Week-2.pdf

C S 0 0 1 Computer Hardware 1 Computer A computer system comprises both hardware and software components, and C S 0 0 1 each plays a distinct role in making the computer functional and useful. Both hardware and software components are crucial for the operation of a computer. 2 Computer Hardware Comp...

C S 0 0 1 Computer Hardware 1 Computer A computer system comprises both hardware and software components, and C S 0 0 1 each plays a distinct role in making the computer functional and useful. Both hardware and software components are crucial for the operation of a computer. 2 Computer Hardware Computer components Hardware provides the physical infrastructure necessary to run the system, while software provides the instructions that the hardware executes. In essence, while hardware can be thought of as the "body" of a computer, C S 0 0 1 software acts as its "soul," making the body functional and interactive. Computer Hardware Software 3 Computer Hardware Computer Hardware Definition: The physical components of a computer. Major Components Include: C S 0 0 1 Motherboard. Power Supply Unit (PSU). Central Processing Unit (CPU). Memory (RAM). Storage Devices. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). Input and output Devices. 4 Computer Hardware Motherboard The motherboard, often referred to as the mainboard, system board, or logic board (in the case of Apple devices), is the primary circuit board inside a computer system. It's essentially the backbone that ties all a computer's C S 0 0 1 components together, allowing them to communicate with each other. Bus The motherboard's bus transfers data between parts. 5 Computer Hardware Motherboard Components and Features of a Motherboard CPU Socket: This is where the central processing unit (CPU) is inserted. The type of socket varies C S 0 0 1 depending on the CPU architecture (e.g., Intel's LGA1200, AMD's AM4). RAM Slots: For inserting memory (RAM) modules. The number of slots can vary, and motherboards support specific types and capacities of RAM (e.g., DDR4). 6 Computer Hardware Motherboard Components and Features of a Motherboard BIOS/UEFI Chip: Contains the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or the newer Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), which is firmware that UEFI BIOS C S 0 0 1 initializes the hardware during the booting process. 7 Computer Hardware Motherboard Components and Features of a Motherboard C S 0 0 1 Expansion (Peripheral Slots: Including PCI Component Interconnect), PCI Express (PCIe), and sometimes older slots like AGP. These slots allow users to add expansion cards like graphics cards, sound cards, or networking cards. 8 Computer Hardware Motherboard Components and Features of a Motherboard Input/Output (I/O) Panel: Contains ports for external connections, including USB ports, audio jacks, display ports C S 0 0 1 (e.g., HDMI, VGA, DisplayPort), Ethernet ports, and sometimes legacy ports like PS/2. There are many different types of computer ports, each with its own specific function. Some of the most common types of computer ports include: Serial port. Parallel port. 9 Computer Hardware Motherboard Components and Features of a Motherboard Types of computer ports C S 0 0 1 Serial port: Serial ports are used to connect older devices, such as modems and printers. Parallel port: Parallel ports are also used to connect older devices, such as printers. 10 Computer Hardware Motherboard Components and Features of a Motherboard CMOS chip: CMOS stands for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. It is a small amount of memory on a computer motherboard that stores the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) settings include things like the system time and date, hardware configuration. The CMOS memory is C S 0 0 1 powered by a small battery, which allows the settings to be retained even when the computer is turned off. BIOS UEFI save settings 11 Computer Hardware Power Supply Unit (PSU) The Power Supply Unit (PSU) is an essential component of a computer system that provides electrical power to the computer's internal components. It converts the electrical power from the wall outlet (AC power) into a format C S 0 0 1 that the components of the computer can use (typically DC power). 12 Computer Hardware CPU(Central Processing Unit) The Central Processing Unit (CPU), often simply referred to as the "processor," is the primary computational engine of a computer. It is responsible for executing instructions of a computer program and performing the basic C S 0 0 1 arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of a system. Components of a CPU: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations, like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and logical AND/OR. 13 Computer Hardware CPU(Central Processing Unit) Control Unit (CU): Directs all processor operations, including the fetch, decode, execute, and writeback stages. C S 0 0 1 Registers: Small, fast storage areas within the CPU used to hold data that is being processed or about to be processed. Cache Memory: High-speed volatile memory that provides high-speed data access to the processor and reduces the time to access data from the main memory. It's typically divided into L1, L2, and sometimes L3 caches, depending on the CPU architecture. 14 Computer Hardware CPU(Central Processing Unit) Central Processing Unit ALU C S 0 0 1 CU Memory unit Registers Cache 15 Computer Hardware CPU(Central Processing Unit) When choosing a CPU, there are several factors to consider, such as the clock speed, the number of cores, and the cache size. Clock speed is the number of cycles per second that the CPU can operate at. Often measured in gigahertz (GHz). C S 0 0 1 Multi-Core CPUs: is a microprocessor on a single integrated circuit with two or more separate processing units. Modern CPUs that have two (dualcore), four (quad-core), six (hexa-core), or even more cores. These allow for increased performance and multitasking capabilities. CPU cache size is the amount of high-speed memory that is built into the CPU. It is used to store frequently accessed data and instructions, so that the CPU can access them more quickly than if it had to fetch them from main memory (RAM). 16 Computer Hardware Memory (RAM) - Random Access Memory RAM is a type of volatile memory, which means it retains data only when the system is powered on. Once the power is turned off, the data stored in RAM is lost. It serves as the computer's short-term memory, in contrast to long-term C S 0 0 1 storage devices like hard drives and SSDs. Function: RAM provides the space for the operating system, applications, and system processes to operate. It allows for the temporary storage of data that the CPU may need to access rapidly. The speed and capacity of RAM play a significant role in determining the overall speed and efficiency of a computer system. 17 Computer Hardware Memory (RAM) - Random Access Memory RAM speed is the rate at which your computer's RAM can access and transfer data. It is measured in Megahertz (MHz), which is equal to millions of cycles per second. The higher the RAM speed, the faster your computer can access and transfer data, C S 0 0 1 which can lead to improved performance. RAM capacity is the maximum amount of random- access memory (RAM) that a computer can support. It is measured in gigabytes (GB). The more RAM a computer has, the more programs it can run simultaneously and the faster it can perform tasks. 18 Computer Hardware Memory (RAM) - Random Access Memory Types of RAM: DRAM (Dynamic RAM): The most common type of RAM used in personal C S 0 0 1 computers. It needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. SRAM (Static RAM): Faster and more reliable than DRAM but also more expensive. It's often used for cache memory within the CPU. 19 Computer Hardware Storage Devices Storage Devices play a crucial role in a computer system by providing nonvolatile storage of data, meaning they retain the stored data even when powered off. C S 0 0 1 The two storage devices used in modern computers are: Hard Disk Drives (HDD). Solid State Drives (SSD). 20 Computer Hardware Storage Devices Hard Disk Drives (HDD) Mechanism: HDDs use rotating magnetic disks (platters) to store data. A read/write head on an arm accesses the data while the platters are spinning. C S 0 0 1 21 Computer Hardware Storage Devices Hard Disk Drives (HDD) Advantages: Cost-Effective: Generally cheaper per gigabyte than SSDs, making them a more affordable choice for high-capacity storage. C S 0 0 1 Higher Maximum Capacity: HDDs often come in larger capacities than SSDs, with sizes reaching up to 16TB or more. Disadvantages: Speed: HDDs are slower than SSDs, especially noticeable when booting up the OS or loading large files. Noise and Heat: Due to the moving parts, HDDs generate noise and tend to produce more heat than SSDs. 22 Computer Hardware Storage Devices Solid State Drives (SSD) Mechanism: SSDs use flash memory (like USB thumb drives) to store data, with no moving parts. Advantages: Speed: faster than HDDs. C S 0 0 1 Disadvantages: Cost: Per gigabyte, SSDs are usually more expensive than HDDs. Storage Capacity: While SSDs are catching up, HDDs are still more commonly found in extremely high- capacity configurations. 23 Computer Hardware Storage Devices Hybrid Drives (SSHD): These are a combination of HDD and SSD. They contain a smaller amount of SSD memory and a larger HDD. The most used data is stored on the SSD portion for faster access, while the HDD portion stores less frequently used data. C S 0 0 1 24 Computer Hardware Storage Devices Which to Choose? If you're looking for the fastest possible performance, especially for your operating system and applications, an SSD is the way to go. If you need a lot of C S 0 0 1 storage capacity at a lower cost, an HDD might be a better choice. Many modern computers (especially desktops) use a combination of both: an SSD for the operating system and frequently used applications, and an HDD for mass storage and less frequently accessed data. 25 Computer Hardware Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed to accelerate the processing of images and videos to be displayed on a computer's monitor. Over time, GPUs have evolved to handle computational C S 0 0 1 tasks beyond graphics rendering, making them valuable for a variety of applications. GPU Components: Small processing units within the GPU that handle the parallel processing tasks. Memory VRAM used by the GPU to store data that is actively being processed or used. 26 Computer Hardware Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) GPU has its own CPU and memory, which means that it can perform graphics processing tasks without having to rely on C S 0 0 1 the CPU or RAM. This can free up the CPU and RAM for other tasks, such as running applications and the operating system. However, it is important to note that the GPU cannot completely replace the CPU and RAM. 27