Week 2 lecture slides.pptx

History of Psychological Testing & Assessment PSY61204 Psychological Tests and Measurements Dr Michele Anne Overview French clinical tradition German Nomothetic Approach British Idiographic Approach American Applied Orientation French Clinical Tradition Change...

History of Psychological Testing & Assessment PSY61204 Psychological Tests and Measurements Dr Michele Anne Overview French clinical tradition German Nomothetic Approach British Idiographic Approach American Applied Orientation French Clinical Tradition Change of perspective Change in explanation of abnormal behaviours from demonological to mental illness Philippe Pinel freed patients from chains at the asylum Differentiate between mentally ill and deficient Jean Esquirol applied statistical methods to clinical descriptors Developed procedures to train muscular and sensory abilities, which were later incorporated into intelligence tests Edouard Seguin developed the training for the mentally deficient Observation of human behaviour Large focus on hypnosis and hysteria, and the debate of whether the cause of suggestion or organic The observation of the use of hypnosis on hysteria patients at the clinic of Jena Charcot lead to Sigmund Freud theories about the unconscious Pierre Janet observation of clinical cases lead to the development of the dissociation school of psychopathology, whereby dissociation is reflected in pathological behaviour Binet-Simon scale Alfred Binet believed that difference in individuals were due to differences in complex mental / cognitive functioning Criticized procedures to measure cognitive functioning as too simple and unable to measure complex functioning Developed the Simon-Binet scale, the 1 st test of general intelligence, comprising of psychophysical, verbal, and sensory tasks Tasks chosen based on factors related to intelligence of students, not theoretical preconceptions of tester Had greater accuracy of objective measurement over clinical and personal intuition Binet- Simon scale German Nomothetic Approach Experiments on behaviour William Wundt’s work in experimental psychology provides base for the development of psychological testing Move from philosophical to experimental approach of quantifying human behaviour Emphasis on measurement of sensory functions Use of complex brass instruments to reach standardization Testing was acknowledged as the role of a psychologist Balance between two perspectives Views problems in both philosophy and taxonomy approaches Eduard Spranger suggested people organize their lives around 6 values Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values tries to measure the prominence of these 6 orientations using a test, which became a test used in social psychology Allport- Vernon- Lindzey Study of Values British Idiographic Approach Identifying genius Francis Galton believed intellectual genius can be inherited. He aimed to identify geniuses and encourage reproduction to improve intelligence of human race. Developed tests of reaction time and sensorimotor functioning to measure this inherited capacity and show individual differences Developed statistical procedures to analyse results Realized scores can be relative instead of absolute No support for relations between sensorimotor functions and intelligence Development of statistical analysis Charles Spearman’s intercorrelation of general and specific intelligence, and introduced concept of standard error Karl Pearson’s correlation height and arm span of parents and children Ronald Fisher’s development of analysis of variance Scottish surveys The British were concerned that the lower class citizens, whom had larger families and lower intelligence than the nobilities, would create a nation of morons over time Large scale intelligence testing programs were carried, one of it in Scotland Conducted Stanford-Binet IQ test on 11 years olds in 1932 and 1947 There was a statistical increase in score, unlike the expected decrease American Applied Orientation Mental testing James Cattell researched “mental test” to measure intellectual levels Theorised that difference in sensory acuity, reaction time, and other cognitive functions would result in differences in intelligence Cattell’s 1890 paper increased interest in this area, leading the American Psychological Association formed committee to collect data using various labs in 1985 Research by Stella Sharp and Clark Wissler contradicted Cattell’s findings, reducing confidence in mental measurements Stanford-Binet Henry Goddard translated the Binet-Simon German test to English to test a person’s mental level to determine their place in society Lewis Terman revised Binet-Simon scale and conducted restandardization test to create the Stanford-Binet IQ test, and the introduction of the concept of IQ Other variations of the test were developed to apply to specific samples World War 1 Army Alpha and Army Beta intelligence tests were used determine selection and placement of men for military service in World War 1. Tasks measured spatial abilities and common sense, and were administered as a group. Woodworth Personal Data Sheet was a self-report inventory about neurotic symptoms to screen out those with psychological difficulties and emotionally unsuitable. A psychiatric interviewed followed for those with high symptoms. Post World War In a safer environment, more psychological testing were developed Tests used in the army were released and used in schools Projective tests were developed, along with other standardized measures of intelligence, achievement, and personality Situational personality tests were developed Questions?