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Questions and Answers
What does Freud's theory of identification suggest children do after repressing attraction for the opposite-sex parent?
What does Freud's theory of identification suggest children do after repressing attraction for the opposite-sex parent?
- They force unacceptable urges into the unconscious.
- They establish attachment relationships with their mother.
- They adopt characteristics of the same-sex parent. (correct)
- They internalize moral standards from their culture.
In a typical 28-day menstrual cycle, when does ovulation usually occur?
In a typical 28-day menstrual cycle, when does ovulation usually occur?
- On the first day of menstruation.
- At random intervals throughout the cycle.
- About 14 days before menstruation starts. (correct)
- On the last day of the menstrual cycle.
What is the definition of a zygote?
What is the definition of a zygote?
- A fertilized egg that is undergoing rapid multiplication. (correct)
- The attachment of the embryo to the uterus wall.
- The period from the second to the eighth week of development.
- The stage where fertilization occurs.
How long can an egg be fertilized after ovulation?
How long can an egg be fertilized after ovulation?
What happens to the zygote while it moves to the uterus for implantation?
What happens to the zygote while it moves to the uterus for implantation?
What is the primary purpose of implantation of the zygote?
What is the primary purpose of implantation of the zygote?
During the zygote period, how far does the zygote travel to implant in the uterus?
During the zygote period, how far does the zygote travel to implant in the uterus?
Freud posited that the process of internalizing the moral standards of society is part of what psychological concept?
Freud posited that the process of internalizing the moral standards of society is part of what psychological concept?
What is a common risk associated with babies born to smoking mothers?
What is a common risk associated with babies born to smoking mothers?
Which of the following statements about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder (FASD) is true?
Which of the following statements about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder (FASD) is true?
What severe consequences can arise from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
What severe consequences can arise from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
Which maternal infectious disease can damage the central nervous system of a fetus?
Which maternal infectious disease can damage the central nervous system of a fetus?
What is one potential effect of rubella on a fetus?
What is one potential effect of rubella on a fetus?
What is the estimated prevalence of births affected by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) among heavy-drinking pregnant women?
What is the estimated prevalence of births affected by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) among heavy-drinking pregnant women?
How can maternal HIV infection impact a fetus?
How can maternal HIV infection impact a fetus?
What is a characteristic of children born with developmental deficits associated with low birth weight?
What is a characteristic of children born with developmental deficits associated with low birth weight?
What percentage of babies born to mothers with untreated HIV are likely to contract the virus and die at an early age?
What percentage of babies born to mothers with untreated HIV are likely to contract the virus and die at an early age?
What birth defect can result from maternal syphilis infection?
What birth defect can result from maternal syphilis infection?
Which condition is NOT associated with gonorrhea in pregnancy?
Which condition is NOT associated with gonorrhea in pregnancy?
How does maternal malnutrition affect infant development?
How does maternal malnutrition affect infant development?
What impact does high prenatal stress have on later child behavior?
What impact does high prenatal stress have on later child behavior?
What advanced maternal age is associated with a higher likelihood of having a baby with Down's syndrome?
What advanced maternal age is associated with a higher likelihood of having a baby with Down's syndrome?
Which of the following precautions can help prevent birth defects?
Which of the following precautions can help prevent birth defects?
What role does genetic counseling play in preventing certain birth defects?
What role does genetic counseling play in preventing certain birth defects?
What significant trend regarding Tay-Sachs incidence has been observed since the 1970s among Jews?
What significant trend regarding Tay-Sachs incidence has been observed since the 1970s among Jews?
What procedure is used to collect cells from the amniotic fluid for analysis?
What procedure is used to collect cells from the amniotic fluid for analysis?
What is one risk associated with Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)?
What is one risk associated with Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)?
Which of the following procedures can be performed as early as the 10th week of pregnancy?
Which of the following procedures can be performed as early as the 10th week of pregnancy?
What advantage does in-vitro screening provide during the fertilization process?
What advantage does in-vitro screening provide during the fertilization process?
What condition is NOT typically diagnosed using fetoscopy?
What condition is NOT typically diagnosed using fetoscopy?
What risk is associated with performing fetoscopy during pregnancy?
What risk is associated with performing fetoscopy during pregnancy?
Which medical therapy is mentioned regarding treatment for conditions like Tay-Sachs?
Which medical therapy is mentioned regarding treatment for conditions like Tay-Sachs?
Which layer of the embryo develops into muscles, cartilage, bone, and sex organs?
Which layer of the embryo develops into muscles, cartilage, bone, and sex organs?
What significant development occurs in the embryo by the 5th week?
What significant development occurs in the embryo by the 5th week?
At what point in fetal development can brain waves typically be detected?
At what point in fetal development can brain waves typically be detected?
Which teratogen is known to cause malformations such as shortened limbs and deformities of internal organs?
Which teratogen is known to cause malformations such as shortened limbs and deformities of internal organs?
What is the age of viability for a fetus, indicating the point at which it has a chance of surviving if born?
What is the age of viability for a fetus, indicating the point at which it has a chance of surviving if born?
What effect can result from the simultaneous use of two harmless substances during pregnancy?
What effect can result from the simultaneous use of two harmless substances during pregnancy?
By the end of the embryonic period (8 weeks), what percentage of body parts found in adults does the embryo possess?
By the end of the embryonic period (8 weeks), what percentage of body parts found in adults does the embryo possess?
Which developmental disruption can occur from cocaine use during pregnancy?
Which developmental disruption can occur from cocaine use during pregnancy?
What potential developmental issues can result from exposure to heroin during pregnancy?
What potential developmental issues can result from exposure to heroin during pregnancy?
Which stage of development involves the differentiation into ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal layers?
Which stage of development involves the differentiation into ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal layers?
What is a common misconception about teratogens based on genetic makeup?
What is a common misconception about teratogens based on genetic makeup?
What behavioral milestone is seen by the 19th week of pregnancy?
What behavioral milestone is seen by the 19th week of pregnancy?
What compound was prescribed in the past to reduce the likelihood of miscarriage and has since been linked to severe health problems in offspring?
What compound was prescribed in the past to reduce the likelihood of miscarriage and has since been linked to severe health problems in offspring?
What phenomenon can occur in infants due to withdrawal from drugs they were exposed to in utero?
What phenomenon can occur in infants due to withdrawal from drugs they were exposed to in utero?
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Study Notes
Prenatal Development
- The text outlines the stages of prenatal development, from conception to birth.
- It focuses on the critical role of nutrition and a healthy environment in a fetus' growth.
- It covers the impact of teratogens and their effects on the developing fetus.
- It outlines the different stages of prenatal development: Zygote, Embryo, and Fetus.
- It explores the key developmental milestones that occur in each stage:
- Zygote: From conception to the second week, the zygote rapidly divides, forming structures that will eventually become the embryo and placenta.
- Embryo: From week 2 to week 8, the embryo develops into three layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. These layers differentiate to form internal organs, nervous system, and muscles, respectively.
- Fetus: From week 9 to birth, the fetus undergoes rapid growth and development. Most of the 4,500 body parts found in adults are present by the 10th week.
Teratogens
- Teratogens are agents that can cause abnormal development in the fetus.
- Examples of teratogens include drugs, alcohol, nicotine, and certain infectious diseases.
- The text discusses:
- Drugs: Thalidomide, DES, and street drugs like heroin, cocaine, and marijuana are potential teratogens, causing various developmental issues.
- Nicotine: Smoking during pregnancy can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
- Alcohol: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) can result from exposure to alcohol during gestation. It can range from mild learning disabilities to more severe forms like Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). FASD is a leading cause of preventable developmental disabilities and is associated with physical and cognitive problems.
- Maternal Infectious Diseases: Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes simplex, HIV, Syphilis, and Gonorrhea can all have detrimental effects on the fetus.
Natural Challenges
- The text mentions natural challenges faced during prenatal development:
- (Mal)nutrition: Inadequate nutrition increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, infant death, and congenital defects.
- Stress: High levels of maternal stress can lead to newborn irritability, feeding and sleep problems, and behavioral issues.
- Parental Age: Increased maternal age is associated with a higher likelihood of Down's syndrome, while increased paternal age is associated with achondroplasia and autism in babies.
Preventing, Detecting, and Treating Birth Defects
- The text explores methods for preventing, detecting, and treating birth defects:
- Prevention: Avoiding alcohol, smoking, and unnecessary drugs during pregnancy helps to reduce the risk of birth defects. Genetic counseling can identify carriers of defective genes, allowing for informed reproductive choices, as seen in the decline of Tay-Sachs disease incidence.
- Detection: Ultrasound imaging, Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), Fetoscopy, and in-vitro screening are methods used to detect potential birth defects in the fetus during pregnancy.
- Treatment: Medical therapy, such as vitamin supplementation or prescription drugs, and surgical interventions are used to treat some birth defects.
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