Week 2 History of engineering PDF

ENG3004 - Society and The Engineer Lecture 2: Historical Dimension a) What is Engineering? b) History of Engineering c) Why Study History of Engineering? d) Technology and Society e) Grand Challenges for Engineering 1 What is Engineering?...

ENG3004 - Society and The Engineer Lecture 2: Historical Dimension a) What is Engineering? b) History of Engineering c) Why Study History of Engineering? d) Technology and Society e) Grand Challenges for Engineering 1 What is Engineering? Creation Word engineering comes from “ingenuity” It has been pretty well agreed that the words 'ingenuity' and 'engineering' in English and 'ingéniosité' and 'ingénierie' in French are linked to the same Latin word-root and that the verb 'to engineer' means 'to be ingenious.' So the kinds of things engineers have done have been generally ingenious. And the word 'engine' means 'an ingenious and useful device.‘ Not the combustion engine of a vehicle Source: 1. Engineering - An endless frontier, S. Y. Auyang, 2004, Harvard University Press, 2 2. http://www.creatingtechnology.org/engineering.htm What is Engineering? Definition #1 Engineering is the field or discipline, practice, profession and art that relates to the development, acquisition and application of technical, scientific and mathematical knowledge about the understanding, design, development, invention, innovation and use of materials, machines, structures, systems and processes for specific purposes. For example: airplane Source: UNESCO Report, Engineering: Issues Challenges and Opportunities for Development, 2010 3 What is Engineering? Definition #2 Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind. Engineers Council for Professional Development (1961/1979) 4  ENG3004 - Society and The Engineer Engineering the World: The Impact of Engineering on Today's Society https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwfSf8rBX-I, (3’13”) 5 ENG3004 - Society and The Engineer 6 ENG3004 - Society and The Engineer Engineers Can Solve World Problems https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xHZfOz0shQ&t=16s Engineers have a curiosity trait, needing to know why and how things work. Isaac Aviles suggests those talents be used answering a calling to solve world problems. How can we improve society? How can we move in a better direction? 7 Engineer vs. Scientist Engineer: The engineer applies knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice to develop ways to economically utilize the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of humankind Scientist: The scientist discovers and systematically investigates the fundamental laws of nature and defines the principles which govern them Source: National Society of Professional Engineers, http://www.nspe.org/IssuesandAdvocacy/TakeAction/PositionStatements/ps_eng_edu.html 8 What do Engineers do? The Relationship among Science, Technology and Engineering Engineers use both scientific knowledge and mathematics on the one hand to create technologies and infrastructure to address human, social and economic issues, and challenges on the other. Engineers connect social needs with innovation and commercial applications. 9 Source: UNESCO Report, Engineering: Issues Challenges and Opportunities for Development, 2010 What do Engineers do? Discussion Question: What’s your experience from the realworld? - Internships? -Friends? - Family? 10 ENG3004 - Society and The Engineer History of Engineering 11 ENG3004 - Society and The Engineer A Short History Of Engineering https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXIuMLZqi0Y&t=2s 12 History of Engineering The history of engineering is very much the history and pre-history of humanity itself. Human beings are partly defined as tool designers and users, and it is this innovation and the design and use of tools that accounts for so much of the direction and pace of change of history. Most of the broader history of civilization, of economic and social relations, is the history of engineering, engineering applications and innovation. The Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Steam Age and Information Age all relate to engineering and innovation shaping our interaction with the world. 13 Source: UNESCO Report, Engineering: Issues Challenges and Opportunities for Development, 2010  Introduction – 1000s of years B.C. In prehistoric times, men and women had to Creative be ingenious in order to survive hunger, enemies, climate and, later, the tyranny of distance. So there have always been 'engineers' around, many of whom were involved in activities we would not associate with engineering today. They were rather involved in hunting, farming, fishing, fighting, implement- and tool-making, transportation and many other things. Source: 1. Engineering - An endless frontier, S. Y. Auyang, 2004, Harvard University Press, 14 2. http://www.creatingtechnology.org/engineering.htm  Antiquity (~2500 B.C. – 500 A.D.) ❑ Geographically, these and many other developments took place in and around the Mediterranean, in the Middle East and in Asia Minor. Pyramids were erected in the Nile Valley ❑ The Greeks - the inventors - made significant contributions in the 1000 years that straddled the BC-AD divide. They produced the screw, the ratchet, the water wheel and the aeolipile, better known as Hero's turbine ❑ The Romans - the improvers and adapters - did likewise, building fortifications, roads, aqueducts, water distribution systems and public buildings across the territories and cities they controlled for steering boats ❑ At the other end of the world, the Chinese have been credited with the development of the wheelbarrow, the rotary fan, the sternpost rudder that guided their bamboo rafts and, later, their junks. They also began making paper from vegetable fibres - and gunpowder cart with a single wheel Source: 1. Engineering - An endless frontier, S. Y. Auyang, 2004, Harvard University Press, 15 2. http://www.creatingtechnology.org/engineering.htm  Ratchet Rotate in only one direction Aeolipile (Hero’s turbine) Aquaducts Pont du gard Wheelbarrow Sternpost rudder Dark Ages and Renaissance (~500 to 1700 A.D.) ❑The so-called 'Dark Ages‘ that followed still produced some things that were ingenious. For example, there was the development of the mechanical clock and the art of printing. There was the technique of heavy iron casting that could be applied to products for war, religion and industry - for guns, church bells and machinery. ❑These 'Dark Ages' were followed by the Renaissance of the 16th century, which the engineer/inventor/artist Leonardo Da Vinci dominated. But this whole period came under the influence of the architect/engineer, who built cathedrals and other large buildings, and the military engineer who built castles and other fortifications. Source: 1. Engineering - An endless frontier, S. Y. Auyang, 2004, Harvard University Press, 22 2. http://www.creatingtechnology.org/engineering.htm Industrial revolution (1750-1850A.D.) ❑ During the century between 1750 to 1850, the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe dominated the evolution of engineering. ❑ It was significantly influenced by Savery, Newcomen, Watt and Trevithick and their steam engines; ❑ Whitworth and the development of screw-cutting and other machine tools, machinery for the mass production of industrial goods; ❑ New system of transportation - the railways - by Stephenson, Brunel and others. ❑ It also saw the beginnings of formal engineering education - notably in France - and the development of a new profession, that of civil engineering, in which 'civil' essentially means 'non-military.' The following 50-60 years saw the beginnings of travel by air and the experiments that led, much later, to nuclear power. 23 Industrial revolution (1750-1850A.D.) The economic developments of the 1800s saw the development of agrarian and handicraft economies in Europe and America transform into industrial urbanized ones. The term to describe this phenomenon would be known as the ‘Industrial Revolution’ and was first used by French writers, but made popular by English economic historian Arnold Toynbee. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLhNP0qp38Q 24 Industrial revolution (1750-1850A.D.) 25  Comments about the American Experience ❑ The development of engineering in North America followed similar steps to Western Europe. The problems of survival and food production in sometimes a hostile climate and with the requirement of transportation in this large continent. ❑ During the latter part of that century, the influence of British military engineers increased significantly, and this continued into the early 19th century. The advent of the civil engineer - and of the mechanical engineering tradesman - was a mid-to-late 19th century phenomenon. ❑ This was also the period during which the most significant engineering activities in America were canal and railway construction. And it gave rise to the beginnings of engineering education and to the organization - in 1887 - of the first professional engineering societies. ❑ Later on America has been a major participant in the development of many other fields of engineering - for example, aviation, hydro and nuclear power, electronics and long distance communications, mining and forestry. Source: 1. Engineering - An endless frontier, S. Y. Auyang, 2004, Harvard University Press, 26 2. http://www.creatingtechnology.org/engineering.htm  Engineering in the Industrial Revolution ❑ The first phase of modern engineering emerged in the Scientific Revolution. Galileo’s Two New Sciences, which seeks systematic explanations and adopts a scientific approach to practical problems, is a landmark regarded by many engineer historians as the beginning of structural scientific principles analysis, the mathematical representation and design of building structures. This phase of engineering lasted through the First Industrial Revolution, when machines, increasingly powered by steam engines, started to replace muscles in most production. ❑ While pulling off the revolution, traditional artisans transformed themselves to modern professionals. The French, more rationalistic oriented, emphasized the civil engineering with strong roots in mathematics and developed university engineering education under the sponsorship of their government. ❑ The British, more empirically oriented, pioneered mechanical engineering and autonomous professional societies. ❑ Gradually, practical thinking became scientific in addition to intuition, as engineers developed mathematical analysis and controlled experiments. ❑ Technical training shifted from apprenticeship to university education. Information flowed more quickly in organized meetings and journal publications as professional societies emerged. Source: 1. Engineering - An endless frontier, S. Y. Auyang, 2004, Harvard University Press, 27 2. http://www.creatingtechnology.org/engineering.htm Engineering in the Second Industrial Revolution ❑ The second industrial revolution, symbolized by the advent of electricity and mass production, was driven by many branches of engineering ❑ Chemical and electrical engineering developed in close collaboration with chemistry and physics and played vital roles in the rise of chemical, electrical, and telecommunication industries. Marine engineers tamed the peril of ocean exploration. Aeronautic engineers turned the ancient dream of flight into a travel convenience for ordinary people. Control engineers accelerated the pace of automation. Industrial engineers designed and managed mass production and distribution systems. ❑ College engineering curricula were well established and graduate schools appeared. Workshops turned into laboratories, artisanal manufacturing became industrial research, and individual inventions were organized into systematic innovations. Many components and system combined together like space station 28 Source: 1. Engineering - An endless frontier, S. Y. Auyang, 2004, Harvard University Press, 2. http://www.creatingtechnology.org/engineering.htm Engineering in the Information Age ❑ Research and development boomed in all fields of science and technology after World War II, partly because of the Cold War and the Sputnik effect. The explosion of engineering research, which used to lagged behind natural science, was especially impressive, as can be seen from the relative expansion of graduate education ❑ Engineering developed extensive theories of its own and firmly established itself as a science of creating, explaining, and utilizing manmade systems ❑ To lead the progress of these sophisticated technologies, engineers have remade themselves by reforming educational programs and expanding research efforts. Intensive engineering research produced not only new technologies but also bodies of powerful systematic knowledge: the engineering sciences and systems theories in information, computer, control, and communications. Internet, software engineering 29 Source: 1. Engineering - An endless frontier, S. Y. Auyang, 2004, Harvard University Press, 2. http://www.creatingtechnology.org/engineering.htm Engineering the information age ❑ Engineering was also stimulated by new technologies, notably aerospace, microelectronics, computers, novel means of telecommunications from the Internet to cell phones. Turbojet and rocket engines propelled aeronautic engineering into unprecedented height and spawned astronautic engineering. Utilization of atomic and nuclear power brought nuclear engineering ❑ Advanced materials with performance hitherto undreamed of poured out from the laboratories of materials science and engineering ❑ Above all, microelectronics, telecommunications, and computer engineering joined force to precipitate the information revolution in which intellectual chores are increasingly alleviated by machines ❑ This period also saw the maturation of graduate engineering education and the rise of large-scale research and development organized on the national level. 30 Source: 1. Engineering - An endless frontier, S. Y. Auyang, 2004, Harvard University Press, 2. http://www.creatingtechnology.org/engineering.htm Engineering in the Future ❑ So far the physical sciences – physics and chemistry – have contributed most to technology ❑ They will continue to contribute, for instance in the emerging nanotechnology that will take over the torch of the microelectronics revolution. Increasingly, they are joined by biology, which has been transformed by the spectacular success of molecular and genetic biology. Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field, drawing knowledge from biology, biochemistry, physics, information processing and various engineering expertise. The cooperation and convergence of traditional intellectual disciplines in the development of new technology has become the trend of the future. ❑ Any others? Artificial Intelligent? Picotechnology? 31 ENG3004 - Society and The Engineer Waves of Innovation 32 Waves of Innovation Using fewer resources for same producti vi ty mimic creatures to design sustainable industr i al system s Source: UNESCO Report, Engineering: Issues Challenges and Opportunities for Development, 2010 33 “Revolutions and Waves” in Modern Era Engineering powered the so-called Industrial Revolution that really took off in the United Kingdom in the eighteenth century spreading to Europe, North America and the world, replacing muscle by machine in a synergistic combination between knowledge and capital. The first Industrial Revolution took place from 1750-1850 and focused on the textile industry. The second Industrial Revolution focused on steam and the railways from 1850-1900 and the third Industrial Revolution was based on steel, electricity and heavy engineering from 1875-1925. This was followed by the fourth Industrial Revolution based on oil, the automobile and mass production, taking place between 1900-1950 and onward, and the fifth phase was based on information and telecommunications and the post-war boom from 1950. The sixth wave based on new knowledge production and application in such fields as IT, biotechnology and materials beginning around 1980, and the possible seventh wave based on sustainable ‘green’ engineering and technology seen to have begun around 2005. 34 Source: UNESCO Report, Engineering: Issues Challenges and Opportunities for Development, 2010 Summary of history of engineering The history of engineering can be roughly divided into four overlapping phases, each marked by a revolution: ❑ Pre-scientific revolution: The prehistory of modern engineering features ancient master builders and Renaissance engineers such as Leonardo da Vinci. ❑ Industrial revolution: From the eighteenth through early nineteenth Steam engine century, civil and mechanical engineers changed from practical artists to scientific professionals. ❑ Second industrial revolution: In the century before World War II, integrated circuits chemical, electrical, and other science-based engineering branches developed electricity, telecommunications, cars, airplanes, and mass production. ❑ Information revolution: As engineering science matured after the war, internet microelectronics, computers, and telecommunications jointly produced information technology. 35 Source: 1. Engineering - An endless frontier, S. Y. Auyang, 2004, Harvard University Press, 2. http://www.creatingtechnology.org/engineering.htm ENG3004 - Society and The Engineer Q: Why do we study the History of Engineering? 36  Why Study the Historical Dimension? ❑Engineers have responsibility for the things they create (… we will explore important aspects of this in the other dimensions, e.g. legal, professional, etc.) before Responsibility something has ❑ Active responsibility happened referring to a duty or task to care for certain state-of-affairs or persons. Example: safety issues in AI applications. ❑ Passive responsibility Backward-looking responsibility, relevant after something undesirable occurred; specific forms are accountability and liability. ❑To avoid mistakes of the past, Engineers have a responsibility to know how and why things failed or succeeded. 37  Engineering Disasters A brief history of one of NASA's more embarrassing mistakes and the poor choices that led to it. This is what happens when everybody isn't using the same tools https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2L5_swAT5A What’s the story behind these events? 38 Engineering Disasters The blowout preventer that was intended to shut off the flow of high-pressure oil and gas from the Macondo well in the Gulf of Mexico during the disaster on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig on April 20, 2010, failed to seal the well because drill pipe buckled for reasons the offshore drilling industry remains https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvuzuyEKLd8 largely unaware of. What’s the story behind these events? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCVCOWejlag 39 Engineering Disasters From an iceberg to human error, a confluence of factors led to the sinking of the "unsinkable" RMS Titanic. Learn about the series of events leading up to the disaster, the laws that followed, and the discovery of the wreckage nearly 75 years later. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpABdOzmxJY What’s the story behind these events? 40 http://www.history.com/topics/titanic  Engineering Disasters ❑ The Titanic lacked a sufficient number of lifeboats decades Year 1854after most of the passengers and crew on the steamship 350 people dead Arctic had perished because of the same problem. ❑ In June 1966, a section of the Milford Haven bridge in Wales collapsed during the construction. In October the same year, a bridge of similar design was being erected by the same bridge-builder in Melbourne, Australia, when it too partially collapsed, killing 33 people and injuring 19. ❑ In June 1999, NASA's metric confusion caused Mars orbiter loss Builder use British unit NASA use metric unit ❑ The BP Deepwater Horizon drilling rig collapsed in the Gulf of Mexico on April 22, 2010 ❑ Imperial Vs. Metric 41 The Primary Causes of Engineering Disasters ❑ Human factors (including both 'ethical' failure and accidents) e.g. Crew run away instead of saving passengers ❑ Design flaws (many of which are also the result of unethical practices) Not caring other... ❑ Materials failures e.g. fracture in aircraft ❑ Extreme conditions or environments, and, most commonly and importantly ❑ Combinations of these reasons e.g. Nuclear power plant failure in Japan: earthquake>>tsunami>> nuclear reactor melt down>> leakage of radioactive materials 42 The Primary Causes of Engineering Disasters ❑ Insufficient knowledge 36% ❑ Underestimation of influence 16% ❑ Ignorance, carelessness, negligence 14% ❑ Forgetfulness, error 13% ❑ Relying upon others without sufficient control 9% ❑ Objectively unknown situation 7% ❑ Imprecise definition of responsibilities 1% ❑ Choice of bad quality 1% ❑ Other 3% 43 ENG3004 - Society and The Engineer Technology and Society 44 Technology and Society Considering modern history, in 1712 there was Questions to ask yourself: Steam engine Which was used in mining application for transport coal mine.The engine is heavy ❑ When did engineering really begin? ❑ What is the connection between engineering and society? ❑ How do these activities affect other members of society? ❑ How do these activities affect you as an engineer? 45 Five Major Characteristics of Technology It affacts human culture in society e.g. ❑ A form of human cultural activity mobile phone , communication through internet ❑ It is essentially for practical and purposes For particular use and solving problems ❑ It involves exercising human freedom and responsibility, particularly in choosing problems and in design approaches; that is, it involves making choices in response to normative values, such as How to use it right; technology should those derived from a belief in God be regulated by law and ethical standards, e.g. no cam in toilet ❑ It ultimately involves forming and transforming the material world and not primarily the sphere of ideas, It can change and create our environment and improve our living thoughts, or symbols standard e.g. buildings, lighting air-conditioning system... ❑ It is typically done with the aid of tools and procedure Hardware (Steps) System approach in planni 46 Technology and Society Sustaining vs. Distruptive 47  Sustaining vs. Disruptive Technologies Sustaining Technology In the same market; Improvement in the old market ❑ Incremental innovations ❑ Sustaining technologies foster improved product performance. ❑ Sustaining technologies can be discontinuous or radical in character, but they serve to improve the fundamental change performance of established products along the dimensions of performance that mainstream customers have historically valued. in long term ❑ EXAMPLES? 48 Sustaining vs. Disruptive Technologies Creating new market Disruptive Technology e.g. online publishing, smart phone ❑ Disruptive technologies usually result in worse performance, at least in the near term, according to the metrics of value that are used in the mainstream market. For example: new technology will replace old and old technology will die such as on-line publishing and not many people will see newspapers (hardcopy) now ❑ Disruptive technologies bring a different value proposition to the market than what had been Very often it complete with old technology and available previously. New technology grow quickly ❑ Disruptive technologies are generally cheaper, simpler, smaller, low performing and more convenient to use. e.g. emails to replace mails low cost 49 Sustaining vs. Disruptive Technologies Disruptive Technology ❑ Promise low margins, not higher margins profit margins ❑ Disruptive technologies are may be commercialized Very easy to add in new function and in emerging or insignificant markets it start at insignificant market or small market at the beginning ❑ Established firms' leading customers generally don't want, or can't use, a disruptive technology at first The leading customers may not know how to use it or lose some old customers e.g. Sustaining technology: early automobile - because too expensive ❑ EXAMPLES? (no change to horse-drawn vehicle market) Disruptive tech.: Yr. 1908 mass produced automobile because it change the transportation market 50 Sustaining vs. Disruptive Technologies Why Do Big Companies Fail? The Tale of Disruptive Innovation Why Do Big Companies Fail? - “Companies are misguided when they continuously listen to their current customers.” Disruptive innovations are the new innovations whose applications can significantly affect a market or industry functions. They create a new market and value systems which eventually disrupts the existing market, displacing market-leading firms, products, etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42det8_W5Es 51 Why Do Big Companies Fail? 52 Basic Questions for Technology ❑ How and why was this technology developed? profit margins ❑ How has it been transferred? Technology transfer ❑ What are the “technology drivers” in this area? ❑ How have the goals of technological development in this area changed over time and how might they best be achieved? ❑ What are the roles and responsibilities of professional engineers with respect to this technology? ❑ What have been its broad social, political, economic, and environmental impacts? 53 Technology and Engineering in the Future Q: How far will technology and engineering take society in your lifetime? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQsMbGTIdgY 54