Prenatal Development and Teratogens
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Questions and Answers

What does Freud's theory of identification suggest children do after repressing attraction for the opposite-sex parent?

  • They force unacceptable urges into the unconscious.
  • They establish attachment relationships with their mother.
  • They adopt characteristics of the same-sex parent. (correct)
  • They internalize moral standards from their culture.

    • In a typical 28-day menstrual cycle, when does ovulation usually occur?

  • On the first day of menstruation.
  • At random intervals throughout the cycle.
  • About 14 days before menstruation starts. (correct)
  • On the last day of the menstrual cycle.

    • What is the definition of a zygote?

  • A fertilized egg that is undergoing rapid multiplication. (correct)
  • The attachment of the embryo to the uterus wall.
  • The period from the second to the eighth week of development.
  • The stage where fertilization occurs.

    • How long can an egg be fertilized after ovulation?

    <p>12 to 24 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the zygote while it moves to the uterus for implantation?

    <p>It multiplies rapidly and forms the embryonic and placental structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of implantation of the zygote?

    <p>To begin the placental connection for nutrient transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the zygote period, how far does the zygote travel to implant in the uterus?

    <p>10 cm in 4 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud posited that the process of internalizing the moral standards of society is part of what psychological concept?

    <p>Identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk associated with babies born to smoking mothers?

    <p>Increased likelihood of being born premature and smaller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder (FASD) is true?

    <p>FASD is more likely to occur with increased frequency and amount of alcohol consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What severe consequences can arise from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

    <p>Physical, learning, and social development problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maternal infectious disease can damage the central nervous system of a fetus?

    <p>Cytomegalovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential effect of rubella on a fetus?

    <p>Blindness and intellectual disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated prevalence of births affected by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) among heavy-drinking pregnant women?

    <p>1 in 23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can maternal HIV infection impact a fetus?

    <p>It can cause physical deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children born with developmental deficits associated with low birth weight?

    <p>They are likely to experience heightened risk of behavioral problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of babies born to mothers with untreated HIV are likely to contract the virus and die at an early age?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What birth defect can result from maternal syphilis infection?

    <p>Central nervous system damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT associated with gonorrhea in pregnancy?

    <p>Congenital heart defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does maternal malnutrition affect infant development?

    <p>It increases rates of congenital defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does high prenatal stress have on later child behavior?

    <p>More irritability and behavioral issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advanced maternal age is associated with a higher likelihood of having a baby with Down's syndrome?

    <p>35 years and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following precautions can help prevent birth defects?

    <p>Avoiding smoking and alcohol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does genetic counseling play in preventing certain birth defects?

    <p>It can identify carrier status of genetic disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant trend regarding Tay-Sachs incidence has been observed since the 1970s among Jews?

    <p>It has decreased by more than 90 percent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure is used to collect cells from the amniotic fluid for analysis?

    <p>Amniocentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one risk associated with Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)?

    <p>1% risk of miscarriage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following procedures can be performed as early as the 10th week of pregnancy?

    <p>Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does in-vitro screening provide during the fertilization process?

    <p>It can detect several hundred disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is NOT typically diagnosed using fetoscopy?

    <p>Sickle cell anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk is associated with performing fetoscopy during pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal loss or preterm delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medical therapy is mentioned regarding treatment for conditions like Tay-Sachs?

    <p>Vitamins and dietary restrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the embryo develops into muscles, cartilage, bone, and sex organs?

    <p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant development occurs in the embryo by the 5th week?

    <p>The heart begins to beat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point in fetal development can brain waves typically be detected?

    <p>7th month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which teratogen is known to cause malformations such as shortened limbs and deformities of internal organs?

    <p>Thalidomide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age of viability for a fetus, indicating the point at which it has a chance of surviving if born?

    <p>23-24 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can result from the simultaneous use of two harmless substances during pregnancy?

    <p>Teratogenic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of the embryonic period (8 weeks), what percentage of body parts found in adults does the embryo possess?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental disruption can occur from cocaine use during pregnancy?

    <p>Placenta-associated syndromes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential developmental issues can result from exposure to heroin during pregnancy?

    <p>Developmental delays and speech problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of development involves the differentiation into ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal layers?

    <p>Embryonic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about teratogens based on genetic makeup?

    <p>They are harmful to all species equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral milestone is seen by the 19th week of pregnancy?

    <p>First kicks are felt by the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound was prescribed in the past to reduce the likelihood of miscarriage and has since been linked to severe health problems in offspring?

    <p>Diethylstilbestrol (DES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon can occur in infants due to withdrawal from drugs they were exposed to in utero?

    <p>Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prenatal Development

    • The text outlines the stages of prenatal development, from conception to birth.
    • It focuses on the critical role of nutrition and a healthy environment in a fetus' growth.
    • It covers the impact of teratogens and their effects on the developing fetus.
    • It outlines the different stages of prenatal development: Zygote, Embryo, and Fetus.
    • It explores the key developmental milestones that occur in each stage:
      • Zygote: From conception to the second week, the zygote rapidly divides, forming structures that will eventually become the embryo and placenta.
      • Embryo: From week 2 to week 8, the embryo develops into three layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. These layers differentiate to form internal organs, nervous system, and muscles, respectively.
      • Fetus: From week 9 to birth, the fetus undergoes rapid growth and development. Most of the 4,500 body parts found in adults are present by the 10th week.

    Teratogens

    • Teratogens are agents that can cause abnormal development in the fetus.
    • Examples of teratogens include drugs, alcohol, nicotine, and certain infectious diseases.
    • The text discusses:
      • Drugs: Thalidomide, DES, and street drugs like heroin, cocaine, and marijuana are potential teratogens, causing various developmental issues.
      • Nicotine: Smoking during pregnancy can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
      • Alcohol: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) can result from exposure to alcohol during gestation. It can range from mild learning disabilities to more severe forms like Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). FASD is a leading cause of preventable developmental disabilities and is associated with physical and cognitive problems.
      • Maternal Infectious Diseases: Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes simplex, HIV, Syphilis, and Gonorrhea can all have detrimental effects on the fetus.

    Natural Challenges

    • The text mentions natural challenges faced during prenatal development:
      • (Mal)nutrition: Inadequate nutrition increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, infant death, and congenital defects.
      • Stress: High levels of maternal stress can lead to newborn irritability, feeding and sleep problems, and behavioral issues.
      • Parental Age: Increased maternal age is associated with a higher likelihood of Down's syndrome, while increased paternal age is associated with achondroplasia and autism in babies.

    Preventing, Detecting, and Treating Birth Defects

    • The text explores methods for preventing, detecting, and treating birth defects:
      • Prevention: Avoiding alcohol, smoking, and unnecessary drugs during pregnancy helps to reduce the risk of birth defects. Genetic counseling can identify carriers of defective genes, allowing for informed reproductive choices, as seen in the decline of Tay-Sachs disease incidence.
      • Detection: Ultrasound imaging, Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), Fetoscopy, and in-vitro screening are methods used to detect potential birth defects in the fetus during pregnancy.
      • Treatment: Medical therapy, such as vitamin supplementation or prescription drugs, and surgical interventions are used to treat some birth defects.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the stages of prenatal development, from conception to birth, including the critical roles of nutrition, environment, and important milestones. It emphasizes the impact of teratogens on fetal development and the specific changes that occur during the zygote, embryo, and fetus stages.

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