ITEC 101 – Introduction to Information Technology Storage PDF

ITEC 101 – Introduction to Information Technology 5. STORAGE Instructor: Monyrath Buntoun (Ms.) 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Name several general characteristics of storage systems. 2. Describe the two most common types of hard drive...

ITEC 101 – Introduction to Information Technology 5. STORAGE Instructor: Monyrath Buntoun (Ms.) 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Name several general characteristics of storage systems. 2. Describe the two most common types of hard drives and what they are used for today. 3. Discuss the various types of optical discs available today and how they differ from each other. 4. Identify some flash memory storage devices and media and explain how they are used today. 5. List at least three other types of storage systems. 6. Summarize the storage alternatives for a typical personal computer. 2 CONTENT I. Storage System Characteristic II. Hard Drives III. Optical Discs and Drives IV. Flash Memory Storage Systems V. Network and Cloud Storage Systems VI. Smart Cards VII. Evaluating Your Storage Alternatives 3 STORAGE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS Storage Media and Storage Devices Hard Disk Drive  Medium Physical hardware where data is stored. In forms of magnetic, optical, solid state, etc.  Device Medium is inserted into device to be used. Eg. Hard Disk Drive is a magnetic storage device. USB Flash Drive Can be internal (inside the system unit), external (USB flash drive), or remote (in another computer – network/cloud storage) 4 Storage devices are typically identified by letter (eg. Drive C:\ ) STORAGE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS  Volatility Storage media are nonvolatile  Random vs. Sequential Access Random access (direct access) allows data to be retrieved from any location on the storage medium Virtually all storage devices use random access Sequential access means retrieval of data can occur only in the order in which it was physically stored on the storage medium Magnetic tape drive 5 STORAGE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS  Logical vs. Physical Representation  File – Anything stored on a storage medium, such as a program, document, digital image, or song  Filename – Name given to a file by the user  Folder – Named place on a storage medium into which files can be stored 6 STORAGE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS Contiguous File Allocation Logical file representation  Files stored in folders, and drives that we can see in our Operating System Eg. C:\ > ITEC101 > Assignment.pdf Physical file representation  File stored on a storage medium using its physical locations Eg. Contiguous File Allocation, Linked File 7 Allocation, etc. Img src: https://www.scaler.com/topics/file-allocation-methods-in-os/ HARD DRIVES Hard Drive  Used to store most programs and data  Can be internal or external Magnetic Hard Drives  One or more permanently sealed metal magnetic disks with an access mechanism and read/write heads  Disks are spinning during read/write process Img src: https://www.gcsecs.com/magnetic-hard-disk-drive.html  Data is represented by the magnetic polarity transitions (North or South / Positive or 8 Negative) HARD DRIVES 9 HOW IT WORKS BOX More Storage for Your Tablet  Media tablets often have a minimum of 64 GB or 128GB of storage  To extend storage, can transfer content to and from PCs or the cloud  Easier is to use a wireless hard drive  Need the appropriate app 10 HARD DRIVES Solid State Drives (SSDs)  Use flash memory technology  Use less power and have no moving parts  Particularly appropriate for portable computers and mobile devices  Most modern laptops nowadays uses SSDs 11 HYBRID HARD DRIVES Hybrid Hard Drives (SSHDs)  Combination of flash memory and magnetic hard drive  Uses flash memory for cache  Cheaper than SSDs 12 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL HARD DRIVES Internal hard drives  Permanent storage devices located inside the system unit  Removed only if a problem develops External hard drives  Commonly used to transport large amounts of data from one computer to another  Portable external hard drives are smaller and easier to transport  Most connect with a USB connection although some may 13 be wireless INSIDE THE INDUSTRY BOX Data Recovery Experts  Can recover data from damaged storage devices  Can be used when devices are physically damaged or just stop working  Back up to prevent data loss 14 HARD DRIVE PARTITIONING Partitioning  Divides the physical capacity of a single drive logically into separate areas, called partitions  Partitions function as independent hard drives  Referred to as logical drives Partitions used to create:  A recovery partition  A new logical drive for data  A dual boot system 15 Img src: https://www.easeus.com/partition-manager-software/c-drive-red-bar.html HARD DRIVE INTERFACE STANDARDS Determine how a drive connects to the motherboard Common standards in Consumer’s Computers Serial Advanced Peripheral Component Integrated Device Technology Attachment Electronics (IDE) Interconnect Express (SATA) (PCIE) Max transfer speed: Max transfer speed: Max transfer speed: 133MB/s 600MB/s 16GB/s HARD DRIVE INTERFACE STANDARDS Common standards in Server Computer  Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA) – not hot-swappable  Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)  Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) 17 DISCUSSION Discover other types of Storage including: how it works, where it is commonly used, and its future aspects 1. Optical Disks 2. Flash Memory Storage System 3. Cloud Storage 4. Other types of storage (Emerging technology such as DNA storage, etc.) 18 OPTICAL DISCS AND DRIVES Optical Disc Characteristics  A type of storage read from and written to using laser beams  Standard for software delivery beside the downloading from the web  Have a relatively large capacity and are durable  Used for backup purposes and for storing and transporting music, photos, video, etc. 19 OPTICAL DISCS AND DRIVES Representing Data on an Optical Disc  Pits and lands are used to represent 1s and 0s  The transition between a pit and a land represents a 1; no transition represents a 0 20 OPTICAL DISCS AND DRIVES Optical Drives  Three categories of discs: CD, DVD, or Blu-Ray Disc (BD)  Can be read-only, recordable, or rewritable  Almost always downward compatible  Recording data onto disc is called burning  Can be internal or external drives External drives typically connect via USB port Most older laptops has built-in internal drives 21 OPTICAL DISCS AND DRIVES Optical Disc Shapes, Sizes, and Capacities  Standard size is 120-mm (about 4.7 inches) Mini discs are smaller—80-mm  Theoretically can be made into various shapes—hearts, triangles, irregular shapes, or a hockey-rink shape Patent battle exists about changing optical disc shapes None of these different shapes are currently available 22 READ-ONLY OPTICAL DISCS CD ROM, DVD ROM, and BD-ROM – Can be read from, but not written to, by the user  CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory)  DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc Read-Only Memory)  BD-ROM (Blu-Ray Disc Read-Only Memory) Normally come pre-recorded  Software programs  Music  Movies 23  Games (PlayStation, Wii, Xbox, etc.) RECORDABLE OPTICAL DISCS CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R Discs  Can be written to, but cannot be erased and reused  Used for backing up files, sending large files to others, and creating custom music CDs 24 REWRITABLE OPTICAL DISCS CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and BD-RE Discs  Can be written to, erased and reused  Appropriate for transferring large files from one computer to another or temporarily storing TV shows 25 TREND BOX DNA Data Storage  Possible data storage medium: Long-term, high- density encoding  Researchers have encoded data in DNA: Translated into binary 0s and 1s, then to a ternary code, and then as strings of DNA’s chemical bases and stored in DNA  Biggest obstacle is cost - $12,400/MB  Biggest possibility: archiving 26 DNA DATA STORAGE 27  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use What does it mean if the storage device is "remote"? 28 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Logical file representation refers to 29 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Which of the following is true about Magnetic Hard Drive? 30 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Solid State Drive (SSDs) has no moving parts. 31 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Which of the following is the purpose of hard drive partitioning? 32 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Which of the following Optical Disc can be written to, but cannot rewrite? 33 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Blu-ray Disc is called is named like this because the disc is blue 34 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use What is this device? 35 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use What is this device? 36 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide. FLASH MEMORY STORAGE SYSTEMS Flash Memory  Chip-based storage medium that represents data using electrons (electrical charges to the transistors)  Has no moving parts  Used in Inside a SSD SSDs Flash Embedded flash memory memory General-purpose flash memory card Specialize flash memory card 37 USB Flash Drives Img src: https://www.kingston.com/unitedkingdom/en/blog/pc-performance/nand-flash-technology-and-ssd FLASH MEMORY STORAGE SYSTEMS  Embedded Flash Memory – Flash memory chips embedded into products, such as Portable digital media players, digital cameras Handheld gaming devices, GPS devices, mobile phones Sunglasses and wristwatches 38 FLASH MEMORY STORAGE SYSTEMS  General-purpose flash memory card Appropriate for most applications Balance performance for general tasks such as storing images, videos, and music Commonly used in smartphones and tablets 39 FLASH MEMORY STORAGE SYSTEMS  Specialized flash memory cards Professional flash memory cards Designed for professional photographers Gaming flash memory cards Img src: https://www.kevinpepperphotography.com/blog/2 016/5/1/which-memory-card-is-better-a-compact- Designed for gaming consoles flash-or-an-sd-card HD flash memory cards Designed for capturing and transferring high-definition video 40 FLASH MEMORY STORAGE SYSTEMS  USB Flash Drives Sometimes called flash memory drives, jump drives, or thumb drives Flash memory media integrated into a self-contained unit that plug into and is powered by a USB port Designed to be very small and very portable Available in a host of formats including custom shapes Can be built into a consumer product Img src: https://www.flashbay.com/support/faq/NAND-flash Can be used to lock a computer and to issue Web site passwords 41 Can include biometric features, such as a built-in fingerprint reader FLASH MEMORY STORAGE SYSTEMS 42 OTHER TYPES OF STORAGE SYSTEMS Network Storage and Cloud Storage Systems  Remote storage Using a storage device not directly connected to the computer being used Accessed through the Internet or through a network  Network storage Remote storage via local network 43 NETWORK AND CLOUD STORAGE SYSTEMS Network attached storage (NAS)  High performance storage systems connected individually to a network  Designed for small business and home use  More suitable for file sharing (similar to OneDrive) Storage area network (SAN) Img src: https://www.open-e.com/blog/differences-between-a-nas-and-a-san-explained/  Separate network of hard drives or other storage devices which are attached to the main network 44  More suitable for block level data sharing NETWORK AND CLOUD STORAGE SYSTEMS 45 NETWORK AND CLOUD STORAGE SYSTEMS Cloud storage (online storage)  Accessed via the Internet Via Web sites (Flickr, Facebook, Google Docs, etc.) Via online storage sites (Box, Dropbox, etc.) Growing in importance because more and more applications are Web based Increasing being used for backup purposes Files can be synched between PC and cloud storage Many Web sites providing online storage offer it free 46 Business cloud storage is available HOW ARE CLOUD STORAGE SYSTEM DIFFERENT FROM NETWORK STORAGE SYSTEM? 47 HOW ARE CLOUD STORAGE SYSTEM DIFFERENT FROM NETWORK STORAGE SYSTEM? Network Storage System Cloud Storage System  Local level though remotely  Completely remote and accessible accessible over the internet  Physical ownership of the storage  Owned by cloud storage companies system  Offers maintenance and management  Needs an IT team or department to manage the system 48 STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR LARGE COMPUTER SYSTEMS 49 STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR LARGE COMPUTER SYSTEMS  Business storage needs are growing exponentially – Digital data produced is expected to double every two years through 2020  Storage server Hardware device containing multiple high-speed hard drives connected to the computer system or network 50 STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR LARGE COMPUTER SYSTEMS RAID (redundant arrays of independent discs)  Method of storing data on two or more hard drives that work together to do the job of a larger drive  Mostly used to protect critical data on large storage systems  Usually involves recording redundant copies of stored data  Helps to increase fault tolerance hot-swappable 51 STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR LARGE COMPUTER SYSTEMS Different levels of RAID:  RAID 0 = disk striping (spread files over two or more hard drives)  RAID 1 = disk mirroring (duplicate copy)  Other level use a combination or striping and mirroring Drobo system  New RAID storage system  Much easier to use than previous systems  Offers continuous data redundancy  Can combined hard disks of different capacities 52 and brands STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR LARGE COMPUTER SYSTEMS 53 SMART CARDS Smart Card  Credit card-sized piece of plastic that contains some computer circuitry or integrated chips (processor, memory, and storage) Img src: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-50331257  Stores small amount of data (about 64 KB or less) ** Cards with QR Code or Magnetic Stripe is not considered a Smart Card 54 Img src: https://www.electronicdesign.com/markets/automotive/article/21171149/global-market-insights-smart-cards-the-smart-play-in-transportation SMART CARDS  Commonly used to store prepaid amounts of digital cash or personal information  Smart card readers are built into or attached to a computer, door lock, vending machine, or other device  Some smart cards store biometric data  Use of mobile smart cards is an emerging trend 55 EVALUATING YOUR STORAGE ALTERNATIVES Product Characteristics to Consider:  Read/Write Speed – Do you need to transfer large files? (eg. Videos, or just documents)  Compatibility – compatible interface with your computer’s motherboard or can be plugged into your computer through existing ports  Storage capacity  Portability Most Users Require:  Hard drive  Flash memory card reader 56  USB ports EXTRA CREDITS For those who wants extra credits, choose a storage alternative for specifically for your use case. Write an essay to explain:  Your chosen alternative storage (USB Flash Drive, External Hard Drive, etc.)  All Product Characteristics specifically for your use case  Justify why the chosen storage alternative is the best for your use case. Write a minimum of 300 words essay. 57 BONUS: ETHICS IN ACTION For the case of a lost devices in public areas, and there are no identifying information on the device. Is it ethical for the finder to look into the content of device to identify the owner? Why or why not? Group 1: Finder’s perspective Group 2: Owner’s perspective Group 3: Responsible authority’s perspective (Cafes, Malls, Schools) Group 4: Legal and Policy perspective 58 REFERENCES 1. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition, Chapter 3 59 QUICK SURVEY Quiz on Monday 15th July, 2024 https://forms.gle/gwLTT6cU1CodKzan9 60