CTHASOPL - Computer Hardware, Software and Peripheral Installation PDF

CTHASOPL - Computer Hardware, Software and Peripheral Installation HARDWARE o Motherboard electronic and mechanical o Hard disk equipment in a computer o RAM o Power s...

CTHASOPL - Computer Hardware, Software and Peripheral Installation HARDWARE o Motherboard electronic and mechanical o Hard disk equipment in a computer o RAM o Power supply o Processor o Case o Monitor o Keyboard o Mouse SOFTWARE o System software - computer programs that Operating System etc. perform a task or tasks on a o Utility programs - computer system. Antivirus etc. o Applications Software - Word, SolidWorks etc. Computer system o System unit collection of electronic and o Monitor mechanical devices operating as o Keyboard a unit o Mouse o Speakers System unit o Motherboard main container for system o CPU (Processor) devices. It protects the delicate o Memory electronic and mechanical devices o Disk drives from damage o Ports - USB etc. o Power supply o Expansion cards - sound card, network card, graphics card etc. Peripherals o Monitor devices that connect to the o Keyboard system unit using cables or o Printer wireless technologies o Plotter o Scanner o Speakers Processor o AMD - Athlon and integrated circuit (IC) supplied Turion (mobile) on a single silicon chip. It’s o Intel - Pentium and function is to control all the Centrino (mobile) computers functions Computer program o Arithmetic - addition, series of instructions. When a subtraction etc program is run, the processor o Logical - comparing carries out these instructions in an data and acting orderly fashion according to the result o Move - move data from place to place within the computer system - memory to the processor for addition - memory to a printer or disk drive etc. Processor speed o 1 MHz - 1 million the speed of the system clock clock ticks every (clock speed) within the processor second and it controls how fast o 1 GHz - 1 billion instructions are executed clock ticks every second Latest trend - multi-core processors can have two, three or four processor cores on a single chip. Random Access o Primary storage - Memory (RAM) main computer memory. Data, programs currently in use are held in RAM o Volatile - contents of memory are lost if the computer is turned off o Module - memory IC’s on a circuit board Modules o DIMM’s (dual inline available in modules of 256MB, memory module) for 512MB, 1GB, 2GB desktop computers o SODIMM’s (small The current technology is called outline dual inline DDR (double data ram) and there memory module) for are three types: DDR1, DDR2, notebook computers. DDR3 Any particular computer system is only compatible with one type. Motherboard o Mainboard or system board - the main circuit board for the computer system. All device in  the computer system will either be part of the motherboard or connected to it. Processor socket different processors require o Socket 478 - Intel different sockets and a Pentium IV motherboard must be chosen to o Socket 775 - Intel suit the processor intended Dual Core and Core Duo o Socket 754 - AMD Athlon o Socket 939 - AMD Athlon 64 o Socket AM2 - AMD Athlon X2 Chipset o Northbridge - data controls data flow around the flow between memory computer and processor - data flow between the processor and the graphic's card o Southbridge - controls data flow to the devices - USB, IDE, SATA, LAN and Audio - controls PCI slots and onboard graphics Buses a path through which data can be sent to the different parts of the computer system Power Supply o 12 volts for the disk o Converts Alternating drives as they have current (AC) Direct motors current (DC) o 3.3 and 5 volts for the o Transforms mains voltage circuit boards in the (240 Volts) to the voltages computer required by the computer. The main voltages are Main o Main connector - o Uses advances power connections/connectors Connects to the management (APM) to motherboard and allow the computer go into supplies the 3.3 and 5 volt a standby mode supply for the board. o Some have a switch to o Molex connector - toggle between 240 volt Connects IDE hard drives supplies and 110 volt and optical drives. supplies.  o Berg connector - Connects floppy disk drives o SATA connector – Connects SATA drives Ports interfaces between peripheral devices and the computer. They are mainly found at the back of the computer but are often also built into the front of the computer chassis for easy access. Serial port 9-pin port. Often called Com ports - Com1, Com2 etc. Mice and external modems were connected to these ports. They are turquoise in colour. Parallel port 25-pin port used to connect printers, scanners, external hard disks, zip drives etc. to the computer. Burgundy in colour, they are often called LPT ports - LPT1, LPT2 etc. Video port o VGA port - This is a used to connect a monitor to the 15-pin port and is blue computer system in colour. It is an analogue port and is being replaced by the DVI port. o DVI port - white in colour, it is a digital port. This means that no conversion is necessary between the computer and the monitor and that means that images can be produced more quickly on the monitor PS/2 port used to connect keyboards and mice to the computer. The keyboard port is purple and the mouse port is green Modem port used to connect a modem to a telephone line. RJ11 is the technical term for the port.  USB port o USB 1 - original intended to replace Serial, standard - transfer data Parallel and PS/2 ports with a of 1.5MBps. single standard. 127 devices can o USB 2 - current be connected to a single USB standard - transfer rate port. of 60MBps. o USB3 - future standard (2009) transfer rate of 600MBps. Hot swappable devices can be connected and disconnected while the computer is on FireWire port o FW 400 - transfer rate (IEEE 1394) is an Apple of 50MBps. technology o FW 800 - transfer rate of 100MBps. can be connected to each other o FW S3200 - transfer without using a computer. rate of 400MBps. Ethernet port used to connect to a network. Known as RJ45, it is larger than a modem port Audio ports o Light blue - Line in - used to input and output audio connect external from the computer. devices o Lime - Connect the speakers to this port. o Pink - Connect a microphone to this port. Graphics card handles it’s own Processor and fan processing making it almost independent of the processor. Board connector AGP or PCI-Express Memory Graphics card has it’s own memory. This makes it much faster. Most new cards use DDR3 memory. DVI connector Digital output is supplied through this port. VGA connector Analogue output is provided through this port. Graphic card o 800 x 600 - 480,000 screen images are made up of dots pixels called pixels (picture elements). o 1024 x 768 - 786,432 The graphics card must process pixels each of these pixels to create the o 1280 x 1024: - image 1,310,720 pixels  o 1600 x 1200: - 1,920,000 pixels AGP (accelerated the older technology but still graphics port) available. It can output in analogue or digital or both. PCI-Express the newer technology - faster than AGP. Allows for two graphics cards to improve the performance - called Scalable Link Interface (SLI). PCI connector Connects the sound card to a PCI slot MIDI socket Musical Instrument Digital Interface port is used to connect digital musical instruments to the computer. Audio jacks These are used to connect microphones, speakers, stereo systems etc to the computer. Sound Card o Analogue input devices o To use a DAC (digital to - Microphone, Radio, analogue converter) to Tape deck, Record prepare audio for speakers etc. player etc o To use an ADC (analogue to o Headphones and digital converter) to convert speakers the audio coming into the o Output to tape etc. computer. Network Card o Fast Ethernet - allows computers join a network. transmission speed of Can be wired or wireless. The 100Mbps. standard used is called Ethernet - o Gigabyte Ethernet - covers wired and wireless transmission speed of networks. 1000Mbps. Wireless Standards o The B standard - introduced in 1999, it has a transmission rate of 11Mbps and a range of 30 Metres. o The G standard - introduced in 2003, it has a transmission rate of 54Mbps and a range of 30 Metres. o The N standard - introduced in 2006, it has a transmission  speed of 540Mbps and a range of 50 metres. Modem enables internet access using a telephone line. It converts digital computer data to analog signals (modulation) for transmission and analog signals back to digital (demodulation) for the computer. The standard transmission speed is 56 Kbps. Hard Disk o Primary storage voltages are used to store data as (memory) - volatile - binary 1’s and binary 0’s. It was contents lost when decided to mimic the situation for power is turned off. secondary storage using magnetism instead of electrical o Secondary storage (disk voltages to represent the binary drives) - non-volatile - data. can store files when power is turned off. metal disk (platter) coated with tiny iron particles which can be magnetised to north and south to represent the binary digits 0 and 1. read-write head used to magnetise the particles on the disk surface to represent the data held in RAM. The computer can now be switched off and a copy of the data is safe for later use INTERNAL hard disks o IDE ( Integrated Drive o The disks connect to the Electronics). motherboard using a o SATA (Serial Advanced ribbon cable. Each cable Technology can hold two drives - Attachment) master and slave. The drive is set as master or slave by positioning a jumper switch on the back of the drive. There are two IDE connectors and a total of four drives can be connected. o allow faster data transfer speeds than IDE. There is no master/slave arrangement with SATA  and each drive has it’s own cable. The cables are much smaller and allow better air circulation in the system unit. EXTERNAL hard disk can be IDE or SATA and can be drives mains powered or host powered. Host powered drives receive their power from the USB port Optical drives use lasers to sense pits and lands mechanically pressed into a polycarbonate disk. These pits and lands represent the binary 0’s and 1’s and so can store computer data thin layer of metal reflect the laser light. As the disk rotates, the laser senses the pits and lands and reads the data from the disk. The laser only operates at a single intensity as it only scans the surface of the disk to detect the pits and lands. CD-R (blank CD’s) o The laser used has two use a dye layer to mimic the lands intensities. and pits created mechanically on o At the high setting, it commercial disks burns spots on the dye layer changing it from has a capacity of 650MB to transparent to opaque. 800MB This allows data to be written as spots of transparency and opacity. o At the low setting, it reads these differences CD-RW (re-writable) o Intensity 1 - Read disk is similar but the laser has data three intensities. The third and o Intensity 2 - Burn highest is needed to turn the data burned areas of the dye layer back o Intensity 3 - Erase to their original condition. The data dye layer can now be re-burned to hold new data. DVD-ROM Read only. Mechanically DVD-R and DVD+R are stamped and manufactured as incompatible with each other.  single or double layer and as Manufacturers have produced single sided or double sided. DVD±R drives capable of reading DVD-R Single or dual layer disks and and writing to both standards. can be single or double sided. They can be written to only once. DVD-RW Same as DVD-R but can be written to several times DVD+R These are single or dual layer disks and can be single or double sided. They can be written to only once. DVD+RW These are the same as DVD+R only that they can be written to several times. Card readers o Microdrive: Replaces floppy drives in new o Smartmedia: computers. They can read media o SD memory card: cards from most digital cameras o Memory stick/Duo/Pro: o xD picture card Monitors Aspect Ratio A computer monitor displays o Standard monitor - 4:3 images generated by the graphics o Widescreen monitor - card. 16:9 Monitors are almost exclusively LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). Resolution CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors are rare and are now as Standard monitor expensive as LCD monitors. o XGA (Extended Graphics Array) - 1024 x 768 o SXGA (Super Extended Graphics Array) - 1280 x 1024 o UXGA (Ultra Extended Graphics Array) - 1600 x 1200 o QXGA (Quad Extended Graphics Array) - 2048 x 1536 Widescreen o WXGA (Wide XGA) - 1280 x 800 o WSXGA (Wide SXGA) - 1680 x 1050  o WUXGA (Wide UXGA) - 1920 x 1200 Keyboard o Typing keys - contains o Most common the letter and number arrangement is called keys, shift keys, QWERTY after the first spacebar, return key etc. six keys. o Numeric keypad - o Other arrangements are These keys are arranged available including as on a calculator. Dvorak, ABCDEF, o Function keys - AZERTY etc. programmable keys used by software for special functions. E.g. - F1 - Help. o Control keys - screen and cursor control Types of Keyboard o Wired - These are either PS/2 or USB. o Wireless - The keyboard uses batteries. o Rubber keyboard - useful for use with notebook computers. Leaves users less prone to RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury) Mouse o Ball mouse - uses a uses point and click technology ball to roll across the surface and move rollers attached to sensors inside the mouse - reflecting the ball movement as cursor movement. o Optical mouse - camera takes thousands of images per second and sends them for digital processing. The red LED lights up the surface for the camera. Printers o Inkjet (Bubble-jet) produce a hardcopy ( permanent o Laser and readable) of computer data. can print onto paper, transparency, photographic paper, card etc. COMPUTER PARTS W PICTURES PC COMPONENTS SYSTEM UNIT PROCESSOR RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) MODULE MOTHERBOARD PROCESSOR SOCKET CHIPSET BUSES POWER SUPPLY CONNECTORS PORTS SERIAL PORT PARALLEL PORT VGA PORT DVI PORT PS2 PORT USB PORT MODEM PORT FIREWIRE PORT ETHERNET PORT AUDIO PORT GRAPHICS CARD SOUND CARD WIRED NETWORK CARD / ETHERNET WIRELESS NETWORK CARD / ETHERNET MODEM SATA MOTHERBOARD CONNECTORS OPTICAL DRIVES CD-R (blank CD’s) DVD CARD READER MONITOR KEYBOARD ARRANGEMENT WIRELESS KEYBOARD RUBBER KEYBOARD MOUSE PRINTER o INKJET/BUBBLE JET o LASER INVENTORS Charles Babbage ”Father of Computers” Born: 26 December originated the concept of a digital 1791, London, United programmable computer Kingdom designed lot of machines KH FRS was an English Died: 18 October polymath 1871, Marylebone, United Kingdom Nationality: British Children: Benjamin Herschel Babbage, HenryPrevost,MORE Education: University of Cambridge, Peterhouse, Cambridge, Trinity College, Cambridge Herman Hollerith American inventor Born: 29 February developed an electromechanical 1860, Buffalo, New punched card tabulator York, United States completed the 1890 cencus in 3 years Died: 17 November formed the Tabulating Machine 1929, Washington, Company in 1896 D.C., United States Known for: electromechanical tabulation of punched card data; IBM Spouse: Beverley Talcott  Parents: George Brunn Hollerith, Franciska Brunn Hollerith Augusta Ada King- Countess of Lovelace Born: 10 December Noel “Mother of Computer” 1815, London, United English mathematician and writer Kingdom known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical Died: 27 November general-purpose computer, the 1852, Marylebone, Analytical Engine United Kingdom Full name: Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace Education: University of London Spouse: William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace (m. 1835– 1852) Children: Anne Blunt, 15th Baroness Wentworth, MORE John Napier of “Marvellous Merchiston” Born: 1550, Merchiston Scottish landowner known as a Edinburgh, United mathematician, physicist, and Kingdom astronomer was the 8th Laird of Merchiston Died: 4 April 1617, His Latinized name was Ioannes Merchiston Tower, Neper Edinburgh, United Created an abacus for calculation Kingdom of products and quotients of numbers. Education: University of St Andrews Spouse: Elizabeth Stirling (m. 1572– 1579) Known for: Logarithms; Napier's  bones; Decimal notation William Oughtred English mathematician and Born: 5 March 1574, Anglican clergyman Eton, United Invented Slide Rule in 1622 Kingdom Slide Rule – Based on Napier’s idea of logarithms Died: 30 June 1660, used primarily for: multiplication, Albury, United division, roots, logarithm, Kingdom trigonometry not normally used for addition or Nationality: English subtraction Books: Clavis Mathematicae, MORE Known for: Slide rule, Multiplication sign Education: King's College, Cambridge (1600), King's College, Cambridge (1596), Eton College Alan Mathison OBE FRS was an English Born: 23 June 1912, Turing computer scientist, Maida Vale mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and Died: 7 June 1954, theoretical biologist Wilmslow, United Kingdom Award: Smith's Prize Cause of death: Cyanide poisoning Education: Princeton University (1936– 1938) John von Neumann Hungarian-American Born: 28 December mathematician, physicist, 1903, Budapest, computer scientist, and polymath Hungary made major contributions to a number of fields, including Died: 8 February mathematics, physics, economics, 1957, Walter Reed computing, and statistics National Military  CONTRIBUTIONS Medical Center, o Atomic Bomb Bethesda o Computer o Stored Program Concept Education: ETH o Set Theory Zurich, Fasori o Measure Theory Gimnázium, Eötvös o Ergodic Theory Loránd University o Operator Theory o Lattice Theory Awards: Enrico Fermi o Game Theory Award, Bôcher o Mathematical formulation Memorial Prize of quantum mechanics o Quantum Logic o Mathematical Economics o Linear Programming o Mathematical Statistics o Nuclear Weapons o The ICBM Committee o Mutually assured destruction o Computer Science o Fluid Dynamics John Vincent American-Bulgarian physicist Born: 4 October 1903, Atanasoff and inventor Hamilton, New York, invented the first electronic United States digital computer in the 1930s at Iowa State College Died: 15 June 1995, built and designed the ABC Frederick, Maryland, (Atanasoff-Berry-Computer) United States together with Clifford Berry Education: University of Wisconsin- Madison (1930), MORE Spouse: Alice Atanasoff (m. 1949– 1995), Lura Meeks Atanasoff (m. 1926– 1949) Siblings: Edelina Atanasov, Irving Atanasov, Margaret Atanasov, MORE  Parents: Iva Lucena Purdy, Ivan Atanasov Clifford Edward helped John Vincent Atanasoff Berry create the first digital electronic Born: 19 April 1918, computer in 1939 Gladbrook, Iowa, United States Died: 30 October 1963, New York City, New York, United States Education: Iowa State University Known for: Atanasoff–Berry computer Academic advisor: John Vincent Atanasoff John William American physicist who, along Born: 30 August Mauchly with J. Presper Eckert, designed 1907, Cincinnati, ENIAC Ohio, United States first general purpose electronic digital computer Died: 8 January 1980, also designed EDVAC, BINAC Ambler, and UNIVAC I, the first Pennsylvania, United commercial computer made in States the United States introduced the first commercially Education: University available electronic digital of Pennsylvania, computer in 1951 together with J. Johns Hopkins Presper Eckert Jr. University, Ursinus Computers are built with College, McKinley vacuum tubes Technology High School Parents: Rachel Mauchly, Sebastian Jacob Mauchly Awards: IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award  Organizations founded: UNIVAC, Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation John Adam Presper American electrical engineer and Born: 9 April 1919, "Pres" Eckert Jr. computer pioneer Philadelphia, With John Mauchly he designed Pennsylvania, United the first general-purpose States electronic digital computer Died: 3 June 1995, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, United States Parents: John Eckert Known for: ENIAC Education: Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania Awards: National Medal of Science for Engineering, IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award Howard Hathaway American physicist and a pioneer Born: 8 March 1900, Aiken in computing Hoboken, New Jersey, original conceptual designer United States behind IBM's Harvard Mark I computer Died: 14 March 1973, 1940, Conrad Zuse’s Z3 St. Louis, Missouri, o First computing machine United States to use binary code, precursor to modern Nationality: American digital computers 1944, Harvard Mark I, Howard Spouse(s): : Louise Aiken Mancill (m. 1939– 1946, ENIAC first all digital 1942); Agnes computer Montgomery (m. 1943–1961); Mary  o Ushered in the Aiken (m. 1963– “Mainframe” era of 1973); computing o “First Generation” Education: Harvard o 18,000 vacuum tubes University, Douglas Carl American engineer and inventor Born: 30 January Engelbart early computer and Internet 1925, Portland, pioneer Oregon, United States father of the modern mouse developed a gadget made with Died: 2 July 2013, a wooden base using two wheels Atherton, California, to roll back and forth - It was the United States first mouse that could fit into a user's hand Residence: Atherton, called a computer California, U.S mouse because of the wire that connects the mouse to the Education: University computer. The people who of California, designed it thought that it looked Berkeley (1955), like the tail on a mouse Spouse: Karen O'Leary (m. 2008), Ballard Engelbart (m. 1951–1997) Blaise Pascal French mathematician, physicist, Born: 19 June 1623, inventor, writer and Catholic Clermont-Ferrand, theologian France child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Died: 19 August Rouen 1662, Paris, France Father of modern Calculators o Built for Etienne Pascal (his father) an accountant for the King of France o Built in 1639 NEW GENERATION CONTRIBUTORS William Henry an American business magnate, Born: 28 October Gates III investor, author, philanthropist, 1955 (age 62 years), humanitarian, and principal Seattle, Washington, founder of Microsoft United States Corporation Microsoft's cofounder became a Net worth: 92.9 self-made millionaire in 1981 at billion USD (2018) age 26 Forbes value in his shares surpassed $1 billion by the time he was 31,  making him the youngest Spouse: Melinda billionaire ever at the time Gates (m. 1994) Children: Jennifer Katharine Gates, Rory John Gates, Phoebe Adele Gates Did you know: Bill Gates has the highest amount given to charity ($35 billion) among the greatest philanthropists Mark Elliot American technology Born: 14 May 1984 Zuckerberg entrepreneur and philanthropist (age 34 years), White best known for co-founding and Plains, New York, leading Facebook as its United States chairman and chief executive officer Height: 1.71 m Net worth: 74.7 billion USD (2018) Forbes Spouse: Priscilla Chan (m. 2012) Salary: One-dollar salary Education: Harvard University (2002– 2004 Steven Paul Jobs American entrepreneur and Born: 24 February business magnate. He was the 1955, San Francisco, chairman, chief executive California, United officer, and a co-founder of States Apple Inc., chairman and majority shareholder of Pixar Died: 5 October 2011, Palo Alto, California, United States  Cause of death: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor Spouse: Laurene Powell (m. 1991– 2011) Education: Reed College (1972–1974) DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER HARDWARE Three Components Hardware Tangible portion of of an IS Software the components of the (Information People computer/physical System) parts Operating systems, utilities, programs, and applications that enable computers to work Human role in an IT system. The process such as human interaction, programming, etc. Hardware Input o Keyboard o Mouse o Mic o Camera Output o Projector o Speaker o Scanner o Monitor Both o Digital Camera o Touch Screen o Fax o Modem o Webcam o CD/DVD Why keyboard is not people typed so fast alphabetical? that the mechanical character arms got  tangled up. So, the keys were randomly positioned to slow down typing and prevent key jams QWERTY keyboard was designed in 1868 by Christopher Sholes, the inventor of the typewriter. Two Types of Basic Keyboard 104 keys and is Computer Keyboard Extended Keyboard enough to perform all the functions that can be done on a Windows PC May have additional keys and the design varies among the companies manufacturing them. Function Keys F1 to F12 has different function by pressing any of it or with combination of other keys. Alphanumeric Keys Most common of all since keyboards were designed to simulate a typewriter the Alphabets, Numbers & some Symbols represent this keys Special Keys ALT (Alternal Keys) Has unique features CTRL (Control Keys) that are needed to supplement the use of computer/combines with other keys to give other computer instruction Direction Keys Left Used to navigate the Right screen Up Down Numeric Keypad Located at the right most side of the  keyboard in an array form of numbers Common types of Optical Mouse uses a sensor Mouse Mechanical Mouse hard rubber ball that Cordless Mouse rolls as the mouse is moved Free you from cord problems. It connect to your computer with a ratio (rather than an infrared) signal Bar Code Reader uses a sensor to capture the image to input information to the computer usually these devices are used by identification verification & retail stores. Scanner photocopies technology where it captures the image by mirroring the exact replicate of an image although the quality is not good compared with actual process image Monitor (CRT)Cathode Ray Tube Device that displays (LCD) Liquid Crystal Display the output for user to analyze for its specific objective output Types of Printer Dot Matrix Printer striking pins against Inkjet printer an ink ribbon. Each pin makes a dot, & combinations of dots form characters & illustrations prays ink at a sheet of paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality text & graphics Mainboard/Mother Its primary functions Board as the body of the  computer system. Controlling the internal functionality of whole system board components Internal Hardware Von Neumann Architecture Two types of Memory RAM ROM Machine Cycle Two Main Parts of Control Unit Control the operations CPU (ALU) Arithmetic Logic Unit ,the main part of control unit, program counter or it may Repeat , Loop ,  Goforward , Goback , or Stop. Is involving Addition , Subtraction , Divition , Multiplecation , & Logic is test like True or False. Software Generic term that refers to a collection of data or computer instructions. Operating System X Window XP Primarily used to (OS) Window 10 control the computer Ubuntu process such as Linux computing, printing & internet connection. Type File System NTFS (New Technology File System) FAT32 (File Allocation Table) FAT/EXFAT ABBREVIATIONS ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer BINAC Binary Automatic Computer EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer AI Artificial Intelligence API Application Programming Interface BIOS Basic Input/Output System CPU Central Processing Unit GPU Graphics Processing Unit RAM Random Access Memory ROM Read-Only Memory LAN Local Area Network URL Uniform Resource Locato OS Operating System UI User Interface GUI Graphical User Interface CLI Command-Line Interface ALU Arithmetic Logic Uni CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor DDR Double Data Rate HDD Hard Disk Drive I/O Input/Output NIC Network Interface Card PSU Power Supply Unit SSD Solid-State Drive SDK Software Development Kit WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get VMM Virtual Machine Monitor USB Universal Serial Bus VGA Video Graphics Array IDE Integrated Development Environment JSON JavaScript Object Notation CSS Cascading Style Sheets HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface DVI Digital Visual Interface AUX Auxiliary SATA Serial Advanced Technology Attachment PS/2 Personal System/2