FOOD 8000 - Canadian History Notes PDF

FOOD 8000 – Week 3: Canadian History Notes Time zones: There are 12 time zones in the world, that is 12 East of the Prime Meridian or GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) and 12 West of GMT. Canada has 6 time zones (from GMT-8 to GMT-3). We have a half-hour quirk in Newfoundland however: It’s on GMT-3.5. Newf...

FOOD 8000 – Week 3: Canadian History Notes Time zones: There are 12 time zones in the world, that is 12 East of the Prime Meridian or GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) and 12 West of GMT. Canada has 6 time zones (from GMT-8 to GMT-3). We have a half-hour quirk in Newfoundland however: It’s on GMT-3.5. Newfoundland was a separate colony before the establishment of standard time, and only joined the Confederation in 1948. This rebellious quirk is shared by India, North Korea, Iran, Afghanistan and Burma which all have their own reasons for resisting compliance. Curious what time it is in the North pole? Officially it is Alaska time, or GMT-9. And what of Antarctica? The South Pole is exactly GMT. Does Canada Own the North Pole? Denmark, Norway, Canada, Russia, USA, each have a border on the Arctic Ocean. Each nation receives exclusive economic rights to the area where its continental shelf extends into the ocean up to 200 miles beyond its coast. This 200 miles does NOT include the Pole itself, which is still a contested land A legitimate claim may be made if a country can prove scientifically that the pole is a continuation of its land shelf. Interest is motivated equal parts by pride and oil drilling rights (although the chances of accessing this rich oil reserve is about 10%) Why is Alaska not a part of Canada? Alaska belonged to Russia, which had lost interest in it due to its being seemingly cold and resourceless. A divestment seem inconsequential at the time as gold reserves had yet to be discovered. Alaska was purchased by the US from the Russians in 1867 for $7.2M (about $125M in today’s US currency). Canada never forgave Britain for placing Anglo-American relations ahead of Canada's interest in selling Alaska to the United States. Some Historical Highlights First Nations- Algonquins, Iroquois, to the East, Sioux encountered later on when settlers pushed West. “Eskimo”, Inuit – nomadic tribes of the North The first Europeans to reach North American shores were not the Spaniards. They were the Viking – Norwegians - Leif Erikson in 11th century. Vikings attempted to trade timber back to Greenland but their short lived colonies got wiped by the natives. John Cabot, 1497, Venetian but under the commission of Henry VII, looking for an alternate route to China. Cod fishing, no permanent colonies, possibly never explored beyond the beach. 1534 J. Cartier wants to find a route through the Americas to the Pacific. (never stopped hoping for a route to asia. Went as far down the St-Laurence to Quebec city. Colonization unsuccessful due to weather and Iroquois British focused on the North for a Northwest passage to Asia (Martin Frobisher1576). He lied about having found the passage but in reality he encountered trouble with the Inuit and he went home. He entered through Frobisher Bay and had 3 voyages from 1576-78. The Northwest passage was not successfully navigated until 1906. Henry Hudson discovered Hudson bay 1610, but no North West passage. Fur trade interest by the French developed into settlements, eventually successful. Champlain 1608- Quebec city founder. Strategic placement.. French attempt at western control of Canada thwarted. War with Britain at home and in America. French sent missionaries to convert Indians. Not well received. Iroquois eventually were conquered and peace ensued. French colonization and growth was slower than the British. Eventually French Transferred Acadia Newfoundland and Hudson bay to British. British naval dominance. Montcalm defeated by Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham 1759. As the culmination of the Seven Year War, which was referred to as the French and Indian War. Quebec became an English colony and British province under the treaty of Paris. The separatist movement continues to be strong. Population in Canada came from the US Loyalists who preferred British rule during the American revolution, and eventually from British emigration – British unemployment, Irish famine, and the mid 1800s saw a tenfold increase of the population in 40years. The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States and the United Kingdom, with their respective allies, from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars; historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right. British North America Act, also called Constitution Act, 1867, the act of Parliament of the United Kingdom by which in 1867 three British colonies in North America—Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Canada—were united as “one Dominion under the name of Canada” and by which provision was made that the other colonies and territories of British North America might be admitted. It also divided the province of Canada into the provinces of Quebec and Ontario and provided them with constitutions. The act served as Canada’s “constitution” until 1982, when it was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867, and became the basis of Canada’s Constitution Act of 1982, by which the British Parliament’s authority was transferred to the independent Canadian Parliament. Alberta September 1, 1905 British Columbia July 20, 1871 Manitoba July 15, 1870 New Brunswick July 1, 1867 Newfoundland March 31, 1949 Northwest Territories July 15, 1870 Nova Scotia July 1, 1867 Nunavut April 1, 1999 Ontario July 1, 1867 Prince Edward Island July 1, 1873 Quebec July 1, 1867 Saskatchewan September 1, 1905 Yukon June 13, 1898 Threats of invasion from the south after the civil war prompted Canada to form a Dominion in 1867, initially only On, QC, NB and NS. Eventually John A McDonald added BC, NWT and PEI, and a promise to build a railway. Most challenging part was through the Rockies. Chinese workers were brought in. Gold discovered and Victoria became inundated with prospectors going to Fraser River, including the Chinese railroad workers, which had to be replaced. Then, gold rush to Klondike meant access to Yukon and Alaska. 90% of Canadians live within 160 km of the southern border due to climate. Some noteworthy Canadians: Margaret Atwood – of Handmaid’s Tale fame Lieutenant-General Roméo Dallaire, author and retired senator and general. Dallaire served as Force Commander of UNAMIR, the ill-fated United Nations peacekeeping force for Rwanda between 1993 and 1994, and attempted to stop the genocide that was being waged by Hutu extremists against the Tutsi people and Hutu moderates. Measha Brueggergosman, Opera and Soul artist Chris Hadfield, astronaut David Suzuki, The Nature of Things, environmentalist Laura Secord, Canadian heroine of the War of 1812. She is known for having walked 20 miles (32 km) out of American-occupied territory in 1813 to warn British forces of an impending American attack. James Cameron, film director Terry Fox, attempted to run across Canada to raise funds for cancer research Religion in Canada Roman Catholicism (39.0%) Other Christian (28.3%) Non-religious (23.9%) Islam (3.2%) Hinduism (1.5%) Sikhism (1.4%) Buddhism (1.1%) Judaism (1.0%) Canadian Foods The Saskatoon berry is so important that it actually gave the city of Saskatoon its name, not the other way around. They’ve been a vital staple of the region since before European settlers came to Canada. Fish and brewis (pronounced "brews") is a traditional Newfoundland meal of cod and hard bread or hard tack. The recipe calls for salt fish that is soaked in water overnight to reduce the salt content of the fish. The hard tack is also soaked in water overnight. The next day, the fish and hard bread are boiled separately until tender, and then both are served together. The traditional meal is served with scrunchions, salted pork fat which has been cut into small pieces and fried. Both the rendered fat and the liquid fat are then drizzled over the fish and brewis. Jiggs dinner, also called boiled dinner or cooked dinner, is a traditional meal commonly prepared and eaten on Sundays in many regions around the Atlantic provinces of Canada. Corned beef and cabbage was the favorite meal of Jiggs, the central character in the popular, long-running comic strip, Bringing Up Father, by George McManus and Zeke Zekley after whom the dish is likely named. While it has been a source of controversy where the lumberjack breakfast came from, the most cited source is that the lumberjack breakfast was first served in a Vancouver Hotel, in 1870. The breakfast consisted of eggs galore, assorted fried pork strips, slabs, slices, and flapjacks. It is said by Anita Stewart that the tradition of hearty cooking developed because of men needing the energy for manual labor. A touton (or toutin) is a type of traditional Canadian pancake commonly made in Newfoundland, produced by frying leftover bread dough on a pan with butter or pork fat served with dark molasses, corn syrup or fruit jam.