Week 1 QNR2043 2.pptx

ORIENTALISTS’ STUDIES OF THE QURAN AND SUNNAH (QNR2043) Nur Saadah bt Hamisan @ Khair E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 0132223146 COURSE OUTLINE OBJECTIVES: 1. To learn the history and development of Orientalism, their major schools of thought and pro...

ORIENTALISTS’ STUDIES OF THE QURAN AND SUNNAH (QNR2043) Nur Saadah bt Hamisan @ Khair E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 0132223146 COURSE OUTLINE OBJECTIVES: 1. To learn the history and development of Orientalism, their major schools of thought and prominent figures that contributed in the study of the Quran and hadith. 2. To critically analyse the Orientalists’ views and explore their works and studies on the Quran and hadith. 3. To discuss and provide a thorough appraisal on the Orientalists methods, thoughts and criticisms on the Quran and hadith. 4. To refute the Orientalists’ views with constructive criticism and arguments based on the Quran and Sunnah perspectives.  TOPICS 1. Introduction to Orientalist Studies 2. Criticism on the Quran: A Historical Overview 3. The Process of Collection and Codification 4. Foreign Theological Influences in the Quran 5. Linguistic Obscurity of the Quran 6. Crystallization of the Quran and Wansbrough’s Theory 7. The Quran as Historical Source 8. Criticism on Matn (Hadith) 9. Criticism on Sanad 10.Criticism of the 20th century 11.Criticism on Sirah Nabawiyyah ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS PERCENTAGE % Individual Essay 25 Project (Group Work) 25 Final Exam 50 TOTAL 100 RULES AND REGULATIONS ATTENDANC HYBRID/ PARTICIPATI E Punctuality Mentally and Physically ONLINE Synchronize (MS Team/Google Meet/Zoom) ON Language(s) 2 ways Attendance Form Asynchronize (Whatsapp/Telegram) Reason of Absence GOALS TEACHING AND LEARNING METHOD Lecture: Face to Face Online/Synchronize – Week 3, 7, 12, 13 PLEASE REFER TO: Tutorial Class COURSE TEACHING PLAN Face to Face Online/Synchronize Asynchronize (WhatsApp/GOALS) ORIENTALISM? ORIENTALIST? Opinion? WHAT IS ORIENTALISM?  The Orient means the East. It is a traditional designation for anything that belongs to the Eastern world.  Traditionally the term 'Orientalism' has denoted the study of the languages, cultures or religions of the Orient.  The term “Orientalism,” later known as “Oriental Studies,” began in reference to the study of languages and cultures of the so-called Orient.  Although initially focused on the ancient and modern Near East, the term “Orient” was indiscriminately used for all of the Asian civilizations encountered by Europeans in their eastward imperial and colonial expansion. (Oxford Bibliographies) ORIGIN OF THE TERM The term “orientalist” first occurs in English around 1779. In 1769, Edward Holdworth was the first author who adduced the term in his article entitled Remarks and Dissertations on Virgil. In French in 1799; “orientalism” had then the broad meaning of “being oriented towards an oriental culture”. Orientalism refers to “ineradicable distinction between Western superiority and Oriental inferiority.” (Edward Said, 1978) Other Muslims discussed on orientalism: al-Tibawi in 1963, and some Muslim reformers like al-Afghani and Muhammad at the end of 19th century and early of the Although the20th century.was discussed later, it is a fact that the idea of orientalism orientalism was emerged earlier in the 12th century mostly after the Quran has been translated into Latin (Ahmad Yumni, Mohd Fairuz & Mardzelah, 2019). ORIENTALIST A researcher of the Eastern matters, studying or seeking orient. Scholars who are conducting studies about the east in all aspects. “Anyone who teaches, writes about, or researches the Orient and this applies whether the person is anthropologist, sociologist, historian, or philologist either in its specific or its general aspects” (Said, 2003). “The Western scholars who wrote about Islamic thought and civilization” (Malik Bennabi, 1977) “The scholars who want to search in the language and the sciences of the Orient” (Mohammaed Kurd Ali). “The one who studies the civilization of the Arab and Islam” (al-Ziyadi). The orientalists have desire to go against Islam and make the Muslims away from their belief, and this could be one of the objectives of orientalism (Ahmad Ghorab, 1995). EXAMPLES OF ORIENTAL STUDIES  SOAS University of London (the School of Oriental and African Studies) London, England.  The Faculty of Oriental Studies, formerly the Oriental Institute (O.I.), is part of the Humanities Division of the University of Oxford.  Institute of Oriental Studies, University of Vienna.  The University of Leipzig Institute of Oriental Studies (IOS) is one of the few regional- scientifically aligned teaching and research establishments in Germany. EDWARD SAID’S DEFINITIONS Orientalism is a term signifies the Western studies for the purpose of purporting colonialism (1978). It refers to at least three separate but interrelated meanings: 1. An academic discipline, tradition, or field 2. A worldview, a representation, a “style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between 'the Orient' and (most of the time) 'the Occident'” that is found among writers, philosophers, economists, politicians, etc. 3. As a powerful political instrument of domination, “a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient ”[30. 2-3]. How the West sees the East  MUSTAFA AL-SIBA’I’S STUDY ON ORIENTALISM Among the first Muslims responded the concept of ‘Western colonial discourse’, and found the stimulus behind the orientalist research Religiou s Factor Coloniali Academi sm c Factor Factor Political Economi Factor c Factor RELIGIOUS FACTOR Muṣṭafā al-Sibāʿī ranked religion as the main factor behind the western’s interest in pursuing research on the east. This was based on his study of the major pioneers who explored this area. Most of the patrons who inspired the ideas, advocated and encouraged the orientalist’s enterprises were priests or those who were related to the church in some way. Among them: Jerbert (999), Pierrela Aenere (1156), and Gerrad de Gremone (1187) He named the Cluniacs, Benedictines, Dominicans and Franciscans as a few of the main church establishments which undertook an important role in the Western’s research on Islam. COLONIALISM FACTOR Having failed totally in the Crusades, the West did not give up their efforts to conquer the eastern territories. They began their quest to study the east in order to find the way to physically conquer the Arabs in general and Islam in particular. However, Mustafa al-Siba’I failed to identify any other examples of research done by the orientalism related to colonialism. COLONIALISM FACTOR For example, 1. The encyclopaedia about Egypt entitled Description de l’Egypte which was compiled between 1809 and 1822 was produced by French scholars during France’s occupation of Egypt, led by Napoleon Bonaparte. In fact, this work was written by or at the very least commanded by Napoleon himself. 2. A work by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (1857-1936), who for several years was the advisor in religious matters to the government. Though he was tolerant of Islamic religious life, his policy as a colonial official was to repress Islamic political activism in Indonesia. 3. Asiatic Society of Bengal (1784) by William Jones, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain (1823), and Batavian Society for Arts and Sciences in Jakarta (1778) – these contributed to the work of the colonials  It is well-documented that the specific orders given to Afonso de Albuquerque by King Manuel I of Portugal in 1505 was to crush Muslim power and trade in the East by capturing Aden, Ormuz and Malacca. de Albuquerque later added the sultanate in Goa to the list. So this notion that the Portuguese explored the East purely as friendly, peaceful traders is a fantasy. Even a cursory reading of the 'The commentaries of the great Afonso D'alboquerque' or the great 'Os Lusíadas' by de Camões will reveal that the primary goal of Portuguese expansion into the East was the destruction of its (1511) A VIEW OVER MALACCA Muslim Sultanates and the SHORTLY AFTER IT'S CONQUEST BY THE subjugation of the 'Moros' by PORTUGUESE, AS DRAWN BY GASPAR conquest - the profits gained by CORREIA IN HIS 'LENDAS DA ÍNDIA', monopolised trade and the looting and acquisition of new WRITTEN IN THE 16TH CENTURY. territory were just welcome by- products of that policy. ECONOMIC FACTOR Economically, the western colonial aims to widen their business empires, as well as to collect natural resources, and as a result, they gave negative impacts to the native population. The establishment of Chairs of Arabic, academic positions which were created in western universities such as at Oxford and Cambridge were often supported financially by British traders or companies who wished to expand their business network and beyond the Mediterranean areas. Waardenburg, furthermore, explains that economic, politics and military progress under the reign of the ʿUthmāniyyah Empire became the main factor which spurred studies on social and cultural aspects of the east. Many western researchers were interested to conduct studies on the success of the Uthmāniyyah Caliphate. POLITICAL FACTOR Politically, each ambassador placed in Islamic countries was responsible for acquiring the local language and gathering info on its culture and politics. Modernisation is the main hidden agenda of the West to prospel research into the east to penetrate the political boundaries of the Levantine countries. Political relationship between the east and the west – diplomatic letters between countries required delegate and translators during the Umayyad caliphate. ACADEMIC FACTOR  Among the main factor that motivates the west to explore the east.  Intellectual exploration of culture, language as well as eastern religions was one of the main factors which became the basis for western researchers to study the orient/east.  Many works have been produced by scholars which are extremely beneficial to both western and eastern communities. WHAT IS YOUR OWN DEFINITION? Any Question?