Psychological Testing and Assessment PDF

 Testing and Assessment Alfred Binet 1905, France Binet and colleague published a test designed to help place Paris school children in appropriate classes. After a decade, English- language version of Binet’s test reached the United States.  Testing and As...

 Testing and Assessment Alfred Binet 1905, France Binet and colleague published a test designed to help place Paris school children in appropriate classes. After a decade, English- language version of Binet’s test reached the United States.  Testing and Assessment During World War I Psychological testing was used in military to screen large number of recruits. Test for intellectual and emotional problems.  Testing and Assessment During World War II U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS)- used variety of procedures and measurement tools in selecting military personnel for highly specialized positions. OSS model- using innovative variety of evaluative tools along with data from the evaluations of highly trained assessors.  Psychological Psychological Testing VS Asessment It is the process of It is the gathering and measuring integration of psychology- psychological-related related tools such as variables by means of tests, interviews, case devices or procedures studies, behavioral observation, and specially designed to obtain a designed apparatuses sample of behavior. and measurement procedures. Source: Cohen-Swerdlik (2009)  Varieties of Assessment Educational Assessment- the use of tests and other tools to evaluate abilities and skills relevant to success or failure in a school or pre-school context. Retrospective Assessment- the use of evaluative tools to draw conclusions about psychological aspects of a person as they existed at some point in time prior to the assessment.  Varieties of Assessment Remote Assessment- the use of tools of psychological evaluation to gather data and draw conclusions about a subject who is not in physical proximity to the person or people conducting the evaluation. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)- “in the moment” evaluation of specific problems and related cognitive behavioral variables at the very time and place they occur.  Varieties of Assessment Collaborative assessment- the assessor and assessee work as partners from initial through final feedback. Therapeutic psychological assessment- therapeutic self- discovery and new understanding are encouraged throughout the assessment process. Dynamic assessment- follows a mode of üEvaluation üIntervention üEvaluation  Process of Assessment 1. Referral - Formulation of referral questions 2. Assessor meets the assessee 3. Assessor prepares and selects assessment tools to be used 4. Assessor conducts formal assessment 5. Assessor writes psychological report  Tools of Psychological Assessment 1. Test 2. Interview 3. Portfolio 4. Case History Data 5. Behavioral Observation 6. Role-play tests 7. Computer as tools  Tests qTest- a measuring device or procedure qPsychological Tests- device or procedure that measure constructs or variables related to psychology. qThe format, administration procedures, scoring and interpretation may differ from one test to another. qPsychometric soundness- reliable, valid and useful. qPsychometrics- science of psychological measurement  Tests qFormat- form, plan, structure, arrangement, layout of test items and its time limit. qAdministration procedures- individualized/ group qScoring- process of assigning evaluative codes or statements to performance on tests, tasks, interviews or other behavior samples.  Cut Score It also called the cut-off score/ cutoff. It is a reference point, usually numerical, derived by judgement and used to divide a set of data into two or more classifications.  Interview It is a structured conversation where one participant asks questions, and the other provides answers. Face to face talk or other formats Includes verbal and non-verbal behavior  Interview Panel Interview- more than one interviewer participates in the assessment Motivational Interview- therapeutic dialogue that combines person-centered listening skills with the use of cognition- altering techniques designed to positively affect motivation and effect therapeutic change.  Portfolio This includes products retained on paper, canvas, film, video, audio or other medium.  Case History Data refers to records, transcripts, and other accounts in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee.  Behavioral Observation monitoring the actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding those actions.  Role-play Tests Assessees are directed to act as if they were in a particular situation.  Computer As tools Adaptive testing or Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) the computer's ability to tailor to the test testtaker's ability of test-taking pattern. Computer-Assisted Psychological Assessment (CAPA) refers to the assistance computers provide to the test user. Advantages over paper-and-pencil tests: test administrators have greater access to potential test users scoring and interpretation of test data tends to be quicker lower costs facilitates testing even on isolated populations Who are the parties in assessment? 1. Test developers and publishers 2. Test users 3. Testtakers/ assessee 4. Society at large  What type of settings are assessment conducted, and why? 1. Educational Settings 2. Clinical Settings 3. Counseling Settings 4. Geriatric Settings 5. Business and military settings 6. Governmental and organizational credentialing 7. Academic research settings Others….  How are assessments conducted? 1. Before the test - Ethical guidelines must be followed - Tests must be secured - Test user must be familiarized with the test materials and procedures - Test environment must be suitable and conducive to testtakers How are assessments conducted? 2. During test - Establishing of rapport 3. After the test - Safeguarding of the test protocols - Conveying of test results - Interpreting of results  Assessment of people with disabilities Alternate Assessment- an evaluative or diagnostic procedure or process that varies from the usual, customary, or standardized way a measurement is derived, either by virtue of some special accommodation made to the assessee or by means of alternative methods designed to measure the same variable/s. q Accommodation- adaptation of a test, procedure, or situation, or the substitution of one test for another, to make the assessment more suitable for an assessee with exceptional needs.  Reference Sources: Psychological Tests and Assessment-Related Issues Test catalogues- usually contain brief description of the test. Test manuals- contain detailed information concerning the development of a particular test and technical information relating to it. Journal Articles- contain reviews of the test, updated or independent studies of its psychometric soundness, or examples of how instrument was used in either research or applied context.  Reference Sources: Psychological Tests and Assessment-Related Issues Others... Professional books Reference Volumes Online Databases  Brief History.. China Tests and testing programs begin to exist as early as 2200 B.C.E Purpose of testing: selection of applicants for government jobs. Tests focused on subjects like music, archery, horsemanship, writing, arithmetic, agriculture, geography, civil law and military strategy.  Francis Galton His interest on heredity was influenced by his cousin, Charles Darwin. -Darwin believed that humas had descended from ape as a result of such chance genetic variations. Pioneered the use of statistical concept in psychological testing, specifically the coefficient correlation. He focused on the differences among people.  Francis Galton He arranged an Anthropometric Laboratory in London (1884) to measure the following variables: Height (standing & sitting) Arm span Weight Breathing capacity Strength of pull Strength of squeeze Swiftness of blow Keenness of sight Memory of form Discrimination of color Steadiness of hand  Karl Pearson He developed the product-moment correlation technique. Its roots can be traced to Galton’s work.  Wilhelm Max Wundt He founded the first experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Together with his students, they formulate general description of human abilities with respect to variables such as reaction time, perception, and attention span. He considered differences among individuals as an ERROR in experimentation. He tried to control all possible extraneous variables to minimize error.  James McKeen Cattell He focused on individual differences, specifically in reaction time. He brought “mental testing” in America.  Charles Spearman He is also a student of Wundt. He was the proponent of the concept of test reliability. He built the mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis.  Victor Henri He collaborated with Alfred Binet on papers suggesting how mental tests could be used to measure higher mental processes.  Emil Kraepelin He was an early experimenter with the word association technique as a formal test He has a great contribution in the classification of psychopathology  Lightner Witmer He was the successor of Catell as director of psychology laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania. “little-know founder of clinical psychology” He founded the first psychological clinic in the US at the University of Pennsylvania.  Alfred Binet In 1900s, Alfred Binet was tasked to develop test to screen schoolchildren with developmental disabilities in the Paris school. In 1905, Binet collaborated with Theodore Simon in creating the world's first formal test of intelligence and was called the Binet- Simon Scale.  Stanford- Binet Intelligence Scales: Fifth Edition It can be administered to people from 2 y/o to 90+ y/o. Time needed for administration: 45 to 60 minutes Uses routing test to determine the basal level. Uses the concept of ceiling level. The norming sample consisted of 4,800 subjects from ages 2 to 85. All composite scores have a mean of 100 and sd of 15 Yields Full Scale IQ  David Wechsler §A clinical psychologist from Bellevue Hospital in Manhattan. §He introduces a test designed to measure adult intelligence. Wechsler-Bellevue 1(W-B 1) §used point scale instead of age scale. §contained 6 verbal subtests and 5 performance subtests §Problems encountered: standardization sample was restricted, lack sufficient inter-item reliability, some subtests were too easy, scoring criteria were ambiguous.  David Wechsler Other versions Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Age: 16-90 y/o Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) Age: 6-16 y/o Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV) Age: 2 yrs and 6 mos - 7 yrs and 3 mos  David Wechsler Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Itcontains 10 core subtests and 5 supplemental subtests Yields four index scores: Verbal Comprehension Index Working Memory Index Perceptual Reasoning Index Processing Speed Index General Ability Index (GAI)- overall index of intellectual ability The standardization sample consisted of 2,200 adults from age of 16 to 90 years and 11 months.  Robert S. Woodworth Woodworth Personal Data Sheet Robert S. Woodworth was assigned to develop a test measuring adjustment and emotional stability that could be administered efficiently to groups of recruits. It consists of yes/ no questions Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory- personality test for civilian based on Personal Datasheet  Projective Tests - An individual is assumed to “project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes and motivation. The Rorshcach Inkblot Test by Hermann Rorschach consists of 10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots “What might this be?” Responses are believed to reveal the asssessee's unconscious Exner Scoring System Thematic Apperception Test by Henry Murray & Christiana Morgan Contains 31 cards with vague pictures based on Murray's need theory Administered by asking the client to create a story out of the picture presented  Culture and Assessment Culture- the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people. There was an increasing sensitivity to the role of culture in many different aspects of measurement. This is manifested in greater consideration of cultural issues with respect to every aspect of test development and use, including decision making on the basis of data.  Culture and Assessment Henry H. Goddard- he raised questions about how meaningful tests, such as Simon-Binet test, when used with people from various cultural and language backgrounds. He found out that most immigrants from various nationalities are mentally deficient when tested. He questioned whether the findings were result of ”hereditary defect” or ”apparent defect due to deprivation”. In reality, findings were largely the result of translated Binet test that overestimated mental deficiency in native English-speaking populations and immigrant populations.  Culture and Assessment Culture-specific tests- test designed for use with people from one culture but not from another. q This is an attempt of test developers to deal with the impact of language and culture on tests of mental ability. Culture Fair Intelligence Test or CFIT- was developed by psychologist Raymond Cattell. It's designed to assess intelligence without being hindered by cultural and environmental factors. It relies upon non-verbal questions rather than the language and math skills that are tested in more conventional IQ tests.  Some issues regarding Culture and Assessment Verbal communication- the examiner and the examinee must speak the same language. Non-verbal communication and behavior- facial expressions and gestures may convey messages. However, the messages conveyed may differ from one culture to another.  Some issues regarding Culture and Assessment Standards of evaluation- judgements related to certain psychological traits can also be culturally relative.  Activity 1: Timeline of historical events 1. In your own creative way, create a timeline of events on psychological testing and assessment. 2. Include the important dates, notable personalities and their contributions. 3. Must be submitted in a PDF format. 4. 20 Pts.= creativity, accuracy and knowledge on the content, and timeliness of submission.