Week 2 Skeletal Anatomy PDF

WEEK 2 HAPP – Laboratory Instructor: Jerra May Mercado, MD Part 1 Naming the Bones OUTLINE OF ACTIVITIES PRE-LAB DISCUSSION Topic – SKELETAL SYSTEM Borrow materials from the laboratory Activity proper Return materials to laboratory Dismissal SKELETAL SYSTEM: OVERVIEW...

WEEK 2 HAPP – Laboratory Instructor: Jerra May Mercado, MD Part 1 Naming the Bones OUTLINE OF ACTIVITIES PRE-LAB DISCUSSION Topic – SKELETAL SYSTEM Borrow materials from the laboratory Activity proper Return materials to laboratory Dismissal SKELETAL SYSTEM: OVERVIEW SKELETAL SYSTEM FORMS OF BONE TISSUE 1. COMPACT BONE (cortical; dense) 2. SPONGY BONE (cancellous) All the bones in the body are made up of: inner region of spongy bone outer casing of compact bone Exceptions: bones where the central area is occupied by air sinuses (paranasal sinuses, medullary cavity of long bones) CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Bones can be classified by shape: Long bones are longer than they are wide and have clubby ends. Example: tibia. Short bones are not longer than they are wide. Example: carpal bones. Flat bones look like they are a sheet of clay that has been molded. Example: parietal bone. Irregular bones have many projections and spines. Example: 7 THE SKELETON THE SKELETON The usual number of bones in the human skeleton: 206 bones Divided into: AXIAL & APPENDICULAR AXIAL: 80 bones Skull bones: 28 Hyoid bone: 1 Vertebral bones: 26 Ribs: 25 APPENDICULAR: 126 bones Upper Extremities: 64 bones Lower Extremities: 62 bones AXIAL SKELETON  AXIAL = 80 bones Part of body Name of bone Part of body Name of bone 1. SKULL Frontal (1) Parietal (2) 2. SPINAL COLUMN Cervical vertebrae (7) (28) Temporal (2) (26) Thoracic vertebrae Occipital (1) (12) Sphenoid (1) Lumbar vertebrae Cranium Ethmoid (1) (5) Sacrum (1) Coccyx (1) Face Nasal (2) Maxillary (2) 3. STERNUM AND Sternum (1) True Ribs (14) Zygomatic (2) RIB (25) False Ribs (10) Mandible (1) Lacrimal (2) Palatine (2) Inferior nasal concha (2) Vomer (1) Ear Bones Malleus (Hammer) (2) 4. HYOID BONE (1) Hyoid (Lingual) (1) Incus (Anvil) (2) Stapes (Stirrup) (2) 1. SKULL CRANIUM FACIAL BONES EAR BONES 1. SKULL CRANIAL BONES Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Anterior part of cranium Forms part of cranium floor, Parietal bones lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of Sides and roof of cranium cranium anterior to temporal Occipital bones bones Posterior portion and floor of Sella turcica cranium Ethmoid bone Temporal bones Anterior portion of cranium, Inferior to parietal bones on including medial surface of eye each side of the cranium orbit and roof of nasal cavity Temporomandibular joint Nasal conchae 13 The Skull (Anterior The Skull (Lateral View) (b) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education View) 14  Cranial Floor of the Skull (b) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education Access the text alternative for slide images. 16  The Skull (Medial View) Access the text alternative for slide images. 17 The Skull (Inferior View) (b) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill Education 18  The Skull (Superior View) (b) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill 19 1. SKULL FACIAL BONES Maxillae Lacrimal bones Form upper jaw, anterior Medial surfaces of eye portion of hard palate, orbits part of lateral walls of Nasal bones nasal cavity, floors of eye Form bridge of nose orbits Maxillary sinus Vomer In midline of nasal cavity Palatine bones Forms nasal septum with Form posterior portion of the ethmoid bone hard palate, lateral wall Inferior nasal conchae of nasal cavity Attached to lateral walls Zygomatic bones of nasal cavity Cheek bones Mandible The Skull (Anterior Also form floor and Lower jawbone lateral wall of each eye Only movable skull bone View) orbit 20 Some skull bones contain sinuses: Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinus 21 2. SPINAL COLUMN BONES: Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacrum (1) Coccyx (1) 2. SPINAL COLUMN Extends from skull to pelvis Flexible and sturdy longitudinal support for trunk Formed by 24 movable vertebrae, a sacrum, and a coccyx Possess intervertebral disks Shock absorbers Possess four distinct curvatures 2. SPINAL COLUMN 2. SPINAL COLUMN CLINICAL CORRELATE: ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF THE SPINAL COLUMN Scoliosis: lateral curvature Kyphosis: hunchback Lordosis: swayback 25 CLINICAL CORRELATE: HERNIATED DISK Access the text alternative for slide ima ges. 26 2. SPINAL COLUMN STRUCTURE OF A VERTEBRA All vertebrae from C3 to L5 have certain common features: Vertebral foramen Spinous process Transverse process Body 2. SPINAL COLUMN CERVICAL VERTEBRAE Support neck Possess unique transverse foramen ATLAS: cervical vertebra 1 Articulates occipital condyles of occipital bone Supports head AXIS: cervical vertebra 2 Possesses the odontoid process (dens) Serves as a pivot point for atlas 28 2. SPINAL COLUMN THORACIC VERTEBRAE Larger vertebra with longer spinous process then cervical vertebrae Ribs articulate on the facets of the transverse processes and bodies Thoracic Lumbar LUMBAR VERTEBRAE Vertebra Christine Vertebra Heavy, thick bodies to Eckel/McGraw Hill support greater stress and weight Larger processes for attachment of back muscles 29  Anterior Posterior 2. SPINAL COLUMN SACRUM Five fused sacral bones Forms posterior wall of pelvic girdle COCCYX Tailbone Three to five fused rudimentary vertebrae Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill 30 3. STERNUM AND RIBS Sternum (1)  flat bone forming the anterior rib cage Manubrium Body Xiphoid process True Ribs (14) The superior 7 pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum by way of the costal cartilages False Ribs (10) The inferior 5 pairs of ribs do not directly connect to the sternum The upper 3 pairs of false ribs indirectly connect to the sternum via the costal cartilages of true ribs; The last 2 pairs do not connect in any way, so they are called floating ribs  Rib 6 Attachment to T5 and T6 Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill 32 4. HYOID BONE U-shaped bone Only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone Found in anterior portion of neck, inferior to mandible Function: attachment for tongue muscles and connective tissue associated with the larynx (voice box) BREAK TIME? APPENDICULAR BONES  APPENDICULAR = 126 bones Part of body Name of bone UPPER Clavicle (2) Scapula (2) EXTREMITIES (64) Humerus (2) Radius (2) Ulna (2) Carpals (16) Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28) LOWER Coxal Bones (2) Femur (2) EXTREMITIES (62) Patella (2) Tibia (2) Fibula (2) Tarsals (14) Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28) APPENDICULAR BONES The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of the limbs and the bones of the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton. 1. UPPER EXTREMITIES Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Arm and Forearm Wrist and Hand 2. LOWER EXTREMITIES Pelvic Girdle Thigh and Leg Ankle and Foot 1. UPPER EXTREMITIES UPPER EXTREMITIES Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle CLAVICLE 2 bones Articulates with sternum and scapula SCAPULA 2 bones Located on each side of vertebral column Held in place by muscles to allow free shoulder movement 1. UPPER EXTREMITIES UPPER EXTREMITIES Arm HUMERUS: Articulates with scapula at the shoulder and ulna and radius at the elbow Bony markings include: Head Greater and lesser tubercles Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum Trochlea Medial and lateral epicondyles Olecranon fossa 1. UPPER EXTREMITIES UPPER EXTREMITIES Forearm RADIUS Lateral bone in the forearm Bone that rotates when the hand is rotated Bony markings include the head and styloid process ULNA Medial bone in forearm Bone does not move with hand rotation Bony markings include the olecranon, trochlear notch, and styloid process  ELBO W (d, e) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill 41 1. UPPER EXTREMITIES UPPER EXTREMITIES Wrist and Hand Carpals Wrist bones Metacarpals Bones of the palm of the hand Phalanges Bones of the fingers 2. LOWER EXTREMITIES LOWER EXTREMITIES Pelvic Girdle Consists of two coxal bones (ossa coxae) Coxal bones attached to one another at the pubic symphysis Parts: Ilium Ischium Pubis Function: forms a rigid, bony pelvis with sacrum and coccyx Pelvic Girdle (lateral Pelvic Girdle view) (Medial View) (b) Christine Eckel/McGraw Hill 44 2. LOWER EXTREMITIES Female pelvis is/has: Wider and shallower More rounded pelvic brim Larger pelvic inlet/opening Female Male 45 2. LOWER EXTREMITIES LOWER EXTREMITIES Thigh Femur Thigh bone Longest and strongest bone in the body Patella Kneecap Sesamoid bone in tendon that extends anterior to knee 2. LOWER EXTREMITIES LOWER EXTREMITIES Leg Tibia Shinbone Larger of the lower leg bones Bears body weight Fibula Slender, lateral bone in lower leg 2. LOWER EXTREMITIES LOWER EXTREMITIES Ankle and Foot Tarsals Ankle bones Metatarsals Bones of the instep Phalanges Toe bones ARCHES OF THE FOOT The tarsal and metatarsals form arches Longitudinal arch Transverse arch 49 REFERENCES: CHAPTER 4 Roiger, D. Bullock, N. (2019). Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease: Foundations for the Health Professions. (2nd Edition). McGraw-Hill Education CHAPTER 6 Gonzales, E. 2022. Esteban and Gonzales’ Textbook of Histology (6th edition). C&E Publishing House LAB EXERCISE 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, & 16 Patton, K. (2019). Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual. (10th edition). Elsevier Inc. Part 2 Online Activities Activity 3: Labster Piece together the skeletal system Detective Sherley Bones has brought the bones she found in a forest to the lab. With the help of Dr. One, you will arrange these bones into a skeletal system by identifying whether the bones are part of the axial or appendicular skeleton. Search for bone fractures in this skeletal system to discover more clues that can help you identify the victim. Investigate the different types of bones Continue your investigation by learning about the different types of bones that make up the skeletal system, including long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones. You will find that some bones can provide important clues to the sex and age of the victim. The detective will take notes of any clues, as well as the functions of the skeletal system that you learn. Look inside a bone to help crack the case Find the final clues by opening up a long bone and taking a close look at the compact and spongy bone tissue inside. Use the clues you find to match the bones to a missing person file. Will you be able to solve this mystery? Activity 4: Complete Anatomy