Week 1 - Formation of Universe- Formation of Stars PDF

Physical Science – Week 2 Stellar Nucleosynthesis and; Atomic Number and the Synthesis of New Element  Physical Science – Week 2 Stellar Nucleosynthesis: The Rise of the Stars MELC 1: Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements...

Physical Science – Week 2 Stellar Nucleosynthesis and; Atomic Number and the Synthesis of New Element  Physical Science – Week 2 Stellar Nucleosynthesis: The Rise of the Stars MELC 1: Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during star formation and evolution Objective Physical Science – Week 2 s: 1. Explain stellar nucleosynthesis 2. Describe the different stages of life cycle of stars 3. Cite the different heavy elements formed in each stages of star cycle  Physical Science – Week 2 Scientists believe that the formation of the universe began through the explosion of a primordial atom which happened approximately 13.7 billion years ago.  Formation of the Physical Science – Week 2 - Universe began through the explosion of a primordial atom 13.7 billion years ago - Big Bang Theory – Edwin Hubble - Big Bang Nucleosynthesis – formation of Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He); Lithium (Li) and Beryllium (Be) Formation of the Physical Science – Week 2 Universe Formation of the Physical Science – Week 2 Universe  The Origin of Light Physical Science – Week 2 Elements The origin of all the naturally occurring elements fall into two phases: Big Bang or Primordial Nucleosynthesis —the origin of the “light” elements; and Stellar Nucleosynthesis— the origin and production of the “heavy” elements.  Physical Science – Week 2 LIGHT ELEMENTS: these elements were present during the initial formation of the universe.  Physical Science – Week 2 Stellar Nucleosynthesis “stellar” - STAR - formation of elements in the center of the star  Physical Science – Week 2 What is the shape of the stars? Stars are spherical in shape. This is because of centrifugal force of the star's rotation is much greater at the equator of the star than it is at the poles.  Physical Science – Week 2 Life Cycle of a Star  Physical Science – Week 2 Nucleosynthesis process that creates new atomic nucleus from preexisting nucleons, which is proton neutrons.  Physical Science – Week 2 Through Nuclear Fusion, the light elements - Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), and small amounts of lithium (Li) and beryllium (Be) were formed. The isotopes produced during the big bang nucleosynthesis were H-1, H-2, H-3, He-3,He-4,  Physical Science – Week 2 Life Cycle of a Star Stellar Nebula – giant cloud of gas and dust Average Star - gets its energy and convert Hydrogen into Helium Massive Star - undergo CNO (Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen) cycle to convert Hydrogen into Helium  Physical Science – Week 2 Life Cycle of a Star Average Star - gets its energy and convert Hydrogen into Helium  Physical Science – Week 2 Life Cycle of a Massive Star Star - undergo CNO (Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen) cycle to convert Hydrogen into Helium  Physical Science – Week 2 Life Cycle of a Star  Physical Science – Week 2 Life Cycle of a Star Red Giant – formed when Helium (He) fused into Carbon Red Super Giant – formed when a more massive main sequence star evolves, cools and expands faster than low mass star - largest known star  Physical Science – Week 2 Life Cycle ofTriaalpha Starprocess happens in red giant star once they leave the stage of main sequence star. This is how three Helium-4 are converted into Carbon.  Physical Science – Week 2 Alpha ladder Life Cycle of a Star process - a star accumulates more mass and continues to grow into red super giant. Alpha particle fusion happens at its core and creates more heavy elements until Iron (Fe)  Physical Science – Week 2 Life Cycle Planetaryof a Star Nebula– a type of emission nebula consisting of an expanding, glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from red giant stars Supernova– occurs where there is a change in the core, or center, of a star  Physical Science – Week 2 Life Cycle of a Star White Dwarf– formed when Red giant star becomes exhausted of nuclear fuel, the outer material is blown off into space leaving the inert Carbon. Neutron Star – formed from supernova explosion, the smallest star  Heavy Elements Physical Science – Week 2 Formed Carbon – tri alpha process Carbon, Oxygen, Neon, Magnesium, Silicon, Sulfur, Argon, Calcium, Titanium, Chromium, Nickel, Cobalt and Iron– Alpha ladder process Neutron Capture – to form elements heavier than Iron, a neutron is added to a seed nucleus.  Heavy Elements Physical Science – Week 2 Formed Neutron Capture – to form elements heavier than Iron, a neutron is added to a seed nucleus. 1. S-process or slow process happens when there is a slow rate of capturing neutron while there is a faster rate of radioactive decay hence increasing the proton by 1.  Heavy Elements Physical Science – Week 2 Formed 2. R-process or rapid process means that there is faster rate of capturing neutron before it undergoes radioactive decay thus, more neutrons can be combined in the nucleus. This is what happens in a supernova forming heavier elements than Iron with the process known as supernova nucleosynthesis.  Physical Science – Week 2 Concept of Atomic Number Led to the Synthesis of New Elements in the Laboratory MELC 2: Explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of new elements in the laboratory Objective Physical Science – Week 2 s: 1. identify the different elements formed after the process of synthesis; 2. realize the importance of the atomic number in identifying the new elements identity in the periodic table.  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 450 BC- Empedocles ◼ 1895- Wilhelm Rontgen ◼ 400 BC- Democritus ◼ 1897- Joseph John Thomson ◼ 380-320 BC- Aristotle ◼ 1908-1917 – Robert Millikan ◼ 1799 - Joseph Proust ◼ 1910 -1911 – Ernest ◼ 1808- John Dalton Rutherford ◼ 1869- Dmitry Mendeleev ◼ 1913- Niels Bohr ◼ 1890’s Antoine ◼ 1913 - Henry Moseley Becquerel and Marie ◼ 1919 – Ernest Rutherford Curie ◼ 1932 - James Chadwick  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 450 BC- Empedocles - asserted that all things are composed of 4 primal elements: earth, air, fire and water  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 450 BC- Empedocles -proposed that everything was made up of a mixture of the four elements, and proposed a simple experiment to prove his  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 450 BC- Empedocles Empedocles set light to a stick. While this might not seem to be the most ground-breaking piece of scientific research ever made, it convinced the philosophers to stop bickering and take his opinion to heart. Since the stick burns, it obviously contains fire. A dirty residue is left behind once the stick has burnt, so the stick also contains earth. The residue is damp, so water must be present. The burning stick gives off smoke, and thus air is in there too.  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 400 BC- Democritus - proposed that all matter is made up of a very small particles called ATOMS  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 450 BC- Democritus All matter consists of atoms, which cannot be further subdivided into smaller particles. Atoms are extremely small—too small to see. Atoms are solid particles that are indestructible. Atoms are separated from  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 380-320 BC- Aristotle - proposed that all matter was continuous & can be further divided infinitely into smaller pieces  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1799 - Joseph Proust - proposed the LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS which states that elements always combine in similar proportions by mass  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1808- John Dalton - Atomic Theory – “All substances are made of atoms; atoms are small particles that cannot be created, divided or destroyed”  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1869- Dmitri Mendeleev - arranged the known elements in a periodic table based on their atomic mass  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1869- Dmitry Mendeleev - “Atomic Mass arrangement” – demonstrated a periodic pattern of both physical and chemical properties, such as luster, physical  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1869- Dmitry Mendeleev  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1890’s Antoine Becquerel and Marie Curie - observed that radioactivity causes some atoms to break down spontaneously  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1895- Wilhelm Roentgen - discovered x-rays  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1897- Joseph John Thomson - while experimenting with cathode- ray tubes, discovered corpuscles, which were later called ELECTRONS  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1897- Joseph John Thomson  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1897- Joseph John Thomson - “plum pudding model”  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1908-1917 – Robert Millikan - found that the charge of the electron is equal to -1.6022 x 10-19 C (Oil drop Experiment)  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events)  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1910-1911 – Ernest Rutherford - performed the Gold Foil Experiment - He stated that atom consists of a small core, or nucleus that contains most of the  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1910-1911 – Ernest Rutherford  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1910-1911 – Ernest Rutherford  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1913- Niels Bohr - proposed the Bohr Model of an atom that shows electrons move in concentric orbits around the nucleus.  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1913- Niels Bohr - proposed the Bohr Model of an atom that shows electrons move in concentric orbits around the nucleus.  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1913 - Henry Moseley - an English physicist who demonstrated that the atomic number, the number of protons in an atom, determines most of the properties of an  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1913 - Henry Moseley - used x-ray spectra to study atomic structure X-ray spectroscopy – used to determine the atomic number of the element  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1913 - Henry Moseley  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1919 – Ernest Rutherford - carried out a nuclear transmutation reaction - a process of transforming one element or isotope into another element - first nuclide to be prepared – isotope of Oxygen, 17O  Physical Science – Week 2 History of the Atom (Timeline of Events) ◼ 1932 - James Chadwick - discovered neutron  Physical Science – Week 2 Synthesis of New Elements in the Laboratory  Physical Science – Week 2 Synthesis of New Elements in the Laboratory ◼ 1937 Emilio Segre and Carlo Perrier - first synthesized element: bombardment of molybdenum by deuterons (heavy hydrogen) - Tc - Technecium  Physical Science – Week 2 Synthesis of New Elements in the Laboratory ◼ 1940, Dale Corson, K. Mackenzie, and Emilio Segre - discovered element with atomic number, 85, Astatine - bombarded atoms of bismuth (83)  Physical Science – Week 2 Synthesis of New Elements in the Laboratory ◼ University of Chicago in 1942 - first controlled nuclear chain reaction was carried out in a reactor  Physical Science – Week 2 Synthesis of New Elements in the Laboratory ◼ Element-61 (Promethium) was discovered as a decay product of the fission of uranium while element-87 (Francium) was discovered as a breakdown product of uranium.  Physical Science – Week 2 Synthesis of New Elements in the Laboratory ◼ Transuranic Elements - synthetic elements with atomic numbers higher than that of Uranium (Z = 92) ◼ Edwin Mcmillan, 1940 – Neptunium (93)  Physical Science – Week 2 Synthesis of New Elements in the Laboratory ◼ Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Wahl, 1940 - bombarded uranium with deuterons to produce element 94, Plutonium  Physical Science – Week 2 Synthesis of New Elements in the Laboratory ◼ Superheavy elements - elements with atomic numbers beyond 103  Physical Science – Week 2 Synthesis of New Elements in the Laboratory