Tribe: Asad Bin Huzair. ❑ Commander of Khazrag Tribe: Habib Bin Munzir. ❑ Commander of special 50 soldiers: Abdullah Bin Jubair. ❑ Conquest of Muslim army. ❑ The top of Abdullah Bin Jubair left their place and were re-attacked by disbelievers.  RESULTS AND LESSONS. Finally success and conquer for believers. Muslim soldiers martyred:70. Disbelievers killed:22(and 37 reported by Ibn-e-Hasham). Lesson for believers to obey their Prophet Muhammad’s instructions firmly. Temporary defeat due to disobedient of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). Talha Bin Ubaid (R.A) was given special appreciation by the Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H). Hazrat Amir Hamza was martyred in the battle of Uhud. Abu Sufyan was not ready for third encounter with Muslims and returned to Makkah.  GHAZWAH-E-AHZAB (BATTLE OF TRENCH) Ahzab means the combined groups. This war was fought in 5th Hijri. This war was fought between companions of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and combined non-believers and Jewish forces. Reasons and background: Revenge against Islam and Muslims. Arranged planning and preparation for combined war against believers. Banu Nazeer was exiled from Khyber and its conspiracy against Islam. Jewish anti-Islam motivation.  EVENTS OF GHAZWAH-E-AHZAB. Strength of combined armed forces of enemy: 10000. Madinah city safe from three sides. Syrian side was open and defense with trenches was planned. (five yard depth). Difficulties and hardship for enemy. Special help for believers by fast wind. Chief commander of dis-believers was Abu Sufyan. Strength of Muslims army: 3000. Commander in chief of Muslim army Muhammad (P.B.U.H) Trench a new experience for believers. Tension and cold wind were caused for defeating enemy.  RESULTS AND LESSON. ❑ Defensive techniques remained one month. ❑ Combined armed forces defeated. ❑ Final turning towards great victory. ❑ Special help from Allah. ❑ Prediction of conquest about Yamen, Syria and Iran while digging trenches. ❑ Clear message for Muslims that Jewish are not sincere with them.  GHAZWAH-E-KHYBER. ❖ This war was fought in 7th Hijri. ❖ The Khyber city is situated about 120KM from Madina city. ❖ It was the strongest shelter of Jews. Reasons and background: ❖ Plotting of Jews against Muslims. ❖ Intelligence report about Jews. ❖ Unity of Arab Jewish and preparation to attack on Madina. ❖ External Jews planning and internal bad plotting (Abdullah Bin Ubai Bin Salol top leader of hypocrites). ❖ Khyber was offensive war against Jews.  EVENTS OF KHYBER. Commander in chief of Muslims army Muhammad.  Strength of Muslims : 1600.  Purely purpose: Jihad Fe-sabeelallah.  Three flags: first: Habib Bin Manzer. Second: Saad Bin Ibadah. Third : Hazrat Ali(RA).  Participation of Muslims ladies in Khyber.  Fort easily captured: special fighting of Qameus Merhib and Hazrat Ali(RA).  RESULTS AND LESSON.  Khyber and its all forts conquered.  Jewish killings:93.  Muslims killings:15.  Khyber land totally under Muslims control and Jewish permitted possession and half of all productions would be given o Muslims according to commitments.  Zineb a Jewish lady, offered poisoner food to Prophet(PBUH) and his followers.  Political and administrative reforms.  GHAZWAH-E-TABUK  (War of Tabuk held in 9th Hijri)  Reasons and background:  Tabuk situated 220KM away from Madinah city.  Non-believers combined forces planned to attack on Madinah city.  Offensive Jihad managed by Muslims soldiers.  The worst activities of hypocrite of Madinah failed to stop Muslims from Tabuk war.  EVENTS OF GHAZWAH-E-TABUK.  Muslims army commander in chief Muhammad(PBUH).  Strength of Muslims army :30000.  Strength of combined non-Muslims 40000.  Deputy commander Hazrat Ali nominated to look after Madinah city.  Prophet Muhammad stayed 20 days at Tabuk.  Combined non-Muslims were not ready for war.  RESULTS AND LESSON.  Muslim supremacy practically accepted.  Non-believers not courage against Muslims.  Khalid Bin Waleed, with 400 soldiers captures Arab Chief; Ikedar.  Ikedar paid personal homage and got pardon.  SLOS. To understand the reasons and causes of the Prophet's (pbuh) wars are legitimate when they are examined under the criteria that are used to determine the legitimacy of war in the past and today. To understand that wars or battles is seen as the relationships among individuals and states are based on the principle of peace. HUMAN RIGHTS IN QURAN. PART II LECTURE # 14 LEARNING OBJECTIVES. Social rights.  SOME IMPORTANT SOCIAL RIGHTS.  Right to life: Allah Almighty has given life to human being only once. Life is the greatest gift and blessing of Allah. Life is the most valuable and precious thing. Allah has set some rules for our life. We have no right to finish our life, such as suicide attempting. We have no authority to kill anyone. According to the holy Quran, killing a single person unjustly is as big a sin as killing all the people in the world, and saving the life of one person is as big as saving the life of all the people in the world, as Allah Almighty says in the Holy Quran: َ َّ‫ض فَ َكأ َنَّ َما قَت َ َل الن‬ ‫اس َج ِميعًا َو َم ْن‬ َ َ‫سا ِبغَي ِْر نَ ْف ٍس أ َ ْو ف‬ ِ ‫سا ٍد ِفي ْاْل َ ْر‬ ً ‫{ ِم ْن أ َ ْج ِل ذَ ِل َك َكت َ ْبنَا َعلَى بَ ِني ِإ ْس َرا ِئي َل أَنَّهُ َم ْن قَت َ َل نَ ْف‬ ]32 :‫اس َج ِميعًا} [المائدة‬ َ َّ‫أ َ ْحيَاهَا فَ َكأَنَّ َما أ َ ْحيَا الن‬ Translation: For that cause We decreed for the Children of Israel that whosoever kills a human being without any reason or spread mischief in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind, and whoso saves the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind.  SOME IMPORTANT SOCIAL RIGHTS  Right to ownership: Every person has the right to own property. According to the Holy Quran: ]254 :‫َفَا َعةٌ } [البقرة‬ َ ‫ي يَ ْو ٌم ََل بَ ْي ٌع ِفي ِه َو ََل ُخلَّةٌ َو ََل‬ ْ َ ‫{يَا أَيُّ َها الَّذِينَ آ َمنُوا أ َ ْن ِفقُوا ِم َّما َرزَ ْقنَا ُك ْم ِم ْن قَ ْب ِل أ َ ْن يَأ ِت‬ O you who believe! spend from what We have provided you with, before the day comes when no transaction, or friendship, or intercession shall benefit. ]2 :‫)} [النساء‬2( ‫يرا‬ ً ‫ب َو ََل ت َأ ْ ُكلُوا أ َ ْم َوالَ ُه ْم ِإلَى أ َ ْم َوا ِل ُك ْم ِإنَّهُ َكانَ ُحوبًا َك ِب‬ َّ ‫يث ِب‬ ِ ‫الط ِي‬ َ ‫{ َوآتُوا ْاليَتَا َمى أ َ ْم َوالَ ُه ْم َو ََل تَتَبَدَّلُوا ْال َخ ِب‬ Give the orphans their wealth, and do not substitute what is bad for what is good and do not eat up their wealth along with your own. It is surely a great sin. ]29 :‫اض ِم ْن ُك ْم} [النساء‬ َ ‫اط ِل ِإ ََّل أ َ ْن ت َ ُكونَ تِ َج‬ ٍ ‫ارة ً َع ْن ت َ َر‬ ِ َ‫{يَا أَيُّ َها الَّذِينَ آ َمنُوا ََل تَأ ْ ُكلُوا أ َ ْم َوالَ ُك ْم بَ ْينَ ُك ْم بِ ْالب‬ “O you who believe! Eat not up your wealth among yourselves unjustly except it is a trade amongst you, by mutual consent.  SOME IMPORTANT SOCIAL RIGHTS  Right to Honor: Honor and respect is the most valuable thing for any person, generally and particularly for a Muslim. Any person who has lost his/her honor, he/she have lost everything and that person has no value in the society. In Surah Al-Hujurat(verse: 11) ‫سى أ َ ْن يَ ُك َّن َخي ًْرا ِم ْن ُه َّن َو ََل ت َ ْل ِم ُزوا‬ َ ِ‫سى أ َ ْن يَ ُكونُوا َخي ًْرا ِم ْن ُه ْم َو ََل ن‬ َ ِ‫سا ٌء ِم ْن ن‬ َ ‫ساءٍ َع‬ َ ‫{يَا أَيُّ َها الَّذِينَ آ َمنُوا ََل يَ ْسخ َْر قَ ْو ٌم ِم ْن قَ ْو ٍم َع‬ } )11( َ‫الظا ِل ُمون‬ َّ ‫ان َو َم ْن لَ ْم يَتُبْ فَأُولَ ِئ َك ُه ُم‬ ِ ْ َ‫وق بَ ْعد‬ ِ ‫اْلي َم‬ ُ ‫س‬ ُ ُ‫س ِاَل ْس ُم ْالف‬ َ ْ‫ب ِبئ‬ِ ‫س ُك ْم َو ََل تَنَابَ ُزوا ِب ْاْل َ ْلقَا‬ َ ُ‫أ َ ْنف‬ Translation: O you who have believed, let not a people ridicule other people; perhaps they may be better than them; nor let women ridicule other women; perhaps they may be better than them. And do not insult one another and do not call each other by bad names. It is really bad to call people with bad names after becoming believers. And those who do not repent are the wrongdoers.  SOME IMPORTANT SOCIAL RIGHTS  Right to Faith: Allah Almighty has given the human beings free mind and ability as well. Islam respects all the other religious sentiments and there is no compulsion to accept other religion. In Surah Al-Baqara verse 256: ‫س َك ِب ْالعُ ْر َو ِة ْال ُوثْقَى ََل‬ َّ ‫ت َويُؤْ ِم ْن ِب‬ َ ‫اَّللِ فَقَ ِد ا ْستَ ْم‬ َّ ‫الر َْدُ ِمنَ ْالغَي ِ فَ َم ْن يَ ْكفُ ْر ِب‬ ُ ‫الطا‬ ِ ‫غو‬ ِ ‫{ ََل ِإ ْك َراهَ ِفي الد‬ ُّ َ‫ِين قَ ْد تَبَيَّن‬ ]256 :‫)} [البقرة‬256( ‫ع ِلي ٌم‬ َ ‫س ِمي ٌع‬ َّ ‫ام لَ َها َو‬ َ ُ‫َّللا‬ َ ‫ص‬َ ‫ا ْن ِف‬ Translation: “There is no compulsion in religion. Verily, the right path has become distinct from the wrong path. Whoever disbelieves in Taghut and believes in Allah, then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that will never break. And Allah is Al-Hearer, All-Knower” SOME IMPORTANT SOCIAL RIGHTS  Right to Equality: Islam stresses on the basic principles of unity, brotherhood, justice and cooperation. All human beings are the children of Hazrat Adam(A.S) and He is created from soil. All the members of society are equal and there is no priority on the basis of race, color, creed and cast, except the fear of Allah. Allah says in the holy Quran: ‫ع ِلي ٌم‬ َّ ‫َّللاِ أَتْقَا ُك ْم ِإ َّن‬ َ َ‫َّللا‬ َّ َ‫ارفُوا ِإ َّن أ َ ْك َر َم ُك ْم ِع ْند‬ ُ ‫اس ِإنَّا َخلَ ْقنَا ُك ْم ِم ْن ذَ َك ٍر َوأ ُ ْنثَى َو َجعَ ْلنَا ُك ْم‬ َ َ‫َعُوبًا َوقَبَائِ َل ِلتَع‬ ُ َّ‫{ يَا أَيُّ َها الن‬ ]13 :‫ير} [الحجرات‬ ٌ ‫َخ ِب‬ O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you clans and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most God-fearing of you. Indeed, Allah is all-Knowing and All-Aware.  SOME IMPORTANT SOCIAL RIGHTS  Right to the basic provisions of life: This is the responsibility of a state and country and it is the right of every citizen to be provided with basic needs of life. Islam has also accepted this right which is mentioned in the last farewell sermon on Hajj, delivered by our beloved Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H). Every rich person must pay zakat and Sadqa(charity) as well because it is Allah’s order and is the right of poor and needy persons. Allah says in the holy Quran: ِ ‫سائِ ِل َو ْال َم ْح ُر‬ ]25 ،24 :‫)} [المعارج‬25( ‫وم‬ َّ ‫) ِلل‬24( ‫{ َوالَّذِينَ فِي أ َ ْم َوا ِل ِه ْم َح ٌّق َم ْعلُو ٌم‬ Translation: And those within whose wealth is a known right, for the beggars and the deprived ones.  SOME IMPORTANT SOCIAL RIGHTS  Right to Merit: Right to Merit is defined as: “Giving the right to the deserving.” Like other rights, the observance of this right has also been specifically ordered in Islam. Allah Almighty says in the holy Quran: َّ ‫اس أ َ ْن ت َ ْح ُك ُموا ِب ْال َع ْد ِل ِإ َّن‬ ُ ‫َّللاَ ِن ِع َّما َي ِع‬ ‫ظ ُك ْم ِب ِه ِإ َّن‬ ِ ‫َّللاَ َيأ ْ ُم ُر ُك ْم أ َ ْن ت ُ َؤدُّوا ْاْل َ َمانَا‬ ِ َّ‫ت ِإلَى أ َ ْه ِل َها َو ِإذَا َح َك ْمت ُ ْم َبيْنَ الن‬ َّ ‫ { ِإ َّن‬ ]58 :‫)} [النساء‬58( ‫يرا‬ ً ‫ص‬ ِ َ‫س ِميعًا ب‬ َ َ‫َّللاَ َكان‬ َّ Translation: “Verily, Allah commands that you should give back the trusts to those to whom they are due; and that when you settle the matters among the people, you must observe justice. Verily, how excellent is the teaching which He(Allah) gives you! Truly, Allah is ever All-Hearer, All-Seer”  SOME IMPORTANT SOCIAL RIGHTS  Right to Justice: Every citizen has equal rights and all people are equal in the eyes of law. Allah says in the holy Quran: ‫َّلل َولَ ْو َعلَى أ َ ْنفُ ِس ُك ْم أ َ ِو ْال َوا ِلدَي ِْن َو ْاْل َ ْق َر ِبينَ ِإ ْن يَ ُك ْن َغنِيًّا أ َ ْو‬ ُ ‫{يَا أَيُّ َها الَّذِينَ آ َمنُوا ُكونُوا قَ َّو ِامينَ ِب ْال ِق ْس ِط‬ ِ َّ ِ ‫َ َهدَا َء‬ ‫يرا‬ً ‫َّللاَ َكانَ ِب َما ت َ ْع َملُونَ َخ ِب‬َّ ‫ضوا فَإِ َّن‬ ُ ‫اَّللُ أ َ ْولَى ِب ِه َما فَ ََل تَت َّ ِبعُوا ْال َه َوى أ َ ْن ت َ ْع ِدلُوا َو ِإ ْن ت َ ْل ُووا أ َ ْو ت ُ ْع ِر‬ َّ َ‫يرا ف‬ ً ‫فَ ِق‬ ]135 :‫)} [النساء‬135( Translation: “O you who believe! Stand out firmly for justice as witnesses to Allah, even though it be against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, be the rich or poor, Allah is a better protector to both(than you). So follow not the lusts, lest you avoid justice; and if you distort your witness or refuse to give it, verily, Allah is ever Well- Aware of what you do”.  RIGHTS OF RELATIVES Islam enjoins mankind to observe kind, supportive and well mannered treatment with one’s relatives, since they form the basic component of a family setup. The most effective way to strengthen family ties after exhibiting reverence to parents, is to maintain healthy relations with one’s relative. Prophet Muhammad(P.B.U.H) said:“ That who severs the bond of kinship will not enter paradise” Following are basic means to do so: 1. If one has poor relatives, they must not be treated inferior or with disdain, nor interaction with them avoided on the basis of poverty. 2. Relatives must be aided and supported in times of trouble. 3. Sharing occasions of grief and sorrow increases love and feelings of care 4. Backbiting should be avoided and peaceful relations established.  RIGHTS OF ORPHANS AND THE NEEDY Allah command us to do good to the orphans since they have lost their supporter , the father or the mother or both and seldom can one of the two fully care of their upbringing and sustenance. Prophet Muhammad(P.B.U.H) said: “ I and the man who takes care of an orphan will be in Paradise like this?” (he pointed his index finger and the middle finger to show the distance between the two) Neglect of an orphan converts him into a dangerous element of the society due to moral, and at times, financial deprivation. Extend of support can help them to overcome their shortcomings, arising from the lack of financial and moral strengths. On the other hand, the actual needy and the destitute must be financially aided according to one’s capacity. Hence all kinds of attitude must be averted which may cause them emotional or physical pain.  RIGHTS OF HUSBAND AND WIFE  In Islam, both the husband and the wife enjoy certain rights, and are entrusted with certain responsibilities intended to promote welfare of the human community. A man must treat his wife kindly and support her financially and safeguard her interest in all matters.  On the other hand, a virtuous and a God –fearing wife is bound to love her husband, be obedient and dutiful, take care of his needs, and in his absence, guard his reputation, property and her own virtue.  RIGHTS OF NEIGHBORS Since neighbors are residents at close proximity to our house, they have certain rights in accordance to which we are obliged to act, and thus maximum endeavors must be to do so. Islam directs us to: 1. Abstain from hurting them by word of mouth or action. 2. Help them if they request for it 3. Visit them when they are unwell. 4. Buck up their spirits when bad times befall. 5. Congratulate them on achievements or success. 6. Aid them financially if they are needy. 7. Converse kindly, courteously and respectfully with them. 8. Avoid irritating them by throwing garbage or stirring kinds of trouble.  RIGHTS OF NEIGHBORS ❑ Once Prophet Muhammad(P.B.U.H) was informed about a woman who kept fast, engaged to a great extent in prayer, but used to trouble her neighbors with her tongue. Prophet Muhammad(P.B.U.H) replied: “ This woman will go to hell” (Mishkat) ❑ Once Prophet Muhammad(P.B.U.H) said: “ He is not believer who eats to his content while his next door neighbor is hungry.” (Bayhaqi)  RIGHTS OF NON-MUSLIMS  Islam is a religion of love, mercy and tolerance and it preaches freedom of belief and faith. It recognizes the rights of non-Muslims living in an Islamic state. They were called protected people or zimmies because they lived in peace and harmony under the practiced of the Islamic state.  The messenger of Allah practiced religious tolerance towards non- Muslims and didn’t use force to compel people of other religion to embrace Islam as it would have been against the commands of the Quran: ِ ‫{ ََل ِإ ْك َراهَ ِفي الد‬ ]256 :‫ِين } [البقرة‬  “Let there be no compulsion in religion.” (2: 256)  RIGHTS OF NON-MUSLIMS Hazrat Umar treated non-Muslims very kindly and justly. While imposing taxes upon them, he was very careful that enough was left for their maintenance. Even on his deathbed, he left instructions that non-Muslims should be treated justly and not overburdened with taxes. Such were the injunctions of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and his immediate successors about the right of non-Muslims.  RIGHTS OF NON-MUSLIMS IN AN ISLAMIC STATE I. Right to live. II. Protection of life, honor and property. III. Equal job opportunity in every field in strength wise. IV. Fulfillment of commitments. V. Right to practice their own religious beliefs. VI. Special relaxation granted on payment of taxes.  RIGHTS OF CHILDREN Children are the blessings of Allah. Islam orders us to treat them with kindness.. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “The one who does not show mercy to the children and does not respect the old people is not amongst us”.  RIGHTS OF FRIENDS The best example of friendship for Muslim is the friendship of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) with Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A). We should be very careful in making friends as a person can never avoid the influence of friends. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “The parable of a good companion is like the owner of musk. If you do not get the musk, you get the good smell of it and parable of a bad companion is like the blacksmith’s bellows, if you do not the dirt, you cannot avoid the smoke.”  RIGHTS OF ENEMIES Although Islam condemns enmity but sometimes it becomes unavoidable, the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) also had enemies who did everything to disturb him but he never took revenge from his enemies for their ill-treatment. But he impressed them with his good behavior. The Holy Quran says, َ ُ‫س ُن فَإِذَا الَّذِي بَ ْين ََك َوبَ ْينَه‬ ٌّ ‫عدَ َاوة ٌ َكأ َنَّهُ َو ِل‬ ]34:‫) } [فصلت‬34( ‫ي َح ِمي ٌم‬ َ ‫س ِيئَةُ ا ْدفَ ْع ِبالَّتِي ِه‬ َ ‫ي أ َ ْح‬ َ ‫{ َو ََل ت َ ْست َ ِوي ْال َح‬ َّ ‫سنَةُ َو ََل ال‬ “People a bad thing with a good one and then the one between whom and you there was enmity will become your close friend.” (41:34)  RIGHTS OF BUSINESS PARTNERS The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) worked as a partner in trade with Hazrat Khadija (R.A) and proved to be honest in all of his dealings as Maysarah witnessed him throughout the journey. The Holy Quran says, ]29 :‫اض ِم ْن ُك ْم [النساء‬ ٍ ‫ع ْن ت َ َر‬ َ ً ‫ارة‬ ِ َ‫{ يَا أَيُّ َها الَّذِينَ آ َمنُوا ََل تَأ ْ ُكلُوا أ َ ْم َوالَ ُك ْم بَ ْينَ ُك ْم ِب ْالب‬ َ ‫اط ِل ِإ ََّل أ َ ْن ت َ ُكونَ ِت َج‬ Translation: “O you who believe! Do not eat your property amongst yourself by wrong means except it to be trade amongst you, by mutual consent.” (4:29)  RIGHTS OF ANIMALS Animals are also given rights as they are living beings and they have feelings. Islam does not allow killing of animals without any valid reason. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) ordered not to overburden the domestic animal. Once he saw a camel very hungry and tired. So he called his owner and told him that he was answerable about the rights of these speechless animals. Once he saw a person slaughtering a goat with a blunt knife so he said to him, “You killed it twice; sharpen your knife before slaughting animals.”  SLOS. To recognize Business and social rights in Islam and summarize the importance of business rights and social rights in the light of Holy Quran and Sunnah.  LECTURE 3 EMERGENCE OF ISLAM  LEARNING OBJECTIVES A comprehensive introduction to Islam and its basic beliefs.  ISLAM Meaning of Islam: To surrender, to obey. Concept of Islam: Islam is a religion of peace. It is the last of the revealed religions, which has abrogated all other religions. Allah Almighty says in the Holy Qur'an : ِ ْ ِ‫َّللا‬ ]19 :‫اْل ْس ََلم} [آل عمران‬ َّ َ‫{ ِإ َّن الدِينَ ِع ْند‬ Translation: Verily, in the sight of Allah, the only religion is Islam. ]85 :‫اْل ْس ََل ِم دِينًا فَلَ ْن ي ْقبَ َل ِم ْنه َوه َو فِي ْاْل ِخ َرةِ ِمنَ ْالخَا ِس ِرينَ } [آل عمران‬ ِ ْ ‫غي َْر‬ َ ‫{ َو َم ْن يَ ْبتَ ِغ‬ Translation: Whoever seeks a way other than Islam, it will never be accepted from them, and in the Hereafter they will be among the losers.  Concept of God: There is no God but Allah alone. Allah is the self-sufficient master, (whom all creatures need). He begets not, nor was He begotten. And there is none co-equal or comparable to Him. Concept of Prophet hood: A. Believing in all prophets and respecting them from the heart is part of faith. B. Hazrat Mohammad(P.B.U.H) is the last Prophet of Allah Almighty, and now among the Prophets only he will be followed. The followers of Islam : The followers of Islam are called Muslims. Religious book: The Holy Quran. Basic Pillars of Islam: : ‫علَى خ َْم‬ َ ‫اْل ْسَلَم‬ ِ ‫ي‬ َ ِ‫َّللاِ صلى هللا عليه وسلم" بن‬ َّ ‫ قَا َل قَا َل َرسول‬،‫ع ِن اب ِْن ع َم َر‬ َ ‫ضانَ َو َح ُّج ْالبَ ْيتِ۔‬ َّ ‫صَلَةِ َو ِإيتَاء‬ َ ‫الز َكاةِ َو‬ َ ‫ص ْوم َر َم‬ َّ ‫َّللا َوأ َ َّن م َح َّمدًا َرسول‬ َّ ‫َّللاِ َو ِإقَام ال‬ َّ َّ‫ش َهادَة أ َ ْن الَ ِإلَهَ ِإال‬ َ Translation: Ibn Umar(R.A) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (P.BUH)said: "Islam is based upon five: the testimony of La Ilaha Illallah, and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, the establishment of the Salah, giving the Zakat, fasting in the month of Ramadan, and performing Hajj to the House of Allah Almighty.(Jami` at-Tirmidhi ,hadith no:2609) From this Hadith we deduce the following five Pillars of Islam: 1. Tauheed and Prophet hood of Hazrat Mohammad (P.B.U.H). 2. Prayers. 3. Fasting. 4. Zakat. 5. Hajj.(Pilgrimage)  Basic elements of Faith: ‫ٰا َم ْنت ِباﷲِ َو َم ََلئِ َکتِه َو کت ِبه َو رس ِله َو ْاليَ ْو ِم ْاْل ِخ ِر َو ْالقَ ْد ِر‬. ‫ث بَ ْعدَ ْال َم ْو‬ ِ ‫َخي ِْره َو ش َِره ِم َن اﷲِ تَعَ ٰالی َو ْالبَ ْع‬ Belief in Allah Almighty. Belief in Angles. Belief in Holy Books. Belief in Prophets. Belief in Day of Judgment. Belief in Divine Destiny. (Good or bad)  SLOS 1. To understand the Islamic tradition on its own terms. 2. To encourage students to make their own unbiased analysis and/or critique of that tradition independent of the confines and paradigms of existing contemporary discourses on Islam. 3. To briefly discuss some of the issues and challenges confronting Islam in today's world.  LECTURE 3 EMERGENCE OF ISLAM  LEARNING OBJECTIVES A comprehensive introduction to Islam and its basic beliefs.  ISLAM Meaning of Islam: To surrender, to obey. Concept of Islam: Islam is a religion of peace. It is the last of the revealed religions, which has abrogated all other religions. Allah Almighty says in the Holy Qur'an : ِ ْ ِ‫َّللا‬ ]19 :‫اْل ْس ََلم} [آل عمران‬ َّ َ‫{ ِإ َّن الدِينَ ِع ْند‬ Translation: Verily, in the sight of Allah, the only religion is Islam. ]85 :‫اْل ْس ََل ِم دِينًا فَلَ ْن ي ْقبَ َل ِم ْنه َوه َو فِي ْاْل ِخ َرةِ ِمنَ ْالخَا ِس ِرينَ } [آل عمران‬ ِ ْ ‫غي َْر‬ َ ‫{ َو َم ْن يَ ْبتَ ِغ‬ Translation: Whoever seeks a way other than Islam, it will never be accepted from them, and in the Hereafter they will be among the losers.  Concept of God: There is no God but Allah alone. Allah is the self-sufficient master, (whom all creatures need). He begets not, nor was He begotten. And there is none co-equal or comparable to Him. Concept of Prophet hood: A. Believing in all prophets and respecting them from the heart is part of faith. B. Hazrat Mohammad(P.B.U.H) is the last Prophet of Allah Almighty, and now among the Prophets only he will be followed. The followers of Islam : The followers of Islam are called Muslims. Religious book: The Holy Quran. Basic Pillars of Islam: : ‫علَى خ َْم‬ َ ‫اْل ْسَلَم‬ ِ ‫ي‬ َ ِ‫َّللاِ صلى هللا عليه وسلم" بن‬ َّ ‫ قَا َل قَا َل َرسول‬،‫ع ِن اب ِْن ع َم َر‬ َ ‫ضانَ َو َح ُّج ْالبَ ْيتِ۔‬ َّ ‫صَلَةِ َو ِإيتَاء‬ َ ‫الز َكاةِ َو‬ َ ‫ص ْوم َر َم‬ َّ ‫َّللا َوأ َ َّن م َح َّمدًا َرسول‬ َّ ‫َّللاِ َو ِإقَام ال‬ َّ َّ‫ش َهادَة أ َ ْن الَ ِإلَهَ ِإال‬ َ Translation: Ibn Umar(R.A) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (P.BUH)said: "Islam is based upon five: the testimony of La Ilaha Illallah, and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, the establishment of the Salah, giving the Zakat, fasting in the month of Ramadan, and performing Hajj to the House of Allah Almighty.(Jami` at-Tirmidhi ,hadith no:2609) From this Hadith we deduce the following five Pillars of Islam: 1. Tauheed and Prophet hood of Hazrat Mohammad (P.B.U.H). 2. Prayers. 3. Fasting. 4. Zakat. 5. Hajj.(Pilgrimage)  Basic elements of Faith: ‫ٰا َم ْنت ِباﷲِ َو َم ََلئِ َکتِه َو کت ِبه َو رس ِله َو ْاليَ ْو ِم ْاْل ِخ ِر َو ْالقَ ْد ِر‬. ‫ث بَ ْعدَ ْال َم ْو‬ ِ ‫َخي ِْره َو ش َِره ِم َن اﷲِ تَعَ ٰالی َو ْالبَ ْع‬ Belief in Allah Almighty. Belief in Angles. Belief in Holy Books. Belief in Prophets. Belief in Day of Judgment. Belief in Divine Destiny. (Good or bad)  SLOS 1. To understand the Islamic tradition on its own terms. 2. To encourage students to make their own unbiased analysis and/or critique of that tradition independent of the confines and paradigms of existing contemporary discourses on Islam. 3. To briefly discuss some of the issues and challenges confronting Islam in today's world.  Lecture 10 STUDY OF SELECTED TEXT OF THE HOLY QURAN. SURAH AL-FATIHA SURAH AL-IKHLAS  LEARNING OBJECTIVES. 1. Comprehensive introduction to Surah Al-Fatiha. 2. Comprehensive introduction to Surah Al-Ikhlas.  ‫‪SURAH AL-FATIHA.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮرة اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻢ (‪)1‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴ ِ‬ ‫ﻦ اﻟَّﺮ ِ‬‫ﺣَﻤ ِ‬‫ﻢ اﻟَّﻠِﻪ اﻟَّﺮ ْ‬ ‫ﺴ ِ‬ ‫{ِﺑ ْ‬ ‫ﻦ(‬ ‫ﺴَﺘِﻌﻴ ُ‬‫ك َﻧ ْ‬ ‫ك َﻧْﻌُﺒُﺪ َوِإَّﻳﺎ َ‬ ‫ﻦ (‪ِ )4‬إَّﻳﺎ َ‬ ‫ﻚ َﻳْﻮِم اﻟِّﺪﻳ ِ‬ ‫ﻢ (‪َ )3‬ﻣﺎِﻟ ِ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ ِ‬ ‫ﻦ اﻟَّﺮ ِ‬‫ﺣَﻤ ِ‬ ‫ﻦ (‪ )2‬اﻟَّﺮ ْ‬‫ب اْﻟَﻌﺎَﻟِﻤﻴ َ‬ ‫ﺤْﻤُﺪ ِﻟَّﻠِﻪ َر ِّ‬ ‫اْﻟ َ‬ ‫ﻢ َو َ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋَﻠْﻴِﻬ ْ‬ ‫ب َ‬ ‫ﻀﻮ ِ‬ ‫ﻏْﻴِﺮ اْﻟَﻤْﻐ ُ‬ ‫ﻢ َ‬‫ﻋَﻠْﻴِﻬ ْ‬ ‫ﺖ َ‬‫ﻦ َأْﻧَﻌْﻤ َ‬‫ط اَّﻟِﺬﻳ َ‬‫ﺻَﺮا َ‬ ‫ﻢ (‪ِ )6‬‬ ‫ﺴ َﺘِﻘﻴ َ‬ ‫ط اْﻟُﻤ ْ‬ ‫ﺼَﺮا َ‬‫ﻫِﺪَﻧﺎ اﻟ ِّ‬‫‪ )5‬ا ْ‬ ‫ﻦ (‪} )7‬‬ ‫ﻀﺎِّﻟﻴ َ‬ ‫اﻟ َّ‬ ‫[اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺤﺔ‪]7 - 1 :‬‬  Introduction of Surah Fatiha: Surah Fatiha is the first Surah of the Holy Quran and every Muslim recites it five times in his daily prayer. It has seven verses which according to the Holy Quran are repeatedly recited. Meaning of Fatiha: The meaning of Fatiha is “ opening” , the Holy Quran starts and opens from this surah, it is the reason that this surah is called Fatiha.  Some famous names of Surah Fatiha: This surah has several names, some famous names are: 1. Um-mul-Quran. (mother of the Holy Quran) 2. Sabba Al-Masani (seven verses repeatedly recited) 3. Surah Al Hamd.(A comprehensive surah containing praise) 4. Surah Al Salah.(Mandatory and conditional surah for every prayer) 5. Surah Al Shifa.(A cure for every disease) 6. Surah Al Raqiya.(Surah recited for healing from a disease) 7. Surah Al Kafia.(The surah that is comprehensive to the topics of all other surahs) 8. Surah Al Kanz.(This surah is a treasure)  TEN MAJOR POINTS OF SURAH FATIHA (1) Right of all praises and thanks belong to Allah Almighty alone: ‫ﺤْﻤُﺪ ِﻟَّﻠِﻪ‬ َ ‫اْﻟ‬ All praises and thanks are for Allah Almighty who has not begotten a son(or offspring) and who has no partner in His dominion, nor He is low to have a wali.(helper, protector or supporter). (2) Lord of the entire universe is Allah Almighty alone: َ ‫ب اْﻟَﻌﺎَﻟِﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ِّ ‫َر‬ Allah Almighty is the sole Lord of this universe. He has no partner. He is the one and only Lord who is controlling entire universe. Rubb means, sustainer, master, ruler, cherisher, protector and administrator. All things belong to Allah Almighty alone. (3) Unlimited Graciousness of Allah Almighty: ُ ‫ﺣَﻤ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ْ ‫اﻟَّﺮ‬ Allah Almighty is the most gracious in the entire universe. His graciousness, blessing and bounties are unlimited and cannot be compared with anyone else in the entire universe. In surah Hashr (verse no: 22) }‫ﻢ‬ ُ ‫ﺣﻴ‬ ِ ‫ﻦ اﻟَّﺮ‬ ُ ‫ﺣَﻤ‬ ْ ‫ﻫَﻮ اﻟَّﺮ‬ ُ ‫ﺸَﻬﺎَدِة‬ َّ ‫ﺐ َواﻟ‬ ِ ‫ﻢ اْﻟَﻐْﻴ‬ ُ ‫ﻋﺎِﻟ‬ َ ‫ﻫَﻮ‬ ُ ‫ﻻ‬ َّ ‫ﻻ ِإَﻟَﻪ ِإ‬ َ ‫ﻫَﻮ اﻟَّﻠُﻪ اَّﻟِﺬي‬ ُ { Translation: He is Allah, beside whom, none has the right to be worshipped but He, the All knower of the unseen. He is the most Gracious, the most merciful. (4) Unlimited Mercy of Allah Almighty: ُ ‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ِ ‫اﻟَّﺮ‬ Allah Almighty is the most Merciful in the entire universe. He forgives all sins except shirk and if any person supplicate and request Him for forgiveness. He grants it. (5) Master of the day of Judgment: ِ ‫ﻚ َﻳْﻮِم اﻟِّﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ِ ‫َﻣﺎِﻟ‬ Allah Almighty is the entire and sole master of the day of judgment. He will make His decision on the day of accountability about all actions committed by us in the day to day life and which are all being recorded properly and timely. Allah Almighty will only be the final authority on that day. (6) Right to be worshipped belongs to Him alone: ‫ك َﻧْﻌُﺒُﺪ‬