Alaska Boundary Dispute PDF

# The Alaska Boundary Dispute - The Alaska boundary dispute involved Canada and the United States. - It centred on the boundary between southeast Alaska and the west coast of British Columbia. - Numerous small channel islands in the area complicated the border issue. ## A Map Showing the Alask...

# The Alaska Boundary Dispute - The Alaska boundary dispute involved Canada and the United States. - It centred on the boundary between southeast Alaska and the west coast of British Columbia. - Numerous small channel islands in the area complicated the border issue. ## A Map Showing the Alaska Boundary Dispute - This image depicts the Alaskan peninsula with the Canadian and US claims on the area marked in different colors. - The Canadian claim is marked in red. - The United States claim is marked in blue. - The final boundary is marked in black. ## Key Events - The United States purchased Alaska in 1867 from Russia. - Russia sold Alaska to prevent potential British conquest of the land. - The U.S. had ambitions to control British Columbia, a British colony. - These ambitions ended when British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation in 1871. - The Klondike Gold Rush led to border issues. - Canadians wanted a route from the Klondike River to the fjords located by the Pacific Ocean. - Americans did not want Canadians coming into their territory. - This problem escalated to an international tribunal in 1903. ## The Final Dispute - Canada believed the coast was located at the western boundary of the channel islands. - Americans believed the coast was where the mainland met the Pacific water. - The British supported the American claim and the final decision ruled in favour of the Americans through arbitration. - The Tlingit people are one Indigenous group in this area. How were their views considered/not considered in this boundary dispute? # Political Changes ## Alberta and Saskatchewan - In the 1850s and 1860s, the British government aimed to control Alberta and Saskatchewan for agriculture. - After Canada became a country in 1867, there were concerns about a potential American takeover. - Canada addressed these concerns by buying Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory from the Hudson's Bay Company. ## The Creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan - Initially, Alberta and Saskatchewan were planned to be a single province. - Due to the vast size of the land, it was later decided to divide it into two separate provinces. - Alberta and Saskatchewan became the 7th and 8th provinces of Canada when they joined Confederation in 1905. # Indigenous Canada - During the early 1900s, the growth of cities in Canada was beginning to replace Indigenous land use. - Europeans aggressively took lands from Indigenous peoples and over time, displaced and then greatly outnumbered them. - **Colonialism** is the policy of a country seeking to extend its authority over other people. ## Tom Longboat and Dr. Oronhyatekha - Newspapers in that era featured stories about two prominent Indigenous public figures, Tom Longboat and Dr. Oronhyatekha. - Both faced racism and bias. - Tom Longboat, a long-distance runner from the Six Nations Reserve - Won the Boston Marathon with a record time of 2:24:24. - He finished five minutes faster than any previous winner. - Tom's victory was often downplayed as an accident or fluke. # The Changing Role of Women - Early 1800s: Women’s roles were limited to marriage, family, and household management. - Job opportunities in business and politics were rare for women. - Canadian women faced systemic discrimination despite historical contributions. ## The Married Women’s Property Act - 1884 (Ontario) and 1900 (Manitoba): Married Women’s Property Act granted women equal legal rights to men. - Allowed women to own property independently, control earnings, and profits. ## Women and War - Women were traditionally excluded from war efforts. - 12 women served as nurses in the Boer War. # Women's Suffrage - **Suffrage** means the right to vote in political elections. - Women didn't have the same voting rights as men initially. - Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta granted women suffrage in 1916, followed by most provinces (except Québec) by 1922. - Women in Québec gained the right to vote in 1940. ## Important Women in Women’s Suffrage - 1876: Dr. Emily Stowe arrived in Toronto, becoming Canada's first female physician. - She was a prominent advocate for women's rights. - Dr. Stowe founded the Canadian Women's Suffrage Association in 1883. - The first goal of the association was to allow women to vote on local matters in Ontario. - This was achieved in 1882 when the Ontario Municipal Act was amended. - Bills for women's suffrage in provincial elections failed until 1916. - Manitoba and Saskatchewan passed these bills, followed by Alberta. - In 1916, Emily Murphy became Canada's first female judge. - Women gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1918. # Immigration Act of 1910 - 1908: Canadian Minister of Labour Rodolphe Lemieux observed rising anti-Asian sentiment in British Columbia. - He sought to restrict Japanese immigration to Canada. - Agreement with Japanese Foreign Minister Tadasu Hayashi: Limit Japanese immigrants to 400 annually - Known as the **Gentlemen's Agreement**. ## The Immigration Act and its Impact - Immigration Act of 1910 expanded government control over immigration in Canada. - Established a list of prohibited immigrants. - Granted the government the authority to bar immigrants "unsuited” to Canada's climate requirements. - Immigrants arriving via charitable organizations were also prohibited. - Canada had a history of discriminatory immigration restrictions. - The **head tax** was imposed on Chinese immigrants in 1885. - The head tax increased to $100 in 1900 and $500 in 1903 to limit Chinese immigration. - These measures substantially reduced immigration from Asia. - Despite restrictions, thousands of new immigrants landed in Canada during the 1900s. - The government needed these immigrants to fill new job opportunities. - New settlements in Canada - Rise in industrialization # Famous Pioneers ## Alexander Graham Bell - Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) was a Scottish immigrant, inventor, scientist, and engineer. - He invented the first telephone. - Alexander's focus on the field of speech was influenced by his deaf mother and wife. - Alexander successfully created the first telephone on March, 7 1876. ## Martha Black - Martha Black (1866-1957) was born in Chicago and lived in the Yukon. - She ran a sawmill and a gold ore-crushing plant in the Klondike. - Martha delivered lectures about the Yukon and Britain. - Martha Black became a member of the Royal Geographical Society, a challenging feat for women during her time. - She was the second woman ever to be elected to the House of Commons. ## Elijah McCoy - Elijah McCoy (1844-1929) was a Canadian-born inventor and engineer of African American descent. - Elijah held 57 patents during his lifetime. - He is most notable for inventing the automatic lubricator for steam engines. - Elijah McCoy was recognized for having more patents than any other Black inventor up to his time.