EAPP Notes Q1 - Fundamentals of Reading Academic Text

**EAPP 12 STEM\| Quarter 1** ACADEMIC TEXT - are **critical, objective, and specialized texts that are written by professionals** or experts in a particular field - they are aimed at the academic community - it is **formal, based on facts and evidence**, and always **contain citati...

**EAPP 12 STEM\| Quarter 1** ACADEMIC TEXT - are **critical, objective, and specialized texts that are written by professionals** or experts in a particular field - they are aimed at the academic community - it is **formal, based on facts and evidence**, and always **contain citations** (Sethmini, 2021) EXAMPLES - articles, conference papers, reviews, theses, and dissertations NON-ACADEMIC TEXT - writings that are **informal** and dedicated to a **lay audience** - they **emotional, personal, and subjective** without any kind of research involving - **anyone can write a non-academic text** EXAMPLES - newspaper articles, email messages, text messages, journal writing, and letters ARTICLES - are **published in scholarly journals** - it **offers results of research and development** that can either impact the academic community or provide relevance to nation-building CONFERENCE PAPER - these are papers **presented in scholastic conferences**, and may be revised as articles for possible publication in scholarly journals REVIEWS - these **provide evaluation or reviews of works** published in scholarly journals THESES AND DISSERTATIONS - these are **personal research written by a candidate** for a post-graduate degree CRITICAL READING STRATEGIES - reading academic texts **requires focus and understanding** - have to **interact with the text by questioning its assumptions, responding to its arguments**, and **connecting to a real-life experiences and applications** - **critical or reflective reading** helps you **identify the key arguments presented by the author** to analyze concepts presented in the text BEFORE READING DURING READING (ANNOTATE) AFTER READING OTHER READING STRATEGIES SQ3R METHOD - SURVEY- **skim** the target - QUESTION- **annotate** headings with a question - READ- **look** for answers to your questions - RECITE- **recall** by writing a summary of the main points - REVIEW- **evaluate** what you have learned K-W-L METHOD - what I Know? - what I Want to learn? - what I have Learned? READING GOALS - to **better understand an existing idea** - to get ideas that **can support a particular writing** assignment - to **gain more information** - to **identify gaps in existing studies** - to **connect new ideas to existing ones** ASK YOUR SELF - why am I reading this? - what pieces of information do I need? - what do I want to learn? STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC TEXT - academic have **a clear structure** which **helps the readers navigate and understand the contents** of the text easily - it typically **follows the introduction-body-conclusion format** and include **information from credible sources**, which are properly cited - IMRaD structure IMRaD STRUCTURE - introduction, method, results, discussions, conclusions, references CONTENT AND STYLE OF ACADEMIC TEXT - **include concepts and theories** that are related to the specific discipline they explore - usually exhibit the properties of a well-written text such as **organization, unity, coherence, and cohesion**, as well as strict adherence to the rules and mechanics of language use - state critical questions and issues - provide **facts and evidence** from credible sources - use **precise and accurate words** for clarity while being mindful that jargon is nor used excessively or inappropriately - **avoid using colloquial expressions** - take an **objective point of view** and avoid being personal and subjective - **list references** - **use hedging or cautious language** to tone down their claims LANGUAGE USE IN ACADEMIC WRITING - **use of professional and businesslike language**, free of jargon (specialized language), colloquial expressions (informal language) and politically incorrect terms POLITICALLY INCORRECT POLITICALLY CORRECT ----------------------- -------------------------------------- crippled persons with disabilities mentally retarded persons with intellectual disability poor financially challenged squatters informal settlers stewards flight attendant fireman firefighter seaman seafarer gay homosexual homeless outdoor urban dwellers perverted sexually dysfunctional stupid Intellectually impaired dishonest ethically impaired drunk chemically inconvenienced fat metabolic overachiever RHETORICAL PATTERNS USED IN ACADEMIC WRITING DESCRIPTIVE - the **most basic of all types of academic writing** - involves **more than just giving information** about the topic - **explanation- involves data/statistics** - to **give a clear idea of the paper** is all about - ex: abstracts & studies reporting scientific findings, and research articles that explain an issue ANALYTICAL - involves not just describing and defining the topic; but **rearranging the facts in a logical sequence** - **two conceptual frameworks to determine the similarities and dissimilarities** PERSUASIVE - requires to **convince readers of an argument** whose varied angles you have thoroughly analyzed and which you would like to defend - giving information that has been restricted to accommodate several opinions, including those of the writer and other who have written same topic CRITICAL - writing assignments that **require to evaluate, assess, debate, critique, disagree, and consider** - ex: reaction papers, reflection papers, critique of a book, book reviews, research papers - critical writing **requires strong writing skills** - **need to thoroughly understand the topic and issues** and need to develop an essay structure and paragraph structure that allows you to analyze different interpretations and develop your own argument, supported by evidence THESIS STATEMENT - presents or describes the **point of a text** - it is usually **presented in the abstract or executive summary** or **found at the last part of the introduction** - it is **written in a declarative sentence** PURPOSE STATEMENT - sometimes, the thesis statement located at the least part of the introduction is replaced with a purpose statement - it is **introduced by signal phrases** that present the **purpose, scope, or direction of the text** as well as its **focus** SIGNAL PHRASES - this study examines... - the aim of this paper... - this paper begins with... - the primary objective of this paper... STRATEGIES IN LOCATING THE THESIS STATEMENT - read the title of the text and make inferences about its purpose - if the text has no abstract or executive summary, ready the first few paragraphs as the thesis statement is usually located there - check the conclusion where the authors sum up and review their main points TOPIC SENTENCE - describes **the point of a paragraph**; in other words, it is the **main idea of a paragraph** - it can **be located in the beginning**, in **the middle**, or at least the **last part of a paragraph** STRATEGIES IN LOCATING THE TOPIC SENTENCE - read the first sentence of the paragraph - browse the sentence in the paragraph - find the concept or idea being tackled (the big word) - identify the purpose of the paragraph - observe the writing style of the authors CRITERIA IN EVALUATING SOURCES RELEVANCE - how well does the source support your topic? - check the title, table of contents, summary/abstract, introduction, or headings of the text to have **a sense of its content** AUTHORITY - is the author's name identified? background, education, or training related to the topic? - is he or she a professor in a reputable university? - what are his/her publications? is the key information of the author available? - if the source does not have an author, think twice before using it - check the university's website to make sure that the professor is associated with the university - publications from professors are usually peer-reviewed and have undergone a strenuous publication process and are therefore reliable - legitimate academic texts must include citations as a requirement for publication; citations demonstrate that the writer has thoroughly researched the topic and is not plagiarizing the material CURRENCY - in most fields, the data from the older publications may no longer be valid. as much as possible, the date of the publication should be at most **five years earlier** CONTENT - does the author have a lot of citations in his/her text and bibliography or works cited section? - what is the tone and the style of writing? - is the information obviously biased or prejudiced? - the tone or the attitude of the author towards his/her subject and writing style must be formal - there should be no words or phrases that are unacceptable in English formal writing - do no use a source that is disputable, so make sure to verify your findings with multiple sources - it might be alright to use a source which only focuses on one aspect of the topic, as long as you balance it in your research with sources from other points of view - make sure that the author has no personal agenda in writing the information LOCATION OF SOURCES - where is the source published? is it published digitally or printed? is it a book, an academic journal or a reputable news sources? - does it provide complete publication information such as authors/editors, title, data of publication and publishers? - what is the URL of the website? - avoid using blogs or personal homepage and wiki sites - if the URL includes the top-level domain (.edu) then that means it has been published by an academic institution such as a university - common URLs include: **.gov,.org,.com,.net** IMPORTANCE OF CITING SOURCES OF INFORMATION - to acknowledge our source of information - to help our readers validate the information presented to them STYLES OF CITATION APA (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION) - for psychology, education, business, and social sciences MLA (MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION) - for literature, arts, and humanities AMA (AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION) - medicine, health, and sciences IEEE (THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS) - for engineering CHICAGO (THE CHICAGO NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY) - reference books and non-academics IN-TEXT CITATION (APA STYLE 7^th^ EDITION) - elements that you need are: - required: author's surname and year of publication - depends on the need: initials of the author and page number/s (p. and pp.) 2 TYPES OF IN-TEXT CITATION NARRATIVE - the citation is included in the statement - uses the word "and" if two authors PARENTHETICAL - the citation is separated from the statement and is inside a parenthesis - uses ampersand (&)  IN-TEXT CITATION FOR DIRECT QUOTATION - below 40 words - follow the same rules in doing narrative and parenthetical citation but put the quoted statement inside the quotation marks EXAMPLE: NARRATIVE - in the recent study of Marks (2022), he stated that "conducting thorough validation of information helps combat the wide spread of false information" (p.12) EXAMPLE: PARENTHETICAL - in the recent study it was stated that "conducting thorough validation of information helps combat the wide spread of false information" (Marks, 2022, p.12) ABOVE 40 WORDS - no need to use quotation marks - type down the quoted statement/s in a separate and indented paragraph EXAMPLE: NARRATIVE - in her book, Billanes (2020) reasoned that: Paraphrasing is used extensively in research.... (p.13) EXAMPLE: PARENTHETICAL - it was authored that: Paraphrasing is used extensively in research.... (Billanes, 2022, p.13) REFERENCE LIST CITATION - all in-text citations must be present in the reference list except for personal communication - the reference list must be at a separate page at the last part of the paper/output. put the word references at the center of the page - following hanging indentation for each citation (the second line of each citation is indented) - arrange the citations in alphabetical order, consider the letter of the fist author's surname in each citation - follow double spacing, live hyperlink is accepted FORMATTING +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Printed Books | Author. (Year). *Title of work*. | | | Publisher. | +===================================+===================================+ | Online/E-Books | Author. (Year). *Title of work*. | | | Publisher. URL/DOI | | | | | | Author. (Year). *Title of work* | | | (edition). Publisher. URL/DOI | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Printed Journal Articles | Author. (Year). Article title. | | | Journal Title, V(1), pages | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Online Journal Articles | Author. (Year). Article title. | | | Journal Title, V(1), pages. | | | URL/DOI | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Printed Studies/Thesis/ | Author. (Year). *Study title* | | Dissertation | \[Type of study\]. Name of | | | Institution. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Online Studies/Thesis/ | Author. (Year). *Study title* | | Dissertation | \[Type of study, Name of | | | Institution.\] URL/DOI | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Websites with Authors | Author. (Year, Month Day). *Title | | | of work*. Site Name. URL | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Websites with Organization as | Organization's Name. (Year, Month | | Author | Day). *Title of work.* URL | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ FORMAT FOR IMAGES Format for Images Author last name, First initial. (Date). title of work \[medium\]. Museum, location. URL Delacroix, E. (1826-1827). Faust attempts to seduce Marguerite \[Lithograph\]. The Louvre, Paris, France. ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Museum Website Wood, G. (1930). American gothic \[Painting\]. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States. https://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6565 Library database Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm \[Painting\]. Oxford Art Online. ELEMENTS IN STREAMING VIDEOS AUTHOR - list the last name, followed by the first time initial (and second initial) - the person or group who uploaded the video should be credited as the author for citation purposes, even if that person or group did not create the video - if an author's real name isn't known, provide the username - if both real name and username are known, provide the real name followed by the username between brackets DATE - list the date between parentheses, followed by a period TITLE OF VIDEO - in italics, capitalize the first word for the title, subtitle, and proper nouns, followed by \[video\] then a period HOST SITE - list the name of the site that hosts the video, followed by a period URL - list the uniform resource locator or digital object identifier FORMAT FOR STREAMING VIDEOS Author last name, first initial. (Date). Title of video \[Video\]. Host site. URL​ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Free Web Heffernan, M. (2015, May). Why it\'s time to forget the pecking order at work \[Video\]. Ted Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/margaret\_heffernan\_why\_it\_s\_time\_to\_forget\_the\_pecking\_order\_at\_work​ YouTube Fogarty, M. \[Grammar Girl\]. (2020, April 23). Why are we overwhelmed and not just whelmed? \[Video\]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/zgCjEdVAnaQ​ FORMAT FOR FACEBOOK POSTS Author name. (date). Content of post-up to first 20 words \[Description of photo/video if included\]. Facebook. URL ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tamez-Pochel, A. (2021, March 19). Make sure to tune into day two of hearings for the nomination of \@repdebhaaland to the Secretary of Interior \[Illustration with link attached\]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/anthonypochel/posts/3568173316626874 ​ ELEMENTS OF FACEBOOK POSTS AUTHOR - list the last name, followed by the first initial (and second initial) for individuals DATE - list the full date between parentheses CONTENT POST - if the text is used, included, in italics, the first 20 words of the post IMAGE DESCRIPTION - when images/video are used, included a very brief description of the content in brackets FACEBOOK - give just the name of the platform URL - list full Facebook URL FORMAT FOR INSTAGRAM + TWITTER POSTS Author name \[\@username\]. (full date). Content of post up to first 20 words \[Description of photo/video if included\] \[Tweet\]. Platform name. URL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Twitter UMGC Alumni \[\@UMGCAlumni\]. (2021, June 11). According to research, at least 9% and possibly as much as 32% of an organization's staff turnover can be avoided \[Photograph with link attached\] \[Tweet\]. Twitter. Author name \[\@username\]. (Full date). Content of post up to first 20 words \[Description of photo/video if included\] \[\"Tweet\", if Twitter\]. Platform name. URL​ Instagram solar24news \[\@solar24news\]. (2021, June 14). Two in one \[Photograph\]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CQGvNmLndka/​  ELEMENTS FOR INSTAGRAM/TWITTER   AUTHOR - give the account name, followed by the username in brackets, preceded by an "@" DATE - list the full date between parentheses, followed by a period CONTENT OF POST - if text used include in italics the first 20 words in the post IMAGE DESCRIPTION - when image/videos are used include a very brief description of the content in brackets PLATFORM & URL - give the name of the platform and URL FORMAT FOR POWERPOINT PRESENTATION Author last name, first initial. (Date). Title of the PowerPoint \[PowerPoint slides\]. Host site. URL​ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thomes, C. (n.d.). UMGC Library APA citation basics \[PowerPoint slides\]. University of Maryland Global Campus. https://libguides.umgc.edu/ld.php?content\_id=68264148​ AI: CHATGPT, ETC. - APA recommende that text generated from AI be cited and formatted as "personal communication" - as personal communication, it receives an in-text but not an entry on the reference list - personal communication rule: (communicator, personal communication, month date, year) - parenthetical citation example: (OpenAI, personal communication, July 17, 2023) HOW TO CITE WITH MISSING ELEMENTS   IMPORTANT NOTE - in-text citation and the reference list should always go together - in short, every source that is cited within the text should also appear in the reference list with complete bibliographical information - it is necessary that both in-text and reference citation consistently follow a single documentation or style guide