Week 3 Patterns of Development in Writing PDF

Let’s warm up!  Let’s Play REBUS!  Definition Rebus puzzles, also known as word picture puzzles or picture riddles, use images or words to convey a phrase or message, typically a common idiom or expression.  Purpose Rebus puzzles are mental exercises. Thi...

Let’s warm up!  Let’s Play REBUS!  Definition Rebus puzzles, also known as word picture puzzles or picture riddles, use images or words to convey a phrase or message, typically a common idiom or expression.  Purpose Rebus puzzles are mental exercises. This game focuses on developing the reading comprehension and critical thinking of students.  How to play: Guess the common words or phrases using the series of picture or word clues. Average Level  Guess the PHRASE! nobody law  Guess the PHRASE! RAdancingIN  Guess the PHRASE! historyhistoryhistory  Guess the PHRASE! Stand Try 2  Guess the PHRASE! Stood  Guess the PHRASE! Esgg Gges Gegs Egsg  Guess the PHRASE! HERO HERO GOT HERO HERO GOT HERO HERO GOT HERO HERO GOT HERO HERO  Guess the PHRASE! sight sight sight sight  Guess the PHRASE! progWORKress  Guess the PHRASE! Aid Aid Aid  Guess the PHRASE! Travel ccccc  Guess the PHRASE! ON TRACK TRACK  Guess the PHRASE! Meta Meta Meta Meta  Guess the PHRASE! LEAST  Guess the PHRASE!  Enumerate and discuss the different development patterns in writing. Examine the pattern of development used in the given passages. Write a well—structured essay. A paragraph consists of multiple sentences focused on a main idea or topic. Each sentence in the paragraph works together to support that main idea. Well- structured paragraphs make your writing easy to understand. Writing well-structured paragraphs can also go a long way in engaging readers.  Topic Sentence Most paragraphs will follow a standard structure. Beginning with a Supporting Details topic sentence sets the stage for the rest of your content. The next part of the paragraph, consisting of multiple sentences, includes your supporting details. The last sentence functions Transition as a transition to another paragraph or as a conclusion for a larger essay. Topic sentences provide structure and clarity for a paragraph. A good topic sentence clearly states the paragraph's main idea, allowing readers to grasp the point quickly. In longer pieces of writing, such as essays or research papers, topic sentences play a crucial role in supporting the thesis statement because each topic sentence should relate directly to the thesis. Below are examples of topic sentences that might be used to begin paragraphs within an essay about the effects of climate change. Climate change shifts weather patterns, which leads to crop failures. The melting of polar ice caps due to climate change is a threat to coastal communities. Warmer global temperatures can intensify the spread of infectious diseases. After the topic sentence, you will add several sentences that support and evaluate the main idea of your paragraph. There are two main types of supporting details. These two types of details are evidence and analysis. By including each type of supporting detail, you will have a fully developed paragraph that expresses your ideas in a way that readers will understand. Effective supporting details often include evidence right after the topic sentence. Evidence refers to factual information that can support your claim or argument. Evidence backs up your claims and makes your writing more convincing. The evidence that you present in your paragraph will frequently be information from an outside source. Statistics Expert Opinions Anecdotes Case Studies Research Studies Historical Evidence Logical Reasoning After you present evidence, you will want to include your analysis. Analysis involves the examination and interpretation of evidence. In this section of the paragraph, you will draw conclusions and evaluate the significance of the evidence you previously presented. This section is where you explain why the evidence is important and how it relates to the main idea. Ending with a transition sentence smoothly connects one idea with the next one. Transitions help readers understand the relationship between the current paragraph and the upcoming one. The last sentence of the final paragraph of an essay acts as a transition by connecting the main ideas discussed in the essay to broader implications or future considerations.  A writing pattern or known as Patterns of Organization, Rhetorical Modes, or Rhetorical Styles, is a specific way of organizing ideas to convey a particular type of argument. Writing Patterns help us focus our attention on a text and anticipate where it is going; remember what we read; and develop our writing.  logical arrangement of ideas helps follow ideas easily and understand the text better selection of the pattern of development in writing depends on the writer’s purpose and audience note the signal words used by the writer to determine the pattern  Clarifies and explains concepts by answering the question, “What does it mean?” Explains through illustrations, examples, and description ✓ A spider map may be used to better understand a definition text. is defined as, as defined, means, refers to, to define, to illustrate The term protein quality refers to the ratio of essential amino acids (EAA) in a protein in comparison with the ratio required by the body. A high-quality protein contains EAA in a ratio that matches human requirements. A protein that is lacking or low in one or more EAA is termed a low-quality protein. The EAA which is in the shortest supply is called the ‘limiting’ amino acid. In general, animal proteins tend to be high quality while vegetable proteins tend to be low quality. The exception is soy protein which is quite high quality. 39  Presents a general statement and provides specific examples to expound the main idea. ✓ A spider map may also be used to better understand an exemplification text. after all, as an example, for example, for instance, in other words, namely, put another way, to be specific, to clarify, to illustrate Dogs are domesticated animals that have been living with humans for generations. Dogs can be classified in a number of different ways. For example, they can be classified by breed. Examples of different breeds include beagles, basset hounds, poodles, and countless others as defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC). They can also be classified by their role in the lives of their masters and the work they do. For example, a dog might be a family pet, a working dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases, dogs are defined both by their breed and their role. For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a family pet. 42  Provides details on the idea by using either a sensory or spatial pattern ✓ Sensory Pattern: Ideas are arranged based on one or all the five senses ✓ Spatial Pattern: Arranges ideas by location or physical space ✓ Concept Map above, across, against, along, amidst, around, away from, below, between, farther, here, in, near, over, throughout, under The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized, deciduous tree usually ranging from 15 to 25 m. (50 to 80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is light gray and smooth on younger trees, and it becomes ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are opposite and shallowly to deeply palmately lobed, with a few blunt teeth but no serrations. The leaf sinuses are rounded, unlike those of red maple (Acer rubrum) which are sharply V-shaped. Also, the sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or less parallel, while those of red maple are widest at the base, tapering to the tip. 45  Organizes ideas or events according to time ✓Can either be in the form of narration or procedure ✓Cycle diagram, chain of events, plot diagram, timeline after, afterwards, as soon as, before, during, eventually, finally, first, immediately, later, meanwhile, next, second, soon, then, today, tomorrow, until, yesterday  One North Carolina man found quite a surprise last year while fishing in the Catawba River: a piranha. Jerry Melton, of Gastonia, reeled in a one pound, four ounce fish with an unusual bite. Melton could not identify it, but a nearby fisherman did. Melton at first could not believe he had caught a piranha. He said, “That ain’t no piranha. They ain’t got piranha around here.” Melton was right: the fish is native to South America, and North Carolina prohibits owning the fish as a pet or introducing the species to local waterways. The sharp-toothed, carnivorous fish likely found itself in the Catawba River when its illegal owner released the fish after growing tired of it. Wildlife officials hope that the piranha was the only of its kind in the river, but locals are thinking twice before they wade in the water.  You can safely swim with piranhas, but it’s important to know how and when to do it. First, chose an appropriate time, preferably at night and during the rainy season. Avoid piranha-infested waters during the dry season, when food supplies are low and piranhas are more desperate. Piranhas feed during the day, so night-time swimming is much safer. Second, streamline your movement. Wild or erratic activity attracts the attention of piranhas. Swim slowly and smoothly. Finally, never enter the water with an open wound or raw meat. Piranhas attack larger animals only when they are wounded. The presence of blood in the water may tempt the fish to attack. If you follow these simple precautions, you will have little to fear. 49  Organizes ideas based on its similarities and differences ✓ Compare and contrast separately or side-by-side ✓ separately -involves describing one item first followed by the second item ✓ side-by-side -involves discussing both items based on each point of comparison ✓ Venn Diagram; Compare-Contrast Matrix Comparing: also, as, both, equally, like, in the same way, similarly, in a similar fashion Contrasting: in comparison, to compare, likewise although, and yet, as opposed to; but, despite, in contrast, in spite of, nonetheless, on the contrary, whereas, still, on the other hand Although I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies, they have completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a six year old, male, toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is a one year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie is small and soft, unlike Marcee who has bristly hair and is much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed, under the covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie will only sleep on the floor, under the bed. Obbie is tremendously loyal and uptight; however, Marcee is hyper and friendly to anyone she meets or sees. Around other dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog, yet Obbie will always stand his ground, never giving up until he is scolded. Given that they were both treated the same way all their life, it is hard to believe that they are so different in everything they do. 52  Organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or consequence of a certain phenomenon ✓Fishbone Map because, being that, due to, for, for the reason that, in that, in view of the fact that, in as much as, one reason, since, accordingly, as a result, hence, for this reason, so, so that, therefore, thus Single Cause, Multiple Effects Effect Cause Effect Effect Single Effect, Multiple Causes Cause Effect Cause Cause Multiple Causes, Multiple Effects Cause Effect Cause Effect Cause Effect Alternating Causes/Effects in a Chain “Domino Effect” Cause Effect Cause Effect  Headaches can have several causes. One obvious cause is stress. People have hectic lives and frequently have multiple stressors everyday, like work, family and money. Another reason for headaches in some people has to do with diet. Some get headaches because they are dependent on caffeine. Other people may be allergic to salt, or they may have low blood sugar. The environment can also cause this uncomfortable condition. Allergens such as household chemicals including polishes, waxes, bug killers, and paint can lead to headaches. Lowering stress, controlling your diet and avoiding allergens can help avoid headaches.  7. Problem- Solution Signal Words -Organizes ideas into problems and proposed but, first, second, third, solutions nonetheless, one -Introduces the who, reason for the, one what, when, where, why, solution is, one way is; and how of the problem, the problem is, the its effects solutions are -Problem-Solution Map  Organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions ✓ Introduces the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the problem, its effects ✓ Problem-Solution Map but, first, second, third, nonetheless, one reason for the, one solution is, one way is; the problem is, the solutions are Drug abuse is rife in many countries. Billions of dollars are spent internationally preventing drug use, treating addicts, and fighting drug-related crime. Although drugs threaten many societies, their effects can also be combated successfully. This essay looks at some of the effects of drug use on society and suggests some solutions to the problem. However, the menace of drugs can be fought. Education is the first battle. Children need to be told at home and in school about drugs. People need to be aware of the effects so that they can avoid this problem.  Organizes ideas to show a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument ✓Persuasion Map For emphasis: again, in fact, in that case, indeed, truly For concluding/summarizing: All in all, as a result, in brief, in summary, in conclusion, in a nutshell, to sum up For conceding a point: admittedly, assuredly, definitely, exactly, certainly, needless to say, no doubt, undoubtedly, unquestionably  Laughter is one of the greatest healing devices known to man. Laughter is powerful and can help people in many ways. It has the power to cure something as little as a bad day or to heal the wounds of a terminally ill person. Laughing has helped create the smile which is the universal sign of well-being. Generally, individuals who do not laugh live miserably and have unhappy lives. Dr. Robert Holden found out that smiling and laughing release endorphins in the brain which gives people an overall happy well-being. Using comedy, many doctors have stimulated the healing process in manic depressants and fatally ill patients giving them hope and ambition. In many clinics laughter is being used in replacing antidepressants and reduces the need for pain killers (Dr. Gael Crystal). Take comedians, for example, they usually live long and happy lives. Putting a smile on faces and laughs in souls is what makes life complete. Laughter helps heal people and brightens spirits for a better and healthier life. Laughing is a sign of joy and hope and keeps people normal and the world happy. Using the techniques of laughter and happiness is the best medicine known to man. Laughter is the universal sign of well-being and happiness within health. Laughing brightens the spirit and heals the mind and bodies of people who allow it to overcome them. So try a smile and laugh on for size and live a longer happier life with loved ones.  organizes ideas into divisions based on criteria or standards ✓Concept map one kind, classified as, another, final type, the first category, another type, the next part Shoppers Shoppers can be classified according to their shopping techniques, as necessity shoppers, over spenders, and impulsive shoppers. Necessity shoppers have an uncomplicated and normal shopping technique. They purchase only the items that are necessary, such as food and toiletries, and they only get these items when they need them. The over spenders purchase too many items and they spend too much money on them. They buy unnecessary products, such as clothes and accessories. They can turn a simple trip to the store into a wallet- draining extravaganza. Finally, there are impulsive shoppers. They are a combination of necessity shoppers and over spenders. They intend to be necessity shoppers by buying items that they need, but they turn into over spenders by buying unnecessary clothes and useless items. Even though there are millions of shoppers worldwide, they can easily be classified by their techniques as necessity shoppers, over spenders, or impulsive shoppers.  REFLECT: What is the importance of knowing patterns of development in writing essays?  LET’S PRACTICE Read each passage and identify the topic, main idea, and pattern of development used. 1. Summer is a wonderful time to spend at West Beach. It is a beach with light- colored, soft sand. The coastline goes on for a long way and many people enjoy walking along it. Children like to play in the surf and walk along the rocks that are visible at low tide. This is a fun beach for people of all ages. 2. Most teenagers and young adults do not know what they want to do for the rest of their lives. It is a big decision. There are a number of things you can do to narrow the choices. For example, you can take an interest test, do some research on your own about a career, try volunteer work in the field in which you are interested, or “job- shadow”, in which you spend a day with a person who is working in a field that interests you. These are just a few helpful ideas as you begin to choose a career. 3. Since Cyprus has been at the crossroads of European, Asian and African trade since 2500BC, its culture has been challenged. It has been ruled by many foreign powers who forced cultural changes on the people of Cyprus. This created problems for them because they could not maintain their native culture. Gradually, they adopted a creative solution. They blended the modern European culture brought by the traders with their ancient culture. Today, this cultural blend combined with the mountains and sunny beaches along the coast of the Mediterranean attracts many visitors. Cyprus has become one of Europe’s major holiday destinations. 4. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that affects millions of people around the world. Individuals can develop PTSD after experiencing any event that results in psychological trauma. Symptoms of PTSD involve flashbacks to the traumatic event, nightmares, obsessive behavior, anger, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, and hypervigilance. Individuals who suffer from PTSD can experience significant difficulties in social relationships, have lower self-esteem, and have trouble maintaining employment. People with PTSD experience a higher risk of committing suicide, developing a drug addiction, and suffering from alcoholism. Although PTSD can affect any individual, military veterans are especially susceptible to this debilitating affliction. Furthermore, within this population, women are more than twice as likely as men to develop PTSD. Studies have also shown that former service women who do develop PTSD experience more severe symptoms than their male counterparts. Recent changes made by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs have improved treatment options for female veterans living with PTSD, but there is still more that needs to be done. 5. Global climate change resulting from the accumulation of greenhouse gases, for example, is likely to have significant health effects, both direct and indirect. An average global temperature rise of 3-4°C, predicted for the year 2100 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, will greatly increase the number of days in the United States with temperatures over 38°C (100°F), with a resulting sharp rise in heat-related mortality. Deaths would occur primarily from heat strokes, heart attacks, and cerebral strokes. The very young, poor, and elderly, as well as those with chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, are most at risk. During the two-week heat wave of July 1993 in the eastern United States, 84 people died in Philadelphia alone as a result of the higher temperatures. Write an essay for one of the topics listed below. Choose the most appropriate pattern of development to use. The role of art and The impact of bullying Exploring the pros and music in education and how to stop it cons of homework The impact of social The importance of The importance of media on teenagers recycling and healthy eating reducing waste habits  Outstanding Satisfactory Needs Improvements Unsatisfactory (10-9) (8-7) (6-5) (4-3) Content & Development Content is comprehensive, Content is accurate and Content is not comprehensive Content is incomplete. accurate, and persuasive. persuasive. and /or persuasive. Major points are not clear. Major points are stated. Major points are addressed, Specific examples are not used. Major points are stated clearly Responses are adequate and but not well supported. and are well supported. address topic. Responses are inadequate or Responses are excellent, timely Content is clear. do not address topic. and address topic. Specific examples are used. Specific examples do not support topic. Content is clear. Specific examples are used. Organization & Structure Structure of the paper is clear Structure is mostly clear and Structure of the paper is not Organization and structure and easy to follow. easy to follow. easy to follow. detract from the message. Transitions are logical and Transitions are present. Transitions need improvement. Writing is disjointed and lacks maintain the flow of thought Conclusion is logical. Conclusion is missing, or if transition of thoughts. throughout the paper. provided, does not flow from Conclusion is logical and flows the body of the paper. from the body of the paper. Grammar, Punctuation & Rules of grammar, usage, and Rules of grammar, usage, and Paper contains few Paper contains numerous Spelling punctuation are followed; punctuation are followed with grammatical, punctuation and grammatical, punctuation, and spelling is correct. minor errors. spelling errors. spelling errors. Spelling is correct. Adapted from: Irubric: Short essay questions rubric. iRubric: Short Essay Questions rubric - N4AA82. (n.d.). https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?sp=yes&code=N4AA82 Do you have any questions for me before we go? References Biligan, R. and Pendon, R. (2017). The Writer Stuff: A Guide to Reading and Writing.St.Augustine Publications,Inc. Coggle. (n.d.). Patterns of Development. Retrieved from https://coggle.it/diagram/YCUeKuANbQwvGyry/t/patterns-of-development English For Everyone Org. (n.d.). Reading Comprehension. Level 11. Retrieved from https://englishforeveryone.org/PDFs/Level_11_Passage_3.pdf Krueger, H. (n.d.). Blue Orange Tan Fun Rebus Puzzle Game Presentation. Retrieved from https://www.canva.com/design/DAFWSgRyu1s/DGHcskcYk2FuRtR60KUGAg/edit# So Swell Edu. (n.d.). Classroom Writing Process Educational Presentation. Retrieved from https://www.canva.com/design/DAFWSgRyu1s/DGHcskcYk2FuRtR60KUGAg/edit Tandoc, S. (2016). Reading and Writing Skills for Senior High School.Mindshapers.co.Inc. The Writing Center. (n.d.). Paragraph Development Examples. Retrieved from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/paragraphs/paragraph-development- examples/ We Grow People. (n.d). 5 Ways to Organize your Writing l How to Organize your Thoughts for Writing. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yc53YcDMG_4