Questions and Answers
What bones form the upper jaw and part of the hard palate?
Maxillae
Which bones make up the flexible and sturdy longitudinal support for the trunk?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
What is the primary function of intervertebral disks?
To act as shock absorbers
Name one abnormal curvature of the spinal column.
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What is the function of the zygomatic bones?
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Which bone forms the nasal septum along with the ethmoid bone?
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What are the four distinct curvatures of the spinal column?
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Identify the only movable bone of the skull.
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What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?
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How does the female pelvis differ from the male pelvis?
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Which bone is the longest and strongest in the human body?
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What two bones make up the lower leg?
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What are the main components of the foot's skeletal structure?
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What is the significance of the arches formed by the tarsals and metatarsals?
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What type of bone is the patella classified as?
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How does the femur connect to the pelvic girdle?
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What are the two main forms of bone tissue in the skeletal system?
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How many bones are typically present in the adult human skeleton, and how are they divided?
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Identify one example of a long bone and explain how it is classified.
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Describe the composition of bones in terms of their structure.
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How are the axial and appendicular skeletons defined?
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What is a characteristic feature of flat bones, and can you provide an example?
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What are irregular bones and how do they differ from other bone classifications?
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List the three types of vertebrae found in the human spinal column and their counts.
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Study Notes
Skeletal System Overview
- Composed of two primary types of bone tissue: Compact Bone (cortical, dense) and Spongy Bone (cancellous).
- All bones feature an inner spongy bone structure and an outer compact bone casing, except those containing air sinuses.
Classification of Bones
- Bones categorized by shape:
- Long Bones: Longer than wide (e.g., tibia)
- Short Bones: Width similar to length (e.g., carpal bones)
- Flat Bones: Sheet-like structure (e.g., parietal bone)
- Irregular Bones: Various projections and spines (e.g., vertebrae)
Human Skeleton Composition
- Typical human skeleton contains 206 bones.
- Divided into two main categories:
-
Axial Skeleton: 80 bones
- Skull (28 bones including cranial and facial bones)
- Hyoid bone (1)
- Vertebral column (26 bones)
- Ribs (25)
-
Appendicular Skeleton: 126 bones
- Upper extremities (64 bones)
- Lower extremities (62 bones)
-
Axial Skeleton: 80 bones
Axial Skeleton Details
-
Skull:
- Comprised of 28 bones, including frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid.
- Facial bones include nasal bones, maxillae, palatine bones, zygomatic bones, mandible, and vomer.
-
Contains sinuses: sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, maxillary.
-
Spinal Column:
- Total of 26 bones: 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum (1), and coccyx (1).
- Function: Provides support and stability; flexible due to intervertebral disks and four distinct curvatures.
Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine
- Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine.
- Kyphosis: Forward rounding of the back (hunchback).
- Lordosis: Excessive inward curvature (swayback).
Structure of a Vertebra
- Common features: vertebral foramen, spinous process, transverse process, and body.
Lower Extremities Overview
-
Pelvic Girdle:
- Formed by two coxal bones (ossa coxae), which connect at the pubic symphysis.
- Made up of ilium, ischium, and pubis; forms a sturdy pelvic structure with sacrum and coccyx.
- Pelvis: Female pelvis is wider, shallower, with a larger pelvic inlet and rounded pelvic brim compared to males.
Key Bones of the Lower Extremities
-
Thigh:
- Femur: Longest and strongest bone in the body.
- Patella: Kneecap; a sesamoid bone within the tendon.
-
Leg:
- Tibia: Shinbone; carries body weight.
- Fibula: Slender, lateral bone in the lower leg.
-
Ankle and Foot:
- Tarsals: Ankle bones.
- Metatarsals: Bones of the instep.
- Phalanges: Toe bones.
Foot Structure
- Arches formed by tarsals and metatarsals:
- Longitudinal Arch
- Transverse Arch
Laboratory Activities
- Activities include borrowing lab materials, conducting hands-on identification of the skeletal system, and returning items post-exercise.
- Students engage in practical exercises, including arranging and analyzing bone samples as part of a skeletal system.
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Description
Explore the human skeletal system in this quiz, covering its composition, classification of bones, and the differences between axial and appendicular skeletons. Learn about the types of bone tissue and the various shapes of bones in the body.
