Week 10 Test Bank 2 PDF

**41. How does redistribution function in ranked societies like those of the Trobriand Islanders?** A. Redistribution is based on equal sharing among all members.\ B. Leaders prioritize their own wealth accumulation.\ C. Leaders collect and redistribute resources to maintain social harmony.\ D. Res...

**41. How does redistribution function in ranked societies like those of the Trobriand Islanders?** A. Redistribution is based on equal sharing among all members.\ B. Leaders prioritize their own wealth accumulation.\ C. Leaders collect and redistribute resources to maintain social harmony.\ D. Resources are only redistributed during crises.\ E. Redistribution is symbolic and does not affect economic balance. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: In ranked societies like the Trobriand Islanders, redistribution involves leaders collecting surplus resources and redistributing them to maintain social harmony and demonstrate generosity. **42. What is the primary role of potlatch ceremonies among the Kwakwaka'wakw?** A. To equalize resource distribution between kinship groups.\ B. To eliminate wealth disparities within the community.\ C. To display wealth and redistribute resources to reinforce status.\ D. To ensure temporary leadership roles are assigned.\ E. To create alliances through symbolic exchanges. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Potlatch ceremonies demonstrate a leader's wealth and reinforce their status, redistributing surplus resources in a manner that maintains social order. **43. How do age sets contribute to social cohesion among the Maasai?** A. By redistributing wealth equally among age groups.\ B. By limiting leadership roles to elder age sets.\ C. By organizing individuals into lifelong groups with shared responsibilities.\ D. By formalizing temporary alliances between communities.\ E. By ensuring ceremonial roles are shared equally among members. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: Among the Maasai, age sets promote cohesion by involving individuals in shared responsibilities and ceremonial activities across their lifetimes. **44. How do symbolic groups in Sapir's model differ from physical groups?** A. They require strong emotional bonds for group cohesion.\ B. They rely solely on proximity for group organization.\ C. They are defined by shared symbols or status rather than location.\ D. They prioritize redistribution over symbolic practices.\ E. They limit membership based on kinship ties. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Symbolic groups are defined by shared symbols or status, unlike physical groups, which are organized around proximity or direct interaction. **45. What ensures resource sharing in egalitarian societies?** A. Redistribution through hierarchical ceremonies.\ B. Inheritance-based wealth systems.\ C. Generalized reciprocity and social pressure.\ D. Leadership roles that enforce equality.\ E. Symbolic ceremonies that redistribute wealth. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Egalitarian societies rely on generalized reciprocity and social pressure to ensure equitable resource sharing, avoiding hoarding and wealth disparities. **46. How does the caste system restrict social mobility?** A. By prioritizing economic redistribution over mobility.\ B. By allowing limited opportunities for wealth accumulation.\ C. By enforcing hereditary roles and marriage within castes.\ D. By discouraging collective responsibility within groups.\ E. By promoting symbolic group identity over practical roles. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: The caste system enforces rigid stratification, with hereditary roles and endogamous marriage practices ensuring minimal social mobility across castes. **47. What is the primary focus of redistribution in class societies?** A. To ensure complete equality in access to resources.\ B. To eliminate symbolic markers of social distinction.\ C. To balance inequalities through systems like taxation.\ D. To promote temporary leadership roles through surplus sharing.\ E. To formalize alliances between unrelated groups. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Redistribution in class societies, such as through taxation, aims to address economic disparities and create some balance in resource allocation. **48. How do high-emotion groups differ from low-emotion groups in Sapir's model?** A. High-emotion groups rely on symbolic ties rather than proximity.\ B. High-emotion groups are always formed for practical goals.\ C. High-emotion groups emphasize close-knit relationships and personal bonds.\ D. High-emotion groups prioritize economic redistribution.\ E. High-emotion groups eliminate distinctions in group hierarchy. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: High-emotion groups in Sapir's model, such as close-knit families, are characterized by strong personal bonds and emotional associations. **49. Why are potlatch ceremonies significant in ranked societies?** A. They eliminate wealth disparities entirely.\ B. They formalize alliances within kinship-based groups.\ C. They reinforce social hierarchies through displays of generosity.\ D. They promote temporary leadership roles within the community.\ E. They create symbolic connections without practical redistribution. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Potlatch ceremonies serve to redistribute resources while reinforcing the social hierarchies of leaders who demonstrate their wealth and generosity. **50. What defines the leadership structure of egalitarian societies?** A. Leadership is hereditary and based on kinship.\ B. Leaders are selected through formal elections.\ C. Leadership is situational and based on specific needs.\ D. Leaders maintain power through economic redistribution.\ E. Leadership is symbolic and ceremonial only. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: In egalitarian societies, leadership is situational and temporary, emerging based on specific skills or needs rather than hereditary or formal structures. **51. How does redistribution reinforce leadership in ranked societies?** A. By promoting temporary alliances between unrelated groups.\ B. By equalizing resource access among all members.\ C. By assigning permanent leadership roles through rituals.\ D. By allowing leaders to display generosity and maintain social order.\ E. By ensuring ceremonial wealth is shared equally across kin groups. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Redistribution in ranked societies reinforces leadership by enabling leaders to display their generosity, maintain their prestige, and uphold social order. **52. What characteristic defines egalitarian societies?** A. Permanent leadership roles based on inheritance.\ B. Redistribution of resources through ceremonial exchanges.\ C. Resource hoarding to promote individual prestige.\ D. Situational leadership based on skill or necessity.\ E. Hierarchical resource distribution through age sets. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Egalitarian societies rely on situational leadership, where individuals take on temporary roles based on their skills or the specific needs of the community. **53. In Sapir's model, what differentiates low-emotion groups from high-emotion groups?** A. High-emotion groups prioritize symbolic connections.\ B. Low-emotion groups are exclusively formed around kinship ties.\ C. High-emotion groups require shared physical proximity.\ D. Low-emotion groups are often composed of casual acquaintances.\ E. Low-emotion groups rely on strong emotional bonds. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Low-emotion groups in Sapir's model, such as casual acquaintances, lack the deep personal and emotional connections that define high-emotion groups. **54. Why are potlatch ceremonies integral to ranked societies?** A. They eliminate all distinctions between social classes.\ B. They replace kin-based systems with voluntary associations.\ C. They prioritize collective decision-making over individual wealth.\ D. They redistribute surplus resources to reinforce hierarchical structures.\ E. They establish temporary leadership through ceremonial roles. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Potlatch ceremonies redistribute surplus resources, allowing leaders to demonstrate generosity and solidify their position within the social hierarchy. **55. How do age sets like those in Maasai culture function in social organization?** A. They reinforce wealth disparities between kinship groups.\ B. They eliminate the need for redistribution through ceremonies.\ C. They restrict leadership roles to elder individuals.\ D. They ensure equal access to resources for all members.\ E. They organize individuals into groups with shared lifelong responsibilities. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: Age sets in Maasai culture create lifelong social groups, with shared responsibilities and rites of passage that foster unity and social cohesion. **56. What ensures the prevention of wealth accumulation in egalitarian societies?** A. Redistribution through potlatch-like ceremonies.\ B. Formalized taxation systems enforced by leaders.\ C. Ceremonial exchanges that redistribute surplus wealth.\ D. Social pressure and practices like "insulting the meat."\ E. Centralized leadership that enforces equal sharing. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Egalitarian societies use social mechanisms like gossip and \"insulting the meat\" to discourage arrogance and prevent individuals from accumulating excessive resources. **57. What is a key feature of the caste system in India?** A. Social mobility between castes is unrestricted.\ B. Leadership roles are temporary and skill-based.\ C. Redistribution of resources is prioritized over hierarchy.\ D. Group identity is formed around shared symbolic practices.\ E. Individuals are born into hierarchical groups with rigid social boundaries. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: The caste system enforces rigid social stratification, where individuals are born into hierarchical groups, with little or no opportunity for mobility. **58. How does redistribution function in modern class societies?** A. Redistribution eliminates all economic inequalities.\ B. Redistribution is limited to symbolic exchanges.\ C. Redistribution only occurs during periods of crisis.\ D. Redistribution addresses inequalities through systems like taxation.\ E. Redistribution formalizes temporary alliances between classes. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: In modern class societies, redistribution mechanisms like taxation aim to address economic disparities and balance resource allocation. **59. What is the primary role of high-emotion groups in Sapir's model?** A. To reinforce economic stratification through kinship ties.\ B. To establish formal leadership roles through shared proximity.\ C. To prioritize resource redistribution over social connection.\ D. To build strong personal bonds, such as those in families or friendships.\ E. To foster casual relationships that enhance social networks. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: High-emotion groups in Sapir's model, such as families or close friendships, are defined by their strong emotional bonds and personal associations. **60. Why is reciprocity significant in egalitarian societies?** A. It reinforces hierarchical leadership roles.\ B. It formalizes symbolic group identity through exchanges.\ C. It ensures equal distribution of resources and prevents hoarding.\ D. It promotes temporary alliances between unrelated groups.\ E. It eliminates the need for situational leadership. **Correct Answer: E**\ *Explanation*: Reciprocity ensures that resources are shared equitably in egalitarian societies, preventing hoarding and fostering community-wide equality. **61. What defines the leadership structure in ranked societies?** A. Leadership is always temporary and based on need.\ B. Leadership is determined by voluntary group associations.\ C. Leadership is based on equal contributions from all members.\ D. Leadership is hereditary and reinforces social hierarchies.\ E. Leadership roles are assigned symbolically rather than practically. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: In ranked societies, leadership roles are often hereditary, reinforcing the social hierarchy and maintaining the status of specific lineages or individuals. **62. How do sodalities differ from kin-based groups?** A. Sodalities are exclusively formed through hierarchical redistribution.\ B. Sodalities rely on physical proximity for group formation.\ C. Sodalities limit membership to economically similar individuals.\ D. Sodalities cut across kinship lines to promote social cohesion.\ E. Sodalities emphasize temporary leadership roles for members. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Sodalities are voluntary associations that transcend kinship ties, promoting unity among individuals based on shared interests, age, or gender roles. **63. What is a distinguishing feature of class societies compared to egalitarian societies?** A. Class societies rely on situational leadership based on skill.\ B. Class societies emphasize ceremonial wealth redistribution.\ C. Class societies restrict mobility more than ranked societies.\ D. Class societies allow limited social mobility based on economic factors.\ E. Class societies prioritize equality in resource distribution. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Unlike egalitarian societies, class societies permit limited social mobility, enabling individuals to move between classes based on wealth or achievement. **64. How do potlatch ceremonies reinforce the social order?** A. By allowing leaders to display generosity and maintain status.\ B. By limiting wealth accumulation within kin groups.\ C. By formalizing temporary leadership roles through wealth sharing.\ D. By redistributing resources equally among all community members.\ E. By ensuring that all symbolic exchanges strengthen group ties. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: Potlatch ceremonies demonstrate a leader's generosity and reinforce their status within the community, redistributing resources in a way that maintains the social hierarchy. **65. Why do the Maisin resist large-scale economic systems?** A. They aim to formalize their leadership through resource control.\ B. They seek to eliminate redistribution practices within their society.\ C. They promote economic stratification through ceremonial wealth sharing.\ D. They value traditional ecological knowledge to preserve their environment.\ E. They focus on forming symbolic groups for environmental activism. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: The Maisin resist large-scale economic systems by relying on traditional ecological knowledge to preserve their forests and maintain their cultural identity. **66. What purpose do rites of passage serve in sodalities like the Maasai age sets?** A. They equalize access to economic opportunities.\ B. They formalize temporary leadership roles through ceremonies.\ C. They organize individuals into groups with shared lifelong obligations.\ D. They prioritize economic redistribution over social cohesion.\ E. They create alliances between kinship-based groups. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Among the Maasai, rites of passage organize individuals into age sets that share responsibilities and obligations throughout their lives, fostering unity and identity. **67. How do generalized reciprocity practices promote equality in egalitarian societies?** A. By redistributing resources through ceremonial exchanges.\ B. By restricting leadership roles to skilled individuals.\ C. By ensuring equal access to resources through mutual sharing.\ D. By reinforcing social hierarchies through symbolic wealth.\ E. By eliminating casual relationships in resource exchange. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Generalized reciprocity ensures that resources are freely shared among members of egalitarian societies, preventing wealth accumulation and promoting communal harmony. **68. What is a key characteristic of symbolic groups in Sapir's model?** A. They emphasize proximity and direct physical interaction.\ B. They rely on temporary alliances to function.\ C. They are defined by shared symbols or status, not location.\ D. They prioritize redistribution over symbolic practices.\ E. They eliminate distinctions between kin-based and voluntary groups. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Symbolic groups are characterized by their shared symbols or status, differentiating them from physical groups, which are defined by direct proximity or interaction. **69. How do potlatch ceremonies serve to redistribute wealth?** A. They redistribute surplus resources to demonstrate generosity.\ B. They promote situational leadership based on need.\ C. They emphasize resource redistribution to reinforce group identity.\ D. They replace voluntary associations with hierarchical structures.\ E. They formalize kinship ties through symbolic exchanges. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: Potlatch ceremonies redistribute surplus resources, allowing leaders to display their wealth and reinforce their status within ranked societies. **70. What is a defining feature of the caste system compared to class societies?** A. Caste systems rely solely on redistribution to maintain hierarchy.\ B. Caste systems eliminate wealth accumulation through ceremonial sharing.\ C. Caste systems allow for temporary social mobility based on skill.\ D. Caste systems restrict mobility entirely and assign roles by birth.\ E. Caste systems prioritize symbolic exchanges over practical ties. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: The caste system enforces rigid social stratification, where roles and statuses are assigned by birth with no opportunity for mobility, unlike class societies. **71. What distinguishes ranked societies from egalitarian societies?** A. Ranked societies rely on generalized reciprocity to ensure equality.\ B. Ranked societies prioritize kinship-based redistribution systems.\ C. Ranked societies limit resource sharing to ceremonial exchanges.\ D. Ranked societies have hereditary leadership roles tied to prestige.\ E. Ranked societies enforce absolute equality in resource access. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: In ranked societies, leadership roles are hereditary and tied to prestige, contrasting with the situational leadership of egalitarian societies. **72. How do sodalities promote social cohesion in tribal societies?** A. By limiting resource redistribution to kin-based groups.\ B. By formalizing hierarchical leadership through ceremonies.\ C. By creating competitive relationships between unrelated individuals.\ D. By organizing individuals into voluntary groups based on shared interests.\ E. By restricting membership to those of equal economic status. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: Sodalities bring individuals together across kinship lines, forming voluntary associations based on shared age, gender, or interests, fostering unity within the society. **73. Why is redistribution significant in ranked societies like the Nuxalk?** A. Redistribution equalizes access to resources for all community members.\ B. Redistribution removes economic disparities between kinship groups.\ C. Redistribution highlights ceremonial wealth rather than social order.\ D. Redistribution reinforces the leader's status and social hierarchy.\ E. Redistribution limits the influence of symbolic group identity. **Correct Answer: D**\ *Explanation*: In ranked societies, redistribution demonstrates a leader's generosity and reinforces their social status, maintaining hierarchical structures. **74. What distinguishes class societies from egalitarian societies?** A. Class societies allow some social mobility based on wealth or achievement.\ B. Class societies rely on generalized reciprocity for resource sharing.\ C. Class societies prioritize temporary leadership roles over inherited ones.\ D. Class societies ensure equal redistribution of surplus resources.\ E. Class societies eliminate distinctions based on kinship or lineage. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: Class societies differ from egalitarian ones by permitting limited social mobility, often tied to economic success or individual achievement, unlike egalitarian systems which emphasize equality. **75. How do age sets like those among the Maasai support social organization?** A. By eliminating ceremonial roles in favor of practical ones.\ B. By ensuring that leaders emerge only from elder groups.\ C. By grouping individuals into lifelong associations with shared rites of passage.\ D. By redistributing resources through centralized systems.\ E. By limiting leadership roles to kinship-based structures. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Age sets among the Maasai organize individuals into groups that share lifelong responsibilities and undergo significant rites of passage together, reinforcing unity and social structure. **76. What is the primary purpose of high-emotion groups in Sapir's model?** A. To form alliances through symbolic exchanges and ceremonial practices.\ B. To prioritize resource redistribution over emotional connections.\ C. To establish close-knit bonds, such as those in families or friendships.\ D. To create temporary associations for practical goals.\ E. To enforce social order through casual relationships. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: High-emotion groups are characterized by strong emotional bonds, such as those found in families or close friendships, which define their cohesion and function. **77. What distinguishes symbolic groups from physical groups in Sapir's model?** A. Symbolic groups rely on direct physical proximity for their formation.\ B. Symbolic groups emphasize redistribution of resources over status.\ C. Symbolic groups are defined by shared symbols or status markers.\ D. Symbolic groups prioritize emotional bonds over practical goals.\ E. Symbolic groups limit their membership based on kinship ties. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Symbolic groups are formed through shared symbols or status, such as elite clubs, rather than physical proximity or practical interaction. **78. Why is reciprocity essential in egalitarian societies like the Ju/'hoansi?** A. Reciprocity ensures that temporary leadership roles are maintained.\ B. Reciprocity reinforces social hierarchies through symbolic exchanges.\ C. Reciprocity allows for the equal sharing of resources and prevents hoarding.\ D. Reciprocity formalizes alliances between unrelated individuals.\ E. Reciprocity eliminates the need for ceremonial wealth redistribution. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: In egalitarian societies, generalized reciprocity ensures resources are shared freely, discouraging hoarding and maintaining equality among members. **79. What role do potlatch ceremonies play in the social structure of the Kwakwaka'wakw?** A. Potlatches create alliances between unrelated groups.\ B. Potlatches limit wealth accumulation among community leaders.\ C. Potlatches redistribute surplus resources to reinforce leaders' generosity and status.\ D. Potlatches ensure equal resource access across kin groups.\ E. Potlatches eliminate distinctions between ceremonial and practical wealth. **Correct Answer: C**\ *Explanation*: Potlatch ceremonies involve redistributing surplus resources in a way that highlights a leader's generosity and reinforces their social status within the community. **80. How does the caste system maintain rigid social boundaries?** A. By limiting mobility and assigning roles based on birth.\ B. By formalizing temporary leadership through economic roles.\ C. By redistributing resources to balance economic inequalities.\ D. By emphasizing symbolic ties over practical associations.\ E. By removing distinctions between economic and social hierarchies. **Correct Answer: A**\ *Explanation*: The caste system enforces strict social boundaries by assigning individuals to hierarchical roles at birth, with little or no opportunity for social mobility.