Fertilizer PDF

# Fertilizer ## RT10303 Chemistry for Agriculture - Types of Fertilizers - Fertilizer Formulations and Application - Environmental Impact of Fertilizer Use ## FERTILIZER Fertilizer is a substance that’s added to soil to help plants grow. It can be natural products, such as manure, and are referr...

# Fertilizer ## RT10303 Chemistry for Agriculture - Types of Fertilizers - Fertilizer Formulations and Application - Environmental Impact of Fertilizer Use ## FERTILIZER Fertilizer is a substance that’s added to soil to help plants grow. It can be natural products, such as manure, and are referred to as natural fertilizers. Fertilizers can also be synthetic compounds known as synthetic fertilizers. ## TYPES OF FERTILIZERS ### Organic fertilizers: Fertilizers derived from living or formerly living materials or biological in origin. They are also known as organic manures, which are classified as farmyard manure, compost, and green manures. ## TYPES OF FERTILIZERS ### Bio-Fertilizers - Products that contain living microorganisms, which exert direct or indirect beneficial effects on plant growth and crop yield through different mechanisms. - Biofertilizers containing biological nitrogen-fixing organisms are of utmost importance in agriculture. - Some of the Bio-fertilizers are rhizobium, azotobacter, azospirillum, blue green algae, azolla, mycorrhizae ## BIO FERTILIZERS | | | | |---|---|---| | Anabaena azollae | Mycorrhizal Fungi | pseudomonas fluorescens | | Azospirillum | Rhizobium | Rhizoctonia Solani | ## TYPES OF FERTILIZERS ### Inorganic fertilizers - Modern chemical fertilizers include one or more of the three elements that are most important in plant nutrition: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). These three elements are known as macronutrients, and plants consume them in large quantities. - The secondary importance are the elements sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg). and calcium (Ca). - Modern synthetic fertilizers are composed mainly of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and they can be classified as Nitrogenous fertilizers (Urea, DAP, NH4 NO3). Phosphorus fertilizers (super phosphate, triple phosphate).Potassium fertilizers (KCl, K2 SO4, KNO3). ## Essential and Beneficial Elements in Higher Plants | | | | | | | | | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | * **Essential Mineral Element** | * **Essential Non-mineral Element** | * **Beneficial Mineral Element** | **H** | **Li** | **Be** | **B** | **C** | | | | | **He** | **Na** | **Mg** | **N** | **O** | | | | | **F** | **Ne** | **Al** | **Si** | **P** | | | | | **S** | **Cl** | **Ar** | **K** | **Ca** | | | | | **Sc** | **Ti** | **V** | **Cr** | **Mn** | | | | | **Fe** | **Co** | **Ni** | **Cu** | **Zn** | | | | | **Ga** | **Ge** | **As** | **Se** | **Br** | | | | | **Kr** | **Rb** | **Sr** | **Y** | **Zr** | | | | | **Nb** | **Mo** | **Tc** | **Ru** | **Rh** | | | | | **Pd** | **Ag** | **Cd** | **In** | **Sn** | | | | | **Sb** | **Te** | **I** | **Xe** | **Cs** | | | | | **Ba** | **La** | **Hf** | **Ta** | **W** | | | | | **Re** | **Os** | **Ir** | **Pt** | **Au** | | | | | **Hg** | **Tl** | **Pb** | **Bi** | **Po** | | | | | **At** | **Rn** | **Fr** | **Ra** | **Ac** | | | | | **Rf** | **Db** | **Sg** | **Bh** | **Hs** | | | | | **Mt** | **Ds** | **Rg** | **Cn** | **Nh** | | | | | **Fl** | **Mc** | **Lv** | **Ts** | **Og** | | | | | **Ce** | **Pr** | **Nd** | **Pm** | **Sm** | | | | | **Eu** | **Gd** | **Tb** | **Dy** | **Ho** | | | | | **Er** | **Tm** | **Yb** | **Lu** | **Th** | | | | | **Pa** | **U** | **Np** | **Pu** | **Am** | | | | | **Cm** | **Bk** | **Cf** | **Es** | **Fm** | | | | | **Md** | **No** | **Lr** | | | ## Macronutrients from air / water - C - H ## Macronutrients from soils - N - P - K - Ca - Mg - S ## Micronutrients from soils - B - Cl - Cu - Fe - Mn - Mo - Ni - Zn ## Principle of crop nutrition: crop growth is limited by the most deficient nutrient - "Law of the Minimum" (Liebig, 1843): "Crop yields are proportional to the amount of the most limiting nutrient." - Plant nutrients have specific and essential functions in crop metabolisms - They cannot replace each other, and lack of any one nutrient limits crop growth - It is therefore essential to focus on balanced nutrition of all plant nutrients ## Simple plant deficiency ### New growth - **Calcium:** New leaves misshapen or stunted. Existing leaves remain green. - **Nitrogen:** Upper leaves are light green where lower leaves are yellow. Bottom or older leaves are yellow and shrivelled. - **Carbon Dioxide:** White deposits on leaves. Stunted growth, and plant die back - **Phosphate:** Leaves are darker than normal and loss of leaves. - **Iron:** Young leaves are yellow and white with green veins. Mature leaves are normal. - **Potassium:** Yellowing at the tips and edges, usually in younger leaves. Dead or yellow patches develop on leaves. - **Manganese:** Yellow spots and or elongated holes between velns. - **Magnesium:** Lower leaves turn yellow from outside going in, veins remain green ## Go Garden NPK 20:20:20 All Purpose Plant Food for Gardening ## JVF 15.15.15 + B&Zn(TE) Compound Fertilizer ## Japan Vietnam Fertilizer Company ## FERTILIZERS: FUNCTION ### Nitrogen (N) Nitrogen is vital for leaf and stem growth and is a major component of chlorophyll, which plants use in photosynthesis to convert sunlight into energy. Nitrogen originates from the air (78% of the earth's atmosphere is nitrogen). The most common process in nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing is to create ammonia from a mixture of nitrogen from the air and hydrogen from natural gas ### Nitrogen (N) - Most nitrogen on Earth is present as nitrogen gas, which is unusable for plants and animals. In the early 1900's, scientists discovered how to transform nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into nitrogen-containing compounds that could be used to fertilize soils. - This industrial fixation is called the Haber-Bosch process. - **HABER-BOSCH PROCESS** An industrial nitrogen fixation process that can be performed in a laboratory to produce fertilizer components. It was discovered by and is named for the scientists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch. ## FERTILIZERS: FUNCTION ### Phosphorus (P) Phosphorus supports the development of roots, flowers, and seeds and is involved in the plant's energy transfer processes. Potassium contributes to the overall health of the plant by regulating various metabolic activities, including photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and resistance to diseases. Phosphate is sourced from insoluble calcium phosphate rocks. Rock phosphate is made available for the plant usually through a chemical process to create plant-friendly fertilizers ## FERTILIZERS: FUNCTION ### Potassium (K) Potassium contributes to the overall health of the plant by regulating various metabolic activities, including photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and resistance to diseases. Potassium is sourced from old sea and lake beds formed millions of years ago. Since potassium sources are often located far below the soil surface (1-2km depth), plant roots are unable to reach them naturally ## NPK Production of Main Fertilizer Products ### Raw materials - Air (N2) - Natural gas ### Intermediate products - Ammonia - Nitric acid - Carbon dioxide - Urea - Phosphate rock - Phosphate concentrate - Sulphuric acid - Phosphoric acid - Potassium chloride solution - Nitric acid ### Mineral fertilizers - Ammonium nitrate (AN) - UAN - Single superphosphate (SSP) - Mono-and diammonium phosphate (MAP/DAP) - Triple superphosphate (TSP) - Muriate of potash (MOP) - Potassium nitrate (KN) - Sulphate of potash (SOP) ## NPK - **Nitrogen:** Healthy Green Foliage - **Phosphorus:** Strong Roots & Blooms - **Potassium:** Healthy Plant Growth ## FERTILIZERS: TYPES OF FERTILIZER ### Granular fertilizers Slow-release and come in dry pellet form. They're meant to break down slowly over time with every watering. ## FERTILIZERS: TYPES OF FERTILIZER ### Foliar feeding Involves spraying liquid fertilizers directly onto the leaves of plants. This method is used to address nutrient deficiencies or supplement micronutrients. ## FERTILIZERS: COMPONENTS - The grade of a fertilizer usually refers to the percentage of the three major nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It appears as three big numbers on the fertilizer label. - The first number is the total nitrogen concentration in the fertilizer, the second is the phosphorus concentration and the third refers to potassium. - For example, a fertilizer with a grade of 13-10-27 contains 13% nitrogen, 10% of phosphorus as P2O5 and 27% of potassium as K2O. - A fertilizer with a grade of 46-0-0 contains 46% nitrogen only. ## FERTILIZERS: CALCULATION - A= Fertilizer material required (kg/ha) - R= Recommended rate (kg/ha) - C= Guaranteed analysis (%) **Example** You need 20 kg/ha of phosphorus (P) and you plan to use single superphosphate with 8.8% P. A = ?; R = 20 kg/ha; C= 8.8% Amount of superphosphate required (kg/ha) = 20 kg/ha x 100 ÷ 8.8 = 227 kg/ha ## FERTILIZERS: CALCULATION - A= Fertilizer material required (kg/ha) - R= Recommended rate (kg/ha) - C= Guaranteed analysis (%) A total of 50kg of fertilizer (15-5-20) is used for a crop area of 1 hectare. Calculate how many kilograms of phosphorus have been supplied. N = 15% P = 5% K = 20% A= (Rx100)/C A= Fertilizer material required (kg/ha) = 50 kg/ha R = Recommended rate (kg/ha) = ? C= Guaranteed analysis (%) = 5% 50 kg/ha = (R x 100)/5% R= (50/100) 5 = 2.5kg of phosphorus (P) are needed for a 1 ha area ## FERTILIZERS: CALCULATION - A= Fertilizer material required (kg/ha) - R= Recommended rate (kg/ha) - C= Guaranteed analysis (%) A total of 50kg of fertilizer (15-5-20) is used for a crop area of 1 hectare. Calculate how many kilograms of phosphorus have been supplied. ## FERTILIZERS: CALCULATION - A= Fertilizer material required (kg/ha) - R= Recommended rate (kg/ha) - C= Guaranteed analysis (%) Calculate the amount of urea (46%), single superphosphate (18% P2O5) and muriate of potash (60% K2O) to meet the recommended rate of 80 N - 30 P205-30 Κ20. ## FERTILIZERS: CALCULATION - A= Fertilizer material required (kg/ha) - R= Recommended rate (kg/ha) - C= Guaranteed analysis (%) Calculate the amount of urea (46%), single superphosphate (18% P2O5) and muriate of potash (60% K2O) to meet the recommended rate of 80 N - 30 P205-30 Κ20. ## CHEMICAL FERTILISERS AND SOIL HEALTH - Continuous utilization of chemical fertilizers is responsible for the decline of soil organic matter (SOM) content coupled with a decrease in the quality of agricultural soil. - The overuse of chemical fertilizers hardens the soil, reduces soil fertility, pollutes air, water, and soil, and lessens important nutrients of soil and minerals, thereby bringing hazards to environment. - Sole utilization of chemical fertilizers led to weak microbial activity in the cropping system. - Constant use of chemical fertilizer can alter the pH of soil, increase pests, acidification, and soil crust, which results in decreasing organic matter load, humus load, useful organisms, stunting plant growth, and even become responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases. - These will undoubtedly influence the soil biodiversity by upsetting soil well-being because of long time persistence in it. ## IMPACTS OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON THE ENVIRONMENT Comparison of total inorganic fertilizer consumption in the world and Asian countries during 2001, 2010, and 2018. (Source: FAO, 2021). <start_of_image> watershed - N2-fertilizers - Direct application of fertilizers - pH imbalance in soil - Leached into groundwater - Groundwater - Food chain - Impact on human health - Thyroid - Diabetes - Blue baby syndrome - Carcinogenicity ## Impacts of Chemical fertilizers on the environment - Excessive Fertilizer Runoff A SILENT THREAT TO OUR ENVIRONMENT - Nutrients Leaching ## Eutrophication - A change in an environment's nutrient status caused by high levels of nutrients (nitrogen or phosphorus) entering waterways (lakes, rivers, or oceans). One major consequence is harmful algal blooms and the loss of aquatic life. ## What is Eutrophication? - 1. Fertilizer runoff or leaching - 2. Algae blooms due to presence of nutrients - 3. Bacteria use oxygen to break down the algae - 4. Fish suffocate due to lack of oxygen ## Addressing Runoff and Pollution Concerns Runoff from excess NPK fertilisers poses a serious threat to the environment, particularly to water bodies. To address these concerns, farmers and agricultural scientists are implementing best management practices that include: - Buffer zones around water sources with vegetation that can capture runoff. - Constructing wetlands and other bioremediation systems to filter out excess nutrients. - Adopting no-till and reduced-till practices to minimise soil erosion and nutrient loss. - Applying fertilisers at rates and times that match crop nutrient uptake and growth cycles. - Enhancing soil structure and organic matter to improve its water retention and reduce runoff. ## The Importance of Riparian Buffers - Upland Buffer or Incised Stream or Ditch Channel with Field Erosion Problem - Ideal Buffer: 25 ft forested on side of channel and 25 ft grassed bottom next to field - Supporting Wildlife - Carbon Sequestration - Water Quality - Connectivity - Soil Health ## Agricultural output - Emergent plants - Submerged plants - Floating leaved plants ## Constructed Wetland - Phosphate fertilizer - Nitrogenous fertilizer - Substrates - Emergent plants - Submerged plants - Floating leaved plants - Gravel ## Healthy environment - Sustainability, food security and healthy production - Nanopollution, mineral depletion, and eutrophication - Mineral fertilizers - Biofertilizers - Organic fertilizers - Nano-bio fertilizers - Bio-nano fertilizers - Sustainable development - Sustainable Agriculture ## No-Till ## Tilled ## 4R - Right Source - Right Time - Right Rate - Right Place ## Fertilizer management - The 4 R’s - Right Product - Right Rate - Right Time - Right Place ## What you have learned - Types of fertilizer - Chemical fertilizer components and functions - Fertilizer Calculation - Chemical fertilizer and their impacts - Fertilizer management