Week 2 - Lesson 5.pptx

Nutrition and Diet Therapy  Lesson 5 Nutrients and their Functions  Learning Outcomes: ⮚ Determine the functions of each nutrient in the body. ⮚ Explain outcomes of deficiencies of each macronutrient. ⮚ List food sources and factors affecting nutrient requirements...

Nutrition and Diet Therapy  Lesson 5 Nutrients and their Functions  Learning Outcomes: ⮚ Determine the functions of each nutrient in the body. ⮚ Explain outcomes of deficiencies of each macronutrient. ⮚ List food sources and factors affecting nutrient requirements 3  “ What is Nutrient? 4  It is: ⮚ Chemical substances that are necessary for life’s function. ⮚ Classified 6 essential nutrient : Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, Water. 5 Classification of Nutrients: ⮚ Macronutrient -Carbohydrates, fats, protein ⮚ Micronutrient(simplest form) -Vitamins, Minerals, water 6  Classification of Nutrients ⬩ Macronutrients -are nutrients that provide energy and are needed in large amounts ⬩ Carbohydrates ⬩ Protein ⬩ Fats 7  Classification of Nutrients Micronutrients are nutrients needed in smaller amounts but are still vital for health. ⬩ Vitamins ⬩ Minerals ⬩ Water 8  Functions of Nutrients ⬩ Carbohydrates: Provides energy ⬩ Protein: Build and repair tissues. ⬩ Fats: Store energy and support cell function. ⬩ Vitamins: Regulate body processes. ⬩ Minerals: Help in various bodily functions. ⬩ Water: Essential for hydration and various bodily functions. 9  Essential Nutrients ⬩ Body can make only small amounts of nutrients and cannot sustain to meet the nutritional needs of the person, to maintain function. ⬩ Nutrient is essential when the ability of the body to produce the necessary amount of it is not enough, then it must be supplied by the foods in our diet. 10 11 ⬩ Nutritious food- it contains substantial amounts of nutrients ⬩ Nutrient deficiency- person lacks one or more nutrients over a period of time. 12  Nutrient and Energy ⬩ Sources of energy: Carbohydrates, protein, fats ⬩ Organic compound in nature. ⬩ Nutrients are oxidized, energy is released and use by the cells. 13  Nutrient and Energy ⬩ Energy is vital for the maintenance of body tissues. ⬩ kcal (kilocalorie), calorie-unit of measurement of energy value of foods. ⬩ Calorie-amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a gram of water by 1 degree celsius 14  Nutrient and Energy ⬩ Bomb calorimeter- device used to determine the energy value of foods. ⬩ CHO and Protein: 4 kcal/gram ⬩ Lipid: 9 kcal/gram ⬩ Alcohol: 7 kcal/gram ⬩ -2 serving (men); 1 serving (women) ⬩ Beer 12 oz, 5 oz wine 15  Understanding Carbohydrate 16  Understanding Carbohydrates -organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. -found in various foods, including grains, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. 17  Primary functions of carbohydrates ⬩ Energy Source: ⬩ Brain Fuel ⬩ Spares Protein ⬩ Digestive Health 18  Types of Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates: known as sugar provide quick energy but can lead to rapid spikes and crashes in blood sugar levels. ⬩ Ex. glucose, fructose, and sucrose. 19  Types of Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates: made up of long chains of sugar molecules. -provide sustained energy -grains, vegetables, and legumes. 20  Sources of Carbohydrates Grains: Bread, rice, pasta, and cereals. Fruits: Apples, bananas, oranges, and berries. Vegetables: Potatoes, carrots, broccoli, and spinach. Legumes: Beans, lentils, and peas. Dairy: Milk and yogurt. Sugars: Candy, soda, and sweets (in moderation). 21  Intake of Carbohydrates across Lifespan ⬩ Infants (0-12 months): primarily in the form of breast milk or infant formula. ⬩ Toddlers and Preschoolers (1-5 years): 45-65% of total daily calories. ⬩ Children and Adolescents (6-18 years): 45-65% of total daily calories. 22  Intake of Carbohydrates across Lifespan ⬩ Adults (19-64 years): 45-65% of total daily calories. ⬩ Older Adults (65+ years): based on activity level and health status. ⬩ Pregnant and Lactating Women: increased carbohydrate needs due to the energy demands of pregnancy and breastfeeding. 23  CHO Imbalances ✔ Carbohydrate deficiency is relatively rare. ⮚ Conditions r/t to carbohydrate nutrient imbalances: ⬩ Ketosis: the body breaks down fats into ketone bodies to be used as an alternative energy source. ⬩ Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar levels -weakness, shakiness, sweating, confusion, loss of 24  CHO Imbalances ⬩ Muscle Fatigue ⬩ Mental Fatigue- difficulty concentrating, and reduced cognitive function. ⬩ Constipation- dietary fiber source. -maintaining regular bowel movements 25 ⬩ Carbohydrates are essential macronutrients that provide energy for the body. ⬩ There are two main types of carbohydrates: simple (sugars) and complex (starches and fiber). ⬩ A balanced diet should include a variety of carbohydrate sources. ⬩ Choose complex carbohydrates and limit added sugars for better health. 26  Exploring Proteins: Building Blocks of Life 27  Protein ⮚ complex molecules made up of amino acids. 28  Essential Functions: ⬩ Building Blocks. ⬩ Enzymes: act as catalysts for biochemical reactions in the body. ⬩ Immune System: Antibodies are proteins that help defend against infections. ⬩ Transport: transport nutrients, oxygen, and other substances in the blood. ⬩ Hormones: hormone regulation. ⬩ Energy 29  Sources of Protein ⬩ Animal Sources: Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products. ⬩ Plant Sources: Legumes (beans, lentils), nuts, seeds, tofu, and some grains (quinoa). 30  Recommended Daily Intake ⬩ daily intake of protein varies depending on age, sex, and activity level. ⬩ Adults: 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day. 31  Protein-related nutrient deficiencies ⬩ Kwashiorkor: insufficient protein intake, typically accompanied by sufficient calorie intake. ⬩ Symptoms: Swelling or edema, muscle wasting, fatigue, impaired growth (common in children), and a weakened immune system. 32 33  Protein-related nutrient deficiencies ⬩ Marasmus: inadequate intake of both protein and calories. ⬩ Symptoms: Severe muscle wasting, emaciation, extreme weakness, and a shrunken appearance. ⬩ Impact: Marasmus represents severe overall malnutrition, including protein deficiency, and is characterized by extreme energy deficiency. 34 35 36  Lipids/ Fats 37  Fats/ Lipids ⬩ -belong to a group of organic compounds. ⬩ -greasy substance that are not soluble in water. ⬩ -provide concentrated source of energy.  Functions: ⬩ Energy Storage ⬩ Cellular Structure- crucial component of cell membranes. Phospholipids, a type of fat, make up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, which helps regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells 39  Functions ⬩ Insulation and Temperature Regulation-adipose tissue, acts as insulation under the skin. ⬩ Protection of Organs- cushioning layer around organ ⬩ Absorption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins- absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) 40  Functions ⬩ Hormone Production-e.g., estrogen, testosterone ⬩ Satiation and Flavor-Fats contribute to the flavor and mouthfeel of foods, making them more enjoyable. 41  Classification of Fats ⬩ Based on degree of saturation with hydrogen atoms, chemical structure, sources, and health implications. 42  Saturated Fats -are fats in which all carbon atoms are bonded to hydrogen atoms, resulting in a saturated molecule without double bonds between carbon atoms. ◇ Sources: Saturated fats are primarily found in animal products like fatty cuts of meat, poultry with skin, full-fat dairy products, and certain tropical oils like coconut oil and palm oil. 43  Saturated Fats ⬩ Properties: saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature and are often associated with increased risk of heart disease when consumed in excess. 44  Unsaturated Fats -one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, leading to kinks in the molecular structure. -are typically liquid at room temperature and are considered heart-healthy when consumed in moderation 45  Unsaturated Fat classified into two main categories: ⬩ Monounsaturated Fats - with one double bond, such as those found in olive oil, avocados, and nuts ⬩ Polyunsaturated Fats-Fats with multiple double bonds, including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and vegetable oils like soybean oil. 46  Trans Fat ⬩ artificially created unsaturated fats through a process called hydrogenation, which adds hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats to make them more solid and stable. 47  Trans Fat Sources: Trans fats are found in partially hydrogenated oils, often used in processed and fried foods. ⬩ Properties: Trans fats are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and should be minimized in the diet. 48  Essential Fatty Acids ⬩ specific types of polyunsaturated fats that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained through the diet. ⬩ two primary essential fatty acids are omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. 49  Cholesterol - fat-like substance found in animal-based foods, body cells. Does not exist in plants. - -synthesis of bile, sex hormones, cortisone and Vit.D - 800-1000mg/day in the liver 50  Cholesterol ⬩ Sources: It is primarily found in foods like eggs, meat, and dairy products. ⬩ Hypercholesterolemia- high serum cholesterol ⬩ Plaque- fatty deposit containing cholesterol inside the artery wall. ⬩ 200mg/dl normal value 51  Vitamins and Mineral 52  Vitamins ⬩ organic compounds required in small amounts for various biochemical and physiological processes in the body. ⬩ vitamins are essential because the body cannot produce adequate amounts of most vitamins, so they must be obtained through the diet. 53 Two main categories of vitamins: ⬩ Fat-Soluble Vitamins: (Vitamins A, D, E, and K) ⬩ -after absorption, it is transported through the blood by lipoprotein since they are not soluble in water. ⬩ -stored in liver ⬩ -cause toxicity is used in excess 54  categories of vitamins ⬩ Water-Soluble Vitamins: (Vitamin C and B-complex vitamins, including B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12) ⬩ group of vitamins that are soluble in water and can be easily dissolved in bodily fluids, such as blood and digestive fluids. 55  Water soluble ⬩ not stored in significant amounts in the body and are typically excreted in the urine when consumed in excess. 56  Fat Soluble Vitamins ⬩ Vitamin A (Retinol) ◇ Vision: proper functioning of the retina in the eye. It helps maintain good vision, particularly in low-light conditions. ◇ Immune Function: It supports the immune system, helping the body fight infections. 57 ⬩ Skin Health: Vitamin A contributes to  Vitamin A ⬩ Skin Health: Vitamin A contributes to healthy skin and mucous membranes 58  Vitamin D ⬩ Vitamin D (Calciferol): ◇ Calcium Absorption: Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestines, promoting healthy bones and teeth. ◇ Immune Function: It plays a role in immune system regulation. ⬩ Muscle Function: Vitamin D is important 59 for muscle strength and function  Immune Function: It plays a role in immune system regulation. ⬩ Muscle Function: Vitamin D is important for muscle strength and function 60  Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Antioxidant: Vitamin E acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Skin Health: It contributes to skin health and may help reduce signs of aging. Immune Function: Vitamin E supports the immune system. 61  Vitamin K (Phylloquinone, Menadione): ◇ Blood Clotting: Vitamin K is essential for the formation of blood clots and wound healing. ◇ Bone Health: It may play a role in bone metabolism and mineralization. 62  Vitamin Biotin (Vitamin H): ◇ Metabolism: Biotin is involved in various metabolic processes, including the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids. ◇ Hair and Nail Health: It is often associated with promoting healthy hair and nails. 63  Vitamin Folate (Folic Acid): ◇ DNA Synthesis: Folate is essential for DNA synthesis and cell division. ◇ Pregnancy: It is crucial for preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy. 64 Two main categories of vitamins Water-Soluble Vitamins: (Vitamin C and B-complex vitamins, including B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12) 65  Vitamin C ◇ Function: antioxidant properties; It is also essential for collagen synthesis, wound healing, and immune system support. ◇ Sources: Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons), strawberries, kiwi, bell peppers, broccoli, and other fruits and vegetables. 66  B-Complex ◇ Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Important for energy metabolism and nerve function. Sources include whole grains, nuts, and pork. ◇ Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Involved in energy production and the metabolism of fats, drugs, and steroids. Found in dairy products, lean meats, and green 67 leafy vegetables.  B-Complex Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Plays a role in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and skin health. Found in meat, fish, and whole grains. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Necessary for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroid hormones. Available in a wide range of foods, including meat, 68 vegetables, and whole grains.  B-Complex Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Involved in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and immune function. Found in poultry, fish, bananas, and fortified cereals. Vitamin B7 (Biotin): Important for fatty acid synthesis and energy metabolism. Eggs, nuts, and leafy greens are good 69 sources.  B-Complex Vitamin B9 (Folate): Essential for DNA synthesis and cell division, particularly during pregnancy. Found in leafy greens, legumes, and fortified foods. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin): Vital for nerve function, DNA synthesis, and red blood cell production. Mainly found in animal products like meat, fish, and dairy. 70 ⬩ they are not stored in the body for extended periods, a consistent intake of these vitamins. ⬩ cooking methods that preserve the water- soluble vitamins in food, such as steaming and microwaving, can help retain their nutritional value. 71 ⬩ well-balanced diet should provide an adequate intake of vitamins. 72  Minerals 73  Minerals ⬩ play various critical roles in maintaining good health and proper functioning of the body. They are divided into two categories: macro minerals, which are needed in larger amounts. ⬩ and trace minerals, which are required in smaller quantities. 74  Calcium Bone and Teeth Health: Calcium is a major component of bones and teeth, providing strength and structure. Muscle Contraction: It is involved in muscle contractions, including the beating of the heart. 75  Calcium..Nerve Function: It is essential for transmitting nerve signals. ⬩ Blood Clotting: Calcium plays a role in blood clotting, ensuring wounds heal properly. 76  Phosphorus Bone and Teeth Health: Like calcium, phosphorus contributes to the formation and maintenance of bone and teeth structure. ◇ Energy Metabolism: It is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of cells. 77  Magnesium ◇ Muscle Function: Magnesium is necessary for proper muscle function, including relaxation after contraction. ◇ Energy Metabolism: It participates in various enzymatic reactions involved in energy production. 78  Magnesium ⬩ Bone Health: It contributes to bone health alongside calcium 79  Sodium ◇ Fluid Balance: Sodium helps regulate fluid balance in the body by controlling water movement in and out of cells. ◇ Nerve and Muscle Function: It is crucial for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. 80  Potassium Nerve and Muscle Function: Potassium plays a role in nerve impulse transmission and muscle function, including the heart's rhythm. ⬩ Blood Pressure Regulation: It helps regulate blood pressure by balancing sodium levels 81  Trace minerals ⬩ known as trace elements or micronutrients ⬩ are essential minerals that the body requires in very small amounts for various physiological and biochemical processes. 82  Iron ◇ Oxygen Transport: Iron is a key component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. ◇ Energy Production: It is involved in energy metabolism. 83  Zinc ◇ Immune Function: Zinc is essential for a healthy immune system and wound healing. ◇ Growth and Development: It plays a role in growth, development, and DNA synthesis. ◇ Taste and Smell: Zinc is necessary 84 for proper taste and smell perception.  Copper Iron Metabolism: Copper helps the body absorb and use iron efficiently. ⬩ Connective Tissues: It is involved in the formation of collagen and elastin, important components of skin and connective tissues 85  Selenium Antioxidant Function: Selenium is a component of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. ⬩ Thyroid Function: It supports the normal functioning of the thyroid 86  Minerals ⬩ Iodine: ◇ Thyroid Hormone Production: Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism and growth. ⬩ Fluoride: ◇ Dental Health: Fluoride helps prevent tooth decay by strengthening tooth enamel. 87  Minerals ⬩ Manganese: ◇ Bone Formation: Manganese contributes to bone formation and mineralization. ◇ Antioxidant Activity: It plays a role in antioxidant defense. 88 ⬩ Chromium: ◇ Insulin Function: Chromium may enhance the action of insulin, which is essential for blood sugar regulation. ⬩ Molybdenum: ⬩ Enzyme Activation: Molybdenum is a cofactor for several enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism. 89 Don’t eat less.. Eat right.. 90