Developmental Psychology Week 2 Slides PDF

Instructor: Dr. Anna Krasotkina PSYC 223-AS01 Developmental Psychology Fall 2024 Test! According to Freud's theory, identification refers to the process by which children: Surprise! a. compensate for the feelings of loss that result from repressing their at...

Instructor: Dr. Anna Krasotkina PSYC 223-AS01 Developmental Psychology Fall 2024 Test! According to Freud's theory, identification refers to the process by which children: Surprise! a. compensate for the feelings of loss that result from repressing their attraction for the opposite-sex parent and adopt characteristics of the same-sex parent. b. internalize the moral standards of their culture. c. force unacceptable urges into the unconscious. d. establish an attachment relationship with their mother. 2 Test! According to Freud's theory, identification refers to the process by which children: Surprise! a. compensate for the feelings of loss that occur from repressing their attraction for the opposite-sex parent and adopt characteristics of the same-sex parent. b. internalize the moral standards of their culture. c. force unacceptable urges into the unconscious. d. establish an attachment relationship with their mother. 3  Prenatal development Chapter 4 PSYC 223-AS01 WARNING: Real medical photos are used in this lecture! If you are uncomfortable looking at such material, please discontinue participation and contact the instructor for censored lecture material. PSYC 223-AS01  Stages of prenatal development Chapter 4 PSYC 223-AS01 6 Ovulation Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries In an average 28-day menstrual cycle, ovulation typically happens about 14 days before a menstrual period starts The egg can be fertilized for about 12 to 24 hours after it's released PSYC 223-AS01 7 Conception Conception (fertilization), when a sperm enters an ovum (egg) Of the several million sperm that are typically deposited, only 100 to 200 of the strongest and healthiest make it all the way to the ovum, and only one actually penetrates the cell wall to fertilize the ovum PSYC 223-AS01 8 The zygote Zygote – fertilized egg Zygote period – from conception to second week Zygote moves 10 cm in 4 days to be implanted on uterus wall While moving - multiplies rapidly forming 2 structures: Future embryo Future placenta Implantation of the zygote takes about a week. PSYC 223-AS01 9 The embryo From zygote implantation to 8 weeks 3rd week – differentiates into three layers Endodermal, develops into internal organs and glands Ectodermal, develops in nervous and sensory system Mesodermal, develops in muscles, cartilage, bone, sex organs PSYC 223-AS01 10 4th Week Embryo assumes curved form Primitive heart and future brain are visible PSYC 223-AS01 11 5th Week The brain and the spinal cord are actively developing The heart begins beating The heart is visible by ultrasound PSYC 223-AS01 12 6 – 8 Weeks At 6 ½ weeks, rapid brain development continues with the appearance of the cerebral hemispheres At 7 ½ weeks, the embryo reflexively turns away in response to a light touch on the face Fingers and eyes are formed PSYC 223-AS01 13 The fetus 9-38 weeks Grows from 30 gr. and measuring 5 cm to approx. 3.5 kg and 51 cm 10th week - embryo possesses approximately 90% of the 4,500 body parts found in adults PSYC 223-AS01 14 Neural system development 3rd month - the brain has organized into functional subdivisions (seeing, hearing, thinking) 20th week - the unborn child has the physical structures necessary to experience pain 5th month - 100 billion cells that make up the adult brain are already present 22nd -24th weeks – fetus responds to sounds 7th month - brain waves can be detected PSYC 223-AS01 15 Early sighs of behavior 10th week - The arms, hands, fingers, feet and toes are fully formed 19th week – first kicks are felt by mother 21st week -breathing patterns, body movements, and the heart follows circadian rhythms Unborn Baby Movement at 24 Weeks PSYC 223-AS01 16 Age of viability Age of viability – from 23 or 24 weeks the infant has a chance to survive if born prematurely At age of viability brain is sufficiently developed to provide at least partial regulation of breathing, swallowing, and body temperature Babies can survive if air sacs of the lungs are matured enough to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen Mohammed, born at 23 weeks PSYC 223-AS01 17  TERATOLOGY: The study of congenital abnormalities Chapter 4 PSYC 223-AS01 18 TERATOLOGY Teratogen - an agent that can cause abnormal development in the fetus 3% to 5 % of all live-born babies are identified as malformed at birth 6% to 7% of elementary school children have malformations that existed at birth It is estimated that 90 percent of some kinds of malformations end in spontaneous miscarriages PSYC 223-AS01 19 GENERAL PRINCIPLES A teratogen’s effect depends on the genetic makeup of the organism exposed to it A substance can be a teratogen for one species and be completely harmless for another The effect of a teratogen on development depends partly on timing For two to three weeks after conception, the zygote’s fluids do not mix with those of the mother, so the zygote is relatively impervious to some teratogens The likelihood and degree of abnormal development increase with the level of exposure to the harmful agent PSYC 223-AS01 20  DRUGS Thalidomide was sold as an over-the- counter sleep and morning sickness aid caused babies to be born with malformations of the eyes and ears, deformation of the internal organs, fused fingers and toes, or phocomelia – extremely shortened limbs 10 000 – 20 000 babies were born disabled because of the use of thalidomide JoJo: born in New York in 1962 PSYC 223-AS01 21 DRUGS 2 substances that are harmless alone can be teratogenic together (aspirin and benzoic acid) Diethylstilbestrol (DES) – was prescribed in the 1950s and early 1960s to reduce the likelihood of miscarriage DES children have high chance to develop several specific cancers, infertility, autoimmune conditions and depression DES grandchildren have slightly higher risk of cancer and infertility PSYC 223-AS01 22 STREET DRUGS Heroin Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome - is a group of conditions caused when a baby experiences withdrawal from certain drugs it is exposed to in the womb before birth NAS is most often caused when a pregnant woman takes opioids, but also antidepressants, barbiturates Common symptoms - irritability, tremors, and gastrointestinal distress Severe symptoms - Low birthweight, seizers, jaundice, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Children will more likely experience developmental delays, motor, behavior, learning, speech, and vision problems PSYC 223-AS01 23 STREET DRUGS Cocaine Can cause preterm birth, placenta-associated syndromes (e.g., placental abruption, preeclampsia, and placental infarction), and impaired fetal growth Long-term effects - poorer language development, impaired learning and perceptual reasoning, behavioral problems, and adverse effects on memory and executive function Marijuana – mixed data. May be associated with low birth weight and childhood developmental deficits PSYC 223-AS01 24 Nicotine Babies of smoking mothers are usually born premature, smaller, and have higher chance of SID They are at heightened risk for social and behavioral problems and have poorer linguistic and cognitive development PSYC 223-AS01 25 Alcohol Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder (FASD) is a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to alcohol during gestation No safe level of fetal alcohol exposure has been established The risk of FASD increases with amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy At least 1 in 100 births in North America Cassie More , 17 has FASD PSYC 223-AS01 26 Alcohol Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) – severe form of FASD 1 in 23 heavy-drinking pregnant women give birth to a child with FAS Physical development issues Learning and cognitive issues Social and behavioral issues 1 to 3 births in 1000 in North America Hunter Sargent, 31, has FAS PSYC 223-AS01 27 Maternal infectious diseases Rubella can damage the central nervous system of the fetus, resulting in blindness, deafness, and intellectual disability. The heart, liver, and bone structure may also be damaged, depending on the timing of infection Cytomegalovirus (CMV) may cause abnormal brain and head growth, encephalitis, blindness, deafness, and intellectual disability Herpes simplex can cause encephalitis, central nervous system damage, and eye damage PSYC 223-AS01 28 Maternal infectious diseases HIV causes AIDS and can cause facial deformities. If untreated, 25% babies born from mother with HIV get the virus and die at an early age Syphilis can cause central nervous system damage, deformities of the teeth and skeleton, and even death Gonorrhea can cause premature birth, premature rupture of membranes, and spontaneous miscarriage. 30% of fetuses get eye infection that can cause in blindness if not treated 29  NATURAL CHALLENGES Chapter 4 PSYC 223-AS01 30 (Mal)nutrition The baby and accompanying tissue should normally weigh 11 to 16 kg by the ninth month of pregnancy Malnutrition is associated with increased rates of spontaneous abortion, infant death, and congenital defects Babies who are malnourished both as fetuses and after birth are more likely to show delayed motor and social development PSYC 223-AS01 31 Stress High levels of anxiety have been associated with newborn irritability, feeding and sleep problems during infancy, and behavioral problems at 4 years of age Ice storm in eastern Canada, 1998. Children born to mothers who had experienced high levels of prenatal stress were found, at 2 years old and later at 5½ years of age, to show poorer intellectual and language abilities (King & Laplante, 2005) PSYC 223-AS01 32 PARENTAL AGE Age of mother 2022 Mean maternal age keeps Number increasing all ages 351,679 under 15 51 Increased maternal age is 15 to 19 4,632 associated with an increased 20 to 24 29,947 likelihood of Down’s syndrome 25 to 29 90,132 30 to 34 134,544 Increased paternal age is 35 to 39 74,929 associated with achondroplasia 40 to 44 16,308 and autism in babies 45 to 49 1,045 not stated 91 PSYC 223-AS01 33  Preventing, Detecting, and Treating Birth Defects Chapter 4 PSYC 223-AS01 34 Prevention not all birth defects can be prevented avoiding drinking alcohol, smoking, and taking unnecessary drugs, while taking necessary vitamins helps to avoid a lot of risks Genetic counselling may determine whether parents are carriers of a defective gene, as in the case of Tay-Sachs disease or cystic fibrosis. Since 1970s, the incidence of Tay-Sachs has fallen by more than 90 percent among Jews thanks to genetic counselling PSYC 223-AS01 35  Please scan Activity Surprise! 36 Ultrasound imaging Ultrasound imaging uses sound-like waves to image the fetus and its environment Can determine fetus sex, and number of fetuses Shows abnormal head growth; defects of the heart, bladder, and kidneys; some chromosomal anomalies; and neural tube defects PSYC 223-AS01 37 Amniocentesis Amniocentesis is a procedure for collecting cells that lie in the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus Analysis of fetal cells can detect Down’s syndrome, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, sickle-cell anemia, Tay- Sach’s Risks: miscarriage (0.1%), Rhesus disease PSYC 223-AS01 38 Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) CVS is a procedure for collecting sample of fetal cells from the placenta Can be performed from 10th week of pregnancy Reveals possibility of down syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell disease, Tay-Sach’s disease, Trisomy 18, Edward syndrome Risks: miscarriage (1%), damaging fetuses’ fingers or toes PSYC 223-AS01 39 Fetoscopy Fetoscopy - surgical procedure performed during pregnancy that allows physicians to view the fetus in-utero Used to evaluate, diagnose, and treat fetal abnormalities Used to diagnose hemophilia, Tay Sach’s disease, Weber- Cockayne syndrome and spina bifida Used to treat twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and amniotic band syndrome Risks: fetal loss or preterm delivery. PSYC 223-AS01 40 In-vitro screening Used during in vitro fertilization One or two cells are removed from each embryo when it reaches the six- to ten-cell stage Can detect several hundred disorders Recommended when: Parents carry genetic or chromosomal disorders Mothers have a history of unexplained miscarriages Parents outside the optimal childbearing age range PSYC 223-AS01 41 Treatment Medical therapy. Vitamins, dietary restrictions, prescription drugs (e.g. HAART therapy in case is mother have HIV) Surgery. In case of hydrocephaly (abnormal accumulation of fluid inside the skull that results in brain damage), blockage of the urinary tract, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (when diaphragm does not fully form, allowing organs to enter the chest cavity and affect lung growth), and spina bifida (portion of the neural tube doesn’t properly close), and other neural tube defects PSYC 223-AS01 42 43