Week 1 Async PDF

 * ICFmudelX Interventions Plan to : 1) Remediate/Prevent top e) Frp. Crestore/enhance Punctu 3) Prevent/reduce health risk factors 1) Optimize health Pitress , t Benoygate...

 * ICFmudelX Interventions Plan to : 1) Remediate/Prevent top e) Frp. Crestore/enhance Punctu 3) Prevent/reduce health risk factors 1) Optimize health Pitress , t Benoygate T use Adenosin +> phosphate Hudis ATP + HoBase ADP + P: the t Energy  Energy System creative Kinase Phosphages (An) CPADP) - Aptomatic ATP primarilyfor shattern, ligh interey activity · · Startup All exerts Glyolytra CAnl · · Oxidatin (Ae) AtP Stores. 00-100g CP cellishe H-ox APP ATP phosphager rapidly replenesle · · Type /I > Typ Glycolysis · Breakdown of Carbsto resghtless ATP · not as rapid but mor ATP Akrebs Cycle - Net 2+ P Zpyruvate/Lactele + 1) Energy investment phase · LATP reg es energy generation phase 4 AtP produce ZNADH prod · · Epyrrate/lactate  Glycolyss Leading to Kmbs * Cycle · GluzustIP :APPTZMAD + 2ATP +INADH +2620 pyruvate 2 + energy yields of glycolys D substrate-level phosph 2) oxd phoples nety +P - Rate inc. by · high conu up ADP , P :, amoun · der Gligkt PHAMP Inhobted phy* P, P entrate, · , Oxadve Syste genea ( >3rn) trest low intensity · Larbstfats sy Fo% at rest - higher intensity more carbs - steady state shifts to morefats -Krebs cycle ↳ no oxygen , but hydrogen acceptor : NADH + FADH2 Manchezy Canes - Iglucose-Zacetyl 201 - twice goes ·  aftera b ElectionTranportchan , 30Ath for degradation of blood glas (2) - 39 ifnusceglycogen reaction not is dueto hexolained necessary productions Capacity Intensely 0-6S Ext High Phospha 6-303 Very fligh Phosphasan/Fast bly 305- Zun High Fast Glycolyss 2-3 rin Moderate Fast Glya/ox date : > 3mn Low Oxidable  atoslip AT Prod A +P Capact) Phosphagen I S FastColga 2 4 Slow 3 Glyc 3 Oxidation upcarb Y 2 Oxidat opportsprokes S I Fatiguest Phosphagen Acckels chrome IfP · leukogles · raiphages Thymphuegkes · exudaten offled, plasma +neetrophic into extravascular space Br I parneability Br properate Tissue Cardial Signs = ibrusis/Necross  Improve, restore, or enhance physical function (ability to perform ADLs). Prevent or reduce health risk factors. Optimize overall health, fitness, and well-being. "The ability of the PT to prescribe and progress exercise to effectively influence human movement helps to remediate or prevent impairments of body function or structures..." Components: Therapeutic Exercise:Range of Motion Muscle performance (strength, power, endurance) Flexibility and Stretching Modalities:Hot & Cold Therapy Laser Ultrasound Electrotherapy Dry Needling Aquatic Therapy Key Considerations: Interventions are individualized based on patient needs. PTs utilize critical thinking, movement assessments, and knowledge of force application to design programs. ICF model informs intervention strategies, addressing body functions, structures, activities, and participation. Bioenergetics and ATP ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): Primary energy currency for muscular activity. "Energy stored in the chemical bonds of adenosine triphosphate is used to power muscular activity." Hydrolysis of ATP: Breakdown of ATP into ADP, releasing energy for biological work. Catalyzed by ATPase. "The breakdown of one molecule of ATP to yield energy is known as hydrolysis because it requires one molecule of water." Energy Systems: Replenish ATP in muscle cells. Anaerobic (without oxygen):Phosphagen System: Rapid ATP production for short-term, high-intensity activities (e.g., sprinting, weightlifting). Utilizes creatine phosphate. "The phosphagen system provides a simple one-enzyme reaction to produce the ATP for these types of activities and does not require oxygen to metabolize the energy." Glycolysis: Breakdown of carbohydrates (glucose or glycogen) for ATP resynthesis. Dominant during activities lasting 30 seconds to 2-3 minutes. Produces pyruvate or lactate. "Glycolysis is the breakdown of carbohydrates, either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood to recreate ATP." "Since it has a higher capacity for storing energy, the system is dominant during activities that last between 30 seconds and 2 to 3 minutes." Aerobic (requires oxygen):Oxidative System: Primary source of ATP at rest and during low-intensity, prolonged activities. Utilizes carbohydrates, fats, and (minimally) protein. Occurs in the mitochondria. "The oxidative system, the primary source of ATP at rest and during low-intensity activities, uses primarily carbohydrates and fats as substrates." Substrate Depletion and Reletion:High-intensity activities deplete phosphagens and glycogen. Repletion is influenced by post-exercise nutrition and recovery. Factors Limiting Exercise Performance:Depletion of energy substrates. Metabolic acidosis. Other factors (e.g., increased inorganic phosphate, ammonia accumulation). Tissue Healing and Inflammation 1 Phases of Healing: 2 Inflammatory Phase: Characterized by redness, warmth, pain, swelling, and loss of function. Hemostasis occurs, followed by extravasation of fluid and influx of phagocytic cells. 3 Fibroblastic Repair Phase: Fibroblasts lay down collagen and elastin, forming scar tissue. Angiogenesis (new blood vessel growth) occurs. 4 Maturation/Remodeling Phase: Scar tissue rearranges and strengthens over time. "The healing process consists of the inflammatory response phase, the fibroblastic repair phase, and the maturation or remodeling phase." Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation:Acute: Normal response to injury. Chronic: Prolonged inflammation that can lead to tissue damage and fibrosis. "Chronic inflammation occurs when the acute inflammatory response does not respond sufficiently to eliminate that injuring agent, restore the tissue to its normal physiological state." Factors Impeding Healing: Extent of injury, edema, hemorrhage, poor vascular supply, separation of tissue, muscle spasm, atrophy, corticosteroids, keloids, infection, environmental factors, and overall health. Physical Therapy Role in Tissue Healing:Acute Stage: Maximum protection, control inflammation (PRICE principle), prevent negative effects of rest with non-destructive movement. Subacute Stage: Moderate protection, controlled motion, develop mobile scar, promote healing with active exercises. Chronic Stage: Return to function, increase scar tensile quality, progressive strengthening and endurance exercises. "As a clinician, you should rely primarily on observation of the signs and symptoms to determine how the healing process is progressing."  The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are aerobic processes that occur inside the mitochondria of muscle cells. They are the primary mechanisms for producing ATP at rest and during low-intensity activities that last longer than three minutes. The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) primarily functions to: complete the oxidation (removal of electrons) from acetyl-CoA. use NAD+ and FAD as electron energy carriers. The electrons removed contain potential energy harvested from food molecules, which is then used in the electron transport chain to combine ADP with phosphate to reform ATP. One molecule of glucose produces two molecules of acetyl-CoA, so the Krebs cycle happens twice. For every molecule of glucose: 2 molecules of pyruvate are formed and converted to 2 molecules of acetyl-CoA 2 molecules of carbon, 3 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of FADH2, and 1 molecule of GTP are produced GTP (guanosine triphosphate) is a high-energy compound that can transfer its terminal phosphate group to ADP to form ATP, a process called substrate-level phosphorylation. The electron transport chain uses the potential energy in reduced hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2) to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP. Electrons removed from hydrogen atoms are passed down a series of electron carriers known as cytochromes. NADH produces 3 molecules of ATP. FADH2 produces 2 molecules of ATP. Oxygen does not participate in the Krebs cycle but is the final electron and hydrogen acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain. Water is formed by oxygen accepting electrons, which is why humans breathe oxygen - to be the final acceptor of electrons in aerobic metabolism. The oxidative system (including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain) results in the production of approximately 38 ATP from the degradation of one molecule of blood glucose. Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for about 90% of ATP synthesis, demonstrating its capacity for energy transfer. Energy Type Description ATP Production Duration System The simplest and most rapid method of producing ATP. It involves the donation of a Phosphage 5 to 30 Anaerobic phosphate group and its bond energy from phosphocreatine (PC) or creatine phosphate 1 molecule of ATP per PC molecule n seconds (CP) to ADP, facilitated by the enzyme creatine kinase. 30 2 molecules of ATP if glucose is the The breakdown of carbohydrates (either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose seconds Glycolysis Anaerobic substrate; 3 molecules of ATP if delivered in the blood) to resynthesize ATP. to 2-3 glycogen is the substrate minutes The primary source of ATP at rest and during low-intensity activities. This system uses ~38 ATP from one molecule of >3 Oxidative Aerobic primarily carbohydrates and fats as substrates. Protein is also used in very small blood glucose; ~39 ATP from one minutes amounts. molecule of muscle glycogen Key takeaways: All three systems are active at any given time, but the magnitude of the contribution of each system depends on the intensity and duration of activity. Short, high-intensity activities rely largely on the phosphagen system and fast glycolysis. As the intensity decreases and duration increases, the emphasis gradually shifts to slow glycolysis and the oxidative system. Substrate depletion (phosphagens and glycogen) is associated with fatigue experienced during many activities. Repletion of substrates is important for recovery and performance.