Document Details

RestfulSimile

Uploaded by RestfulSimile

2021

Andrea Marie C. Romero

Tags

biology genetic_engineering recombinant_dna science

Summary

This document is a module for general biology, focusing on recombinant DNA. It includes learning activities, questions, and definitions related to genetic engineering. The module is aimed at secondary school students in the Philippines, likely from a learning resource from the Department of Education.

Full Transcript

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula SHS GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 2 nd Semester - Module 1 Recombinant DNA Name of Learner: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________________ Name of...

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula SHS GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 2 nd Semester - Module 1 Recombinant DNA Name of Learner: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________________ Name of School: ___________________________ General Biology 2 – G11/12 Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE) Module 1: Recombinant DNA First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Development Team of the Module Writer: Andrea Marie C. Romero Editor: Candelaria A. Mercadera Reviewers: Candelaria A. Mercadera, Zyhrine P. Mayormita Layout Artist: Chris Raymund M. Bermudo Management Team: Virgilio P. Batan Jr. - Schools Division Superintendent Lourma I. Poculan - Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Amelinda D. Montero - Chief Education Supervisor, CID Nur N. Hussien - Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD Ronillo S. Yarag - Education Program Supervisor, LRMS Zyhrine P. Mayormita -Education Program Supervisor, Science Leo Martinno O. Alejo - Project Development Officer II, LRMS Ma. Liza E. Valdehueza - School Principal, Dipolog City NHS Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Region IX – Dipolog City Schools Division Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan, Dipolog City Zamboanga del Norte, 7100 Telefax: (065) 212-6986 and (065) 212-5818 E-mail Address: [email protected] What I Need to Know This module was designed and written to help you better understand the processes involved in genetic engineering (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-6) and be able to discuss the applications of recombinant DNA (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-7). After going through this module, you are expected to explain the principles of recombinant DNA technology and formulate an informed opinion regarding genetically modified organisms.. What's In \ The central dogma of molecular biology explains the flow of genetic information from genes to protein. It provides a molecular mechanism in understanding how genotype translates to phenotype and how changing an organismal trait is possible by altering its genetic makeup. Activity 1 will check your basic knowledge on protein synthesis and how DNA modification cause changes in the characteristics of organisms. Activity 1: DECODE ME Directions: Use each set of jumbled given letters to reveal the answer for each item. Use the sentences given as your clue. ___________ DAN 1. Large biomolecule that contains the complete genetic information for an organism. ___________ INOMA DAIC 2. Building blocks of proteins. ___________ AEELLL 3. It refers to the different forms of genes representing a certain trait. ___________ UILONTEDCE 4. It is the building block of DNA composed of a five- carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. ___________ NEGE 5. A segment of DNA that is capable of storing information, capable of self-replication, and can undergo mutation. ___________ RANm 6. It is the molecule that leaves the nucleus during translation. ___________ EPRLIACTOIN 7. The process wherein DNA molecules are duplicated during cell division and passed on to each daughter cell. ___________ NOGEME 8. The entire set of genes for an organism ___________ UNTATIMO 9. A change in the sequence of DNA. ___________ TIONLATARNS 10. The process of synthesizing protein as directed by the mRNA. It happens in the cytoplasm, near where the ribosomes stay. 1 What's New Activity 2: Explain the Modification Direction: Refer to the image below and answer the activity questions that follow. Image source: https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/good-as-gold-can-golden- rice-and-other-biofortified-crops-prevent-malnutrition/ 1. Write an observation on the color of the rice for the two samples. Observation: _________________________________________________________________ 2. Based on experience and knowledge, what is the common or natural color of the rice? _____________________________________________________________________________ 3. Write one problem or question related to your observation Problem: ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Write one hypothesis (If _ then _ statement) for your problem. Hypothesis: __________________________________________________________________ The image shows two rice samples of different colors. The difference in the color is due to the modification in the genetic makeup of the rice through genetic engineering. What Is It Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering is a process of altering the genes that are found in all living organisms. It involves the transfer of genes or parts of DNA from one organism to another. Organisms whose genes are altered or modified for a specific purpose are called transgenic organisms. 2 How Is DNA Used in Genetic Engineering? By definition, genetic engineering is the direct altering of an organism's genome. This is achieved through the manipulation of DNA. This is possible because DNA is like a universal language. All DNA for all organisms is made up of the same nucleotide building blocks. Thus, it is possible for genes from one organism to be read by another organism. In practice, since DNA contains the genes to build certain proteins by changing the DNA sequence, engineers are able to provide a new gene for a cell or organism to create a different protein. The new instructions may supplement the old instruction such that an extra trait is exhibited, or they may completely replace the old instruction such that a trait is changed. Genetic Engineering Techniques The process of genetic engineering is true to all organisms to be modified: 1. Identification of the organism that contains a desirable gene. 2. Extraction of the entire DNA from the organism. 3. Isolation of the gene by removing it from the rest of the DNA. One way to do this is by using a restriction enzyme. This enzyme searches for specific nucleotide sequence where they will "cut" the DNA by breaking the bonds at this location. 4. Preparing the target DNA- A circular piece of DNA called a plasmid is removed from a bacterial cell. Special proteins are used to cut the plasmid ring to open it up. 5. Insertion of DNA into plasmid- The host DNA that produces the wanted protein is inserted into the opened plasmid DNA ring. Then special cell proteins help close the plasmid ring. 6. Insertion of plasmid back into cell - The circular plasmid DNA that now contains the host gene is inserted back into a bacteria cell. The plasmid is a natural part of the bacteria cell. The bacteria cell now has a gene in it that is from a different organism, even from a human. This is what is called recombinant DNA technology. 7. Plasmid multiplication - The plasmid that was inserted into the bacteria cell can multiply to make several copies of the wanted gene. Now the gene can be turned on in the cell to make proteins. 8. Target cells reproduction- Many recombined plasmids are inserted into many bacteria cells. While they live, the bacteria's cell processes turn on the inserted gene and the protein is produced in the cell. When the bacterial cells reproduce by dividing, the inserted gene is also reproduced in the newly created cells. 9. Cells produce proteins - The protein that is produced can be purified and used for a medicine, industrial, agricultural, or other uses. ACTIVITY 3: How to Engineer or Modify Genes? Direction: Complete the flowchart. Choose your answers from the box below. To produce disease- and insect-resistant Insert new genes crops, edible vaccines, larger crops To produce hydrocarbons, fuels, Removal of genes plastics, drugs To track protein production, for disease Mutation of existing genes detection, to produce larger animal as food source 3 Adapted from: Introduction to Genetic Engineering and Its Applications. Retrieved from https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/uoh_genetic_lesson01 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Genetically modified organisms are organisms whose genetic material has been synthetically manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. GMOs refer broadly to organisms that are produced when selected individual genes are transferred from a given donor organism into another target organism, typically conferring desired properties to the new organism. GMOs can include plants, animals, and enzymes. Some GMOs have been approved by regulatory agencies for commercial production and consumption, while others are currently undergoing regulatory evaluation. Practically, all commercial GMOs are engineered to withstand direct applications of herbicide and/ or to produce an insecticide. Still, other GMOs are in experimental stages and confined to scientific laboratory research. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), by 2012, 93% of soybeans, 94% of cotton, and 88% of corn grown in the U.S. were genetically modified (Center for Eco genetics and Environmental Health). History of GMO Development The figure below shows how GMOs developed throughout the years. 4 Image Source: From Corgis to Corn: A Brief Look at the Long History of GMO Technology (2015) Retrieved from http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/from-corgis-to-corn-a-brief-look-at-the-long-history-of-gmo-technology/ last February 4, 2021 Classical Breeding o It focuses on the mating of organisms with desirable characteristics. o May develop new plant varieties in the selection process and seek to achieve expression of genetic material present within a species. o It employs processes that occur in nature, i.e., sexual and asexual reproduction. o The product emphasizes certain characteristics and not new for the species, which have been present for millennia within the species' genetic potential (Hansen, 2000). Genetic Engineering o Done through the insertion of genetic material and must be followed up by gene insertion. o The insertion process does not occur in nature; therefore, a gene "gun," a bacterial "truck," inserts the genetic material into the host plant cells. This genetic material inserts itself into the chromosomes of the host plant. Engineers must also insert a "promoter" gene from a virus as part of the package to make the inserted gene express itself. o This process alone, involving a gene gun or a similar technique, and a promoter, is profoundly different from conventional breeding, even if the primary goal is only to insert genetic material from the same species (Hansen, 2000). Activity 4: Desirable Traits Directions: Study the plants and animals below that have desirable or enhanced traits. Explain how each of the characteristics was introduced or developed (i.e., classical breeding or recombinant DNA technology). MODIFYING TECHNIQUE ENHANCED TRAIT (Classical breeding/ Recombinant REASON DNA technology) 1. Kobe / Wagyu Beef (Beef with good fat distribution) 5 2. Guapple (Large sized guava) 3. Human Insulin- producing bacteria 4. Flavr-Savr (Delayed- ripening tomatoes) 5. Macapuno trait in coconuts Gene Cloning A process by which large quantities of a specific, desired gene or section of DNA may be cloned or copied once the desired DNA has been isolated. 1. The gene or DNA that is desired is isolated using restriction enzymes. 2. Both the desired gene and a plasmid are treated with the same restriction enzyme to produce identical sticky ends. 3. The DNAs from both sources are mixed together and treated with the enzyme DNA ligase to splice them together. 4. Recombinant DNA, with the plasmid containing the added DNA or gene, has been formed. 5. The recombinant plasmids are added to a culture of bacterial cells. Under the right conditions, some of the bacteria will take in the plasmid from the solution during a process known as transformation. 6. As the bacterial cells reproduce (by mitosis), the recombinant plasmid is copied. Soon, there will be millions of bacteria containing the recombinant plasmid with its gene. 7. The introduced gene can begin producing its protein via transcription and introduced translation. What's More Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA technology is a technique that changes the phenotype of an organism (host) when a genetically altered vector is introduced and integrated into the genome of the organism. So, the process involves the introduction of a foreign piece of DNA structure into the genome, which contains our gene of interest. This gene that is introduced is the recombinant gene, and the technique is called recombinant DNA technology. Inserting the desired gene into the genome of the host is not as easy as it sounds. It involves the selection of the desired gene for administration into the host, followed by a selection of the perfect vector with which the gene has to be integrated and recombinant DNA formed. This recombinant DNA then has to be introduced into the host. And at last, it has to be maintained in the host and carried forward to the offspring (Shinde et.al. 2018). The primary tools of recombinant DNA technology are bacterial enzymes called restriction enzymes. Each enzyme recognizes a short, specific nucleotide sequence in DNA molecules and cuts the molecules' backbones at that sequence. The result is a set of double-stranded DNA fragments with single-stranded ends, called "sticky ends." Sticky ends are not really sticky; however, the bases on the sticky ends form base pairs with the complementary bases on other DNA molecules. Thus, the sticky ends of DNA fragments can be used to join DNA pieces originating from different sources. 6 Image Source: Recombinant DNA Techniques. Retrieved from http://www.accessexcellence.org /RC/AB/WYW/wkbooks/SFTS/activity6 last February 4, 2021 The recombinant DNA molecules have to be made to replicate and function genetically within a cell to be useful. One method for doing this is to use plasmid DNA from bacteria. Small DNA fragments can be inserted into the plasmids, which are then introduced into bacterial cells. As the bacteria reproduce, so do the recombinant plasmids. The result is a bacterial colony in which the foreign gene has been cloned. Image Source: Recombinant DNA Techniques. Retrieved from http://www.accessexcellence.org /RC/AB/WYW/wkbooks/SFTS/activity6 last February 4, 2021 Activity 5: Recombinant DNA Techniques Adapted from: Recombinant DNA Techniques. Retrieved from http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/WYW/wkbooks/SFTS/activity6 last February 4, 2021 Direction: Using the Restriction Enzyme Sequence Cards found in Appendix A and B in this module, do the following and answer the discussion questions: 1. Cut out the plasmid strips along the dotted lines. Tape the strips together to form a single long strip. The letters should all be in the same direction when the strips are taped. The two ends of the strip should then be taped together with the genetic code facing out to form a circular plasmid. 2. Cut out the DNA base sequence strips, and tape them together to form one long strip. The pieces must be taped together in the order indicated at the bottom of each strip. 7 3. Next, cut out the restriction enzyme cards. Take note that the enzyme cards illustrate a short DNA sequence that shows the sequence that each particular enzyme cuts. 4. Compare the sequence of base pairs on an enzyme card with the sequences of the plasmid base pairs. If you find the same sequence of pairs on both the enzyme card and the plasmid strip, it should be marked as the location on the plasmid with a pencil, and write the enzyme number in the marked area. Do this for each enzyme card. The enzyme sequences may not have a corresponding sequence on the plasmid, and that some enzyme sequences may have more than one corresponding sequence on the plasmid. 5. Once all corresponding enzyme sequences are identified on the plasmid, identify those enzymes which cut the plasmid once and only once. Discard any enzymes that cut the plasmid in the shaded plasmid replication sequence. Record your findings. 6. Compare the enzymes you listed against the cell DNA strip. Find any enzymes that will make two cuts in the DNA, one above the shaded insulin gene sequence and one below the shaded insulin gene sequence. Mark the areas on the DNA strip that each enzyme will cut. 7. Select one enzyme to use to make the cuts. The goal is to cut the DNA strand as closely as possible to the insulin gene sequence without cutting into the gene sequence. Have the students make cuts on both the plasmid and the DNA strips. They should make the cuts in the staggered fashion indicated by the black line on the enzyme card. 8. Tape the sticky ends (the staggered ends) of the plasmid to the sticky ends of the insulin gene to create their recombinant DNA. A. Discussion Questions: 1. Why was it important to find an enzyme that would cut the plasmid at only one site? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What could happen if the plasmid were cut at more than one site? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why was it important to discard any enzymes that cut the plasmid at the replication site? ____________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Why might it be important to cut the DNA strand as closely to the desired gene as possible? In this activity, you incorporated an insulin gene into the plasmid. How will the new plasmid DNA be used to produce insulin? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ B. Given the following steps in Recombinant DNA Technology, sequence each procedure by labeling each item from A to E. Sequence Steps 1. Reintroduce donor gene into donor cells. 2. Modify donor gene. 3. Identify donor gene of interest by using crosses. 4. Clone donor gene of interest in bacterium. 5. Characterize donor gene in bacterial system. Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology (Adapted from Shinde, et al., 2018) 8 1. Production of Transgenic Plants By utilizing the tools and techniques of genetic engineering, it is possible to produce transgenic plants or genetically modified plants. Many transgenic plants have been developed with better qualities like resistance to herbicides, insects, or viruses or with the expression of male sterility, etc. 2. Production of Transgenic Animals By the use of rec DNA technology, desired genes can be inserted into the animal so as to produce the transgenic animal. The method of rec DNA technology aids the animal breeders to increase the speed and range of selective breeding in the case of animals. It helps for the production of better farm animals to ensure more commercial benefits. Another commercially important use of transgenic animals is the production of specific proteins and pharmaceutical compounds. Transgenic animals also contribute to studying the gene functions in different animal species. Biotechnologists have successfully produced transgenic pigs, sheep, rats, and cattle. 3. Production of Hormones By the advent of techniques of rec DNA technology, bacterial cells like E.coli are utilized for the production of different fine chemicals like insulin, somatostatin, somatotropin, and endorphin. Human Insulin Hormone, i.e., Humulin, is the first therapeutic product that was produced by the application of rec DNA technology. 4. Production of Vaccines Vaccines are the chemical preparations containing a pathogen in an attenuated (or weakened) or inactive state that may be given to human beings or animals to confer immunity to infection. A number of vaccines have been synthesized biologically through recDNA technology; these vaccines are effective against numerous serious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or protozoa. These include vaccines for polio, malaria, cholera, hepatitis, rabies, smallpox, etc. The generation of DNA vaccines has revolutionized the approach to the treatment of infectious diseases. DNA-vaccine is the preparation that contains a gene encoding an immunogenic protein from the concerned pathogen. 5. Biosynthesis of Interferon Interferons are the glycoproteins that are produced in very minute amounts by the virus-infected cells. Interferons have antiviral and even anti-cancerous properties. By the recDNA technology method, the gene of human fibroblasts (which produce interferon's in human beings) is inserted into the bacterial plasmid. These genetically engineered bacteria are cloned and cultured so that the gene is expressed and the interferons are produced in relatively high quantities. This interferon, so produced, is then extracted and purified. 6. Production of Antibiotics Antibiotics produced by microorganisms are very effective against different viral, bacterial, or protozoan diseases. Some important antibiotics are tetracycline, penicillin, streptomycin, novobiocin, bacitracin, etc. The recDNA technology helps in increasing the production of antibiotics by improving the microbial strains through modification of genetic characteristics. 7. Production of Commercially Important Chemicals Various commercially important chemicals can be produced more efficiently by utilizing the methods of rec DNA technology. A few of them are the alcohols and alcoholic beverages obtained through fermentation, organic acids like citric acid, acetic acid, etc., and vitamins produced by microorganisms. 9 8. Application in Enzyme Engineering As we know that the enzymes are encoded by genes, so if there are changes in a gene, then definitely the enzyme structure also changes. Enzyme engineering utilizes the same fact and can be explained as the modification of an enzyme structure by inducing alterations in the genes which encode for that particular enzyme. 9. Prevention and Diagnosis of Diseases Genetic engineering methods and techniques have greatly solved the problem of conventional methods for the diagnosis of diseases. It also provides methods for the prevention of a number of diseases like AIDS, cholera, etc. Monoclonal antibodies are useful tools for disease diagnosis. Monoclonal antibodies are produced by using the technique called hybridoma technology. 10. Gene Therapy Gene therapy is undoubtedly the most beneficial area of genetic engineering for human beings. It involves the delivery of specific genes into the human body to correct the diseases. Thus, it is the treatment of diseases by transfer and expression of a gene into the patients' cells so as to ensure the restoration of a normal cellular activity. What I Have Learned Activity 6: The Missing Piece Direction: Supply the missing word to complete the paragraphs. Get the word from this list: (trait, genes, inserted, recombinant, express, genome, cloning, protein, plasmid, modified) Genetic Engineering involves the manipulation of (1) __________to produce a desired effect. (2) ___________ DNA technology is one technique wherein a gene of interest from one organism is inserted into the (3) __________ of another organism. This involves gene (4) __________ using a bacterial (5) __________ as a vector. Gene copies may be isolated and (6) _________ to other organisms to confer upon them the desired (7) ________ Alternately bacterial cells may (8) ________ the inserted gene in order to produce (9) __________ products. Recombinant DNA technology has been widely used in improving crop varieties. Through this process, several genetically (10) __________ organisms have been produced. What I Can Do Activity 7: MATCHY MATCHY Direction: Match the purpose to the components found in the box below. Antibiotic Multiple Cloning Site Promoter Resistance Gene DNA Inserted Gene Sequence Multiple Cloning Site 1. Allows the controlled expression of the desired gene in the presence of an inducing agent (e.g., beta-galactosidase; heat treatment (~65°"C) 2. DNA sequence or portion for the insertion of the desired gene. This section may contain sequences that will be cut by specific restriction endonucleases ( cuts within the molecule) 3. Successful insertion of a gene allows the expression of its protein product. This usually provides a specific trait to the "transformed" bacteria. 4. Provides a way to screen a population of bacteria for those that took up the plasmid. For example, if an ampicillin resistance gene is encoded in the plasmid, then only bacteria 10 that took up the plasmid will grow on media with ampicillin. 5. The gene for Green Fluorescent Protein is placed within the expression plasmid; bacteria transformed with this plasmid will produce a protein (GFP) that will allow the bacterial cells/colonies to glow green in the dark. Assessment Direction: Encircle the letter of the best answer. 1. What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell? A. a plasmid C. a restriction enzyme B. an electrophoresis gel D. polymerase chain reaction 2. What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)? A. a plant with certain genes removed B. an organism with an artificially altered genome C. a hybrid organism D. any agricultural organism produced by breeding or biotechnology 3. What is the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the production of transgenic plants? A. Genes from A. tumefaciens are inserted into plant DNA to give the plant different traits. B. Transgenic plants have been given resistance to the pest A. tumefaciens. C. A. tumefaciens is used as a vector to move genes into plant cells. D. Plant genes are incorporated into the genome of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. 4. What is the most challenging issue facing genome sequencing? A. the inability to develop fast and accurate sequencing techniques B. the ethics of using information from genomes at the individual level C. the availability and stability of DNA D. all of the above 5. Genomics can be used in agriculture to: A. generate new hybrid strains C. improve yield B. improve disease resistance D. all of the above 6. Can scientists predict with certainty where an inserted gene will go on a plant chromosome? A. With modern genetic techniques, scientists can insert genes precisely. B. Genes are inserted on the proper chromosome, but there is no control on where it goes on the chromosome. C. Scientists have a general idea of where the gene will go and what it will do to the plant. D. It's just a shot in the dark. 7. Can genes escape from genetically modified crops and jump to other plants? A. Yes, and often do. B. Only to some crops, but those crops aren't genetically modified. C. Only during rare climatic conditions. D. No, genes cannot move from species to species without human intervention. 8. Which of the following steps is NOT essential in producing recombinant DNA? A. Cut out a piece of DNA from a DNA molecule. B. Insert a piece of DNA from one organism into the DNA of another organism. C. Use a restriction enzyme to cut DNA and form sticky ends. D. Read the sequences of bases in a piece of DNA. 9. To produce transgenic bacteria that make insulin, which of the following steps did scientists have to take first? A. Insert the human insulin gene into a plasmid. B. Extract the insulin from the bacterial culture. C. Use a restriction enzyme to cut out the insulin gene from human DNA. D. Transform bacteria with the recombinant plasmid. 10. DNA from a human has been inserted into a bacterial plasmid and reinserted back into the bacterium. The bacterium now contains both human DNA and bacterial DNA. The bacterium is now considered as a/an __________. 11 A. mutation B. PCR C. clone D. transgenic organism Additional Activities Activity 8: Infographics Direction: Create an infographic showing the Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering. Use the given rubric as a guide. 3 POINTS: EXCEEDS 2 POINTS: MEETS 1 POINT: EXPECTATIONS EXPECTATIONS NEEDS WORK Topic/Purpose The topic/purpose of the The topic/purpose was The topic/purpose of infographic was clear and somewhat broad and did not the infographic was concise. allow the viewer to not clear and concise. understand the intent. Data of the infographic was Data of the infographic was Data of the infographic accurate and relevant to the somewhat accurate and was not accurate and Data topic relevant to the topic. was not relevant to the topic. The infographic had a great The graphics were somewhat The graphics had layout, with applicable applicable to the infographic, nothing to do with the Layout graphics. creating an average layout. topic and had a poor layout. There was an overload of text. The font was legible, and the The font was somewhat The font was not color scheme enhanced the legible, and the color scheme legible, and the color Color/Font infographic. didn't affect the infographic. scheme detracted from the infographic. Citations for the infographic's Citations for some of the No citations of the Sourcing sources were included. sources used were included. infographic's sources were included. Source: https://www.uen.org/rubric/previewRubric.html?id=30103 Appendix A: Restriction Enzyme Sequence Card Plasmid Base Sequence Strips DNA Base Sequence Strips 1. Cut out strips along dotted lines. 1. Cut out strips along dotted lines. 2. Tape together top to bottom in any order. 2. Tape together top to bottom in numeral order 12 Shaded region = insulin gene site Appendix B: Restriction Enzyme Sequence Cards 1. Cut out cards along dotted lines. 2. Compare each enzyme sequence to the base sequences on the plasmid and DNA strips. 13 References Applications of Genetic Engineering. Retrieved from https://batch.libretexts.org/print/url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbio logy_(Boundless)/7%3A_Microbial_Genetics/7.23%3A_Genetic_Engineering_Products/7.23B%3A__Applications_ of_Genetic_Engineering.pdf last February 2, 2021. Fast Facts about Genetically Modified Organisms. Retrieved from https://depts.washington.edu/ceeh/downloads/FastFacts_GMOs_FINAL.pdf Genetic Engineering Flow Chart. Retrieved from https://www.teachengineering.org/content/uoh_/lessons/uoh_genetic/uoh_genetic_lesson01_flowchart_v2_ted l_dwc.pdf last February 2, 2021. Genetically Modified Food1 Keith R. Schneider, Renée Goodrich Schneider, and Susanna Richardson Retrieved from https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FS/FS08400.pdf Department of Education- Division of Cagayan de Oro City) (2020). General Biology 2- Quarter 1 - Module 1: Genetics Hansen (2000) GENETIC ENGINEERING IS NOT AN EXTENSION OF CONVENTIONAL PLANT BREEDING; How genetic engineering differs from conventional breeding, hybridization, wide crosses, and horizontal gene transfer. Retrieved from https://advocacy.consumerreports.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Wide-Crosses.pdf Shinde, at. al (2018) Recombinant DNA Technology and its Applications: A Review: International Journal of MediPharm Research, Vol.04, No.02, pp 79-88, 2018 The Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Biology 2 Department of Education Central Office. Most Essential Learning Competencies ( MELCs). 2020. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Concepts_in_Biology_(OpenStax) /10%3A_Biotechnology/10.E%3A_Biotechnology_(Exercises) https://www.purdue.edu/uns/html4ever/0007.Goldsbrough.cropquiz.html https://www.cwcboe.org/cms/lib/NJ01001185/Centricity/Domain/143/Chapter%2012%20- %20Genetic%20Engineering/Practice%20test/practice%20test%20answers.pdf Recombinant DNA Techniques. Retrieved from http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/WYW/wkbooks/SFTS/activity6 last February 4, 2021 14

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser