Week-1(1).pdf

C S 0 0 1 Computer Basics 1 Computer A computer is an electronic device that can receive, store, process, and output C S 0 0 1 data based on a set of instructions (programs). It is designed to execute applications and provides a variety of solutions by combining integrated hardware and software comp...

C S 0 0 1 Computer Basics 1 Computer A computer is an electronic device that can receive, store, process, and output C S 0 0 1 data based on a set of instructions (programs). It is designed to execute applications and provides a variety of solutions by combining integrated hardware and software components. 2 Computer Basics Information processing cycle The core operations of a computer, often referred to as the computer's "information processing cycle," can be broken down into four basic actions: 1. Input: This is the process by which data and instructions are given to the computer. Devices such C S 0 0 1 as keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, and microphones are commonly used for input. 2. Processing: Once the data is inputted, the computer's central processing unit (CPU) processes the information. This means it performs operations on the data, like arithmetic or logic operations, based on the instructions provided. 3 Computer Basics Information processing cycle 3. Storage: After or during processing, the computer saves data in its memory. There are various levels of storage, including: Primary storage: Temporary storage (like RAM) that provides fast access for the CPU C S 0 0 1 to data and instructions while the computer is running. Secondary storage: Long-term storage (like hard drives, SSDs, or external storage devices) where data, applications, and the operating system reside. 4 Computer Basics Information processing cycle 4. Output: Once data has been inputted and processed, the computer displays or outputs the results. This can be in the form of visual display on a monitor, printed on paper, played through speakers, saved to a file, or transmitted to C S 0 0 1 another computer or device. Output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers. 5 Computer Basics Data vs Information Both "data" and "information" are fundamental concepts in the realm of computing and information systems, but they have distinct meanings: Data: C S 0 0 1 refers to raw facts and figures without any context. It can be any character, text, word, number, or even a bit or a byte. Example: a sequence of numbers like "19930315" or a list of names without context. 6 Computer Basics Data vs Information Information: Is data that has been processed in such a way that C S 0 0 1 it is meaningful. Data becomes information when it is interpreted in a context and given purpose. Example: Knowing that "19930315" is a date, "March 15, 1993", or understanding that a list of names refers to attendees at a conference. 7 Computer Basics Transistor Transistors in computers are used as electronic switches to represent binary values. At a basic level, a transistor in a digital circuit can be in 0 one of two states, which correspond to the binary values of 0 and 1. C S 0 0 1 Off State: When a transistor is "off" or in a non-conductive state, it does not allow current to pass through. This state represents the 1 binary value 0. On State: When a transistor is "on" or in a conductive state, it allows current to flow through. This state represents the binary value 1. 8 Computer Basics Measurement Units In computing, data storage and processing are quantified using a hierarchy of units. The foundational unit is the "bit," and from there, we scale up. Here's a breakdown of these units, starting from the smallest: C S 0 0 1 Bit: - Symbol: b - Definition: A "bit" is the most basic unit of data in computing. It can have one of two values, typically represented as 0 or 1. 1 0 bit bit 9 Computer Basics Measurement Units Byte: - Symbol: B - Definition: A "byte" consists of 8 bits. It's the standard unit of data used to C S 0 0 1 represent a character in computers, such as a letter, number, or symbol. - Conversion: 1 Byte = 8 bits Byte 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 10 Computer Basics Measurement Units Kilobyte: - Symbol: KB C S 0 0 1 1 1 - Definition: Kilobyte is often the next step up from a byte. 0 2 - Conversion (in binary): 1 KB = 1,024 Bytes 1 3 Megabyte: - Symbol: MB - Definition: Megabyte is commonly used to represent data... 1 1023 0 1024 file sizes or storage capacities. - Conversion (in binary): 1 MB = 1,024 KB 11 Computer Basics Measurement Units Gigabyte: - Symbol: GB - Definition: Gigabyte is a higher order of magnitude and is commonly used C S 0 0 1 today to represent storage capacities, especially for hard drives, SSDs, and USB sticks. - Conversion (in binary): 1 GB = 1,024 MB Beyond GB, there are further units like Terabyte (TB), Petabyte (PB), Exabyte (EB), and so on, each representing an additional factor of 1,024 from the previous. 12 Computer Basics Decimal system Computers, at their most fundamental level, operate using the binary (base-2) system, represented by bits that are either 0s or 1s. However, for various applications and interfaces with humans, computers often need to work with C S 0 0 1 the decimal (base-10) system, which we use in our daily lives. Decimal numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 Computer Basics Decimal system Example: Data Transfer and Storage: While the capacities of storage devices (like hard C S 0 0 1 drives or SSDs) are inherently based on binary, manufacturers often market them using decimal prefixes. For instance, a "500GB" hard drive usually provides 500 billion bytes of storage, not 536,870,912,000 bytes (which would be 500GiB in binary terms). 14 Computer Basics Hexadecimal system The hexadecimal (base-16) system is widely used in computing because of its concise representation of binary data and its ease of conversion to and from binary. In the hexadecimal system, numbers can be represented using the C S 0 0 1 digits 0-9 and the letters A-F (or a-f), with 'A' representing 10, 'B' representing 11, and so on up to 'F' representing 15. Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 15 Computer Basics Hexadecimal system Example: Color Representation in Web Design: In digital design and web development, colors are often C S 0 0 1 represented using the hexadecimal (hex) notation, especially in the context of the RGB color model. In the RGB model, colors are defined by three components: RGB Red (R), Green (G), and Blue (B). Each of these components can have a value ranging from 0 to 255 in decimal notation. 16 Computer Basics Hexadecimal system Color Representation in Web Design: When representing RGB colors in hexadecimal format: 1. The red, green, and blue components are each converted into a two-digit hexadecimal number. 2. These three two-digit hex numbers are then concatenated, forming a six- C S 0 0 1 digit hex number. 3. This hex number is usually prefixed with a `#` symbol. Here are some examples: White: Black: - RGB(255, 255, 255) - RGB(0, 0, 0) - Hex: `#FFFFFF` - Hex: `#000000` 17 Computer Basics Hexadecimal system Color Representation in Web Design: Red: - RGB(255, 0, 0) - Hex: `#FF0000` C S 0 0 1 Green: - RGB(0, 255, 0) - Hex: `#00FF00` Blue: - RGB(0, 0, 255) - Hex: `#0000FF` 18 Computer Basics Encoding tables Computers use encoding tables like ASCII and Unicode to represent and manipulate textual information in a format they can understand binary. These encoding systems provide a standardized way to map individual characters C S 0 0 1 (such as letters, numbers, and symbols) to specific numbers, which can then be represented in binary and stored or processed by a computer. A 0 1 ASCII 0 0 0 65 0 0 1 19 Computer Basics Encoding tables How computers use these encoding tables? ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a 7-bit character encoding standard that can represent 128 different characters, including English letters, numbers and control characters. C S 0 0 1 Unicode is a much broader encoding standard designed to represent characters from virtually all written languages. Usage in Computers: UTF-16: This encoding uses either one or two 16-bit code units per character, making it suitable for representing a wider range of characters directly. Unicode can represent special characters, emojis, and many international symbols that ASCII cannot. 20 Computer Basics Computer Types Computers can be categorized based on their size, capability, and purpose. Here's a list of various types of computers: C S 0 0 1 Supercomputers: Purpose: Used for complex, high-end computations. Examples: Weather forecasting, molecular research, simulations. 21 Computer Basics Computer Types Mainframe Computers: Purpose: Handle large amounts of data, C S 0 0 1 support multiple users simultaneously, and run commercial applications. Examples: Transaction processing for large organizations like banks, airline reservations. 22 Computer Basics Computer Types Servers: Purpose: Serve data to other computers (clients) on a network. Examples: Schools and universities use servers to provide students and staff with access to resources such as online courses, research databases, and email. C S 0 0 1 Microcomputers (Personal Computers): » Desktop Computers: General-purpose computers for individual users. » Laptop Computers: Portable version of desktops. » Netbooks: Smaller laptops primarily for internet use. » Tablets: Touchscreen-based, like Apple's iPad or Samsung's Galaxy Tab. 23 Computer Basics Computer Types Workstations: Purpose: More powerful than personal computers, used for tasks needing better graphics or computational power. C S 0 0 1 Examples: Video editing, CAD design, 3D design tasks. 24