Week 4 Heart-Related Crossword Puzzle Answers (PDF)

**Week4 心脏相关填字游戏答案 (Heart-related Crossword Puzzle Answers with Explanations)** **Down / 纵向** 2. **Tricuspid valve / 三尖瓣** - **English:** The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, preventing backflow of blood. - **中文:** 位于右心房和...

**Week4 心脏相关填字游戏答案 (Heart-related Crossword Puzzle Answers with Explanations)** **Down / 纵向** 2. **Tricuspid valve / 三尖瓣** - **English:** The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, preventing backflow of blood. - **中文:** 位于右心房和右心室之间的瓣膜，防止血液倒流。 3. **Bicuspid valve (Mitral valve) / 二尖瓣（僧帽瓣）** - **English:** The valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, allowing blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle while preventing backflow. - **中文:** 位于左心房和左心室之间的瓣膜，允许血液从心房流向心室，同时防止血液倒流。 4. **Pulmonary artery / 肺动脉** - **English:** The artery that carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. - **中文:** 将含氧量低的血液从心脏输送到肺部进行氧合的动脉。 5. **Superior vena cava / 上腔静脉** - **English:** A large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body back to the heart. - **中文:** 负责将上半身的含氧量低的血液带回心脏的大静脉。 6. **Right ventricle / 右心室** - **English:** The lower right chamber of the heart that pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. - **中文:** 心脏的右下腔室，负责将含氧量低的血液泵送到肺部。 7. **Pulmonary valve / 肺动脉瓣** - **English:** A valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has been pumped into the pulmonary artery. - **中文:** 负责防止血液在被泵入肺动脉后回流至右心室的瓣膜。 8. **Left atrium / 左心房** - **English:** The upper left chamber of the heart that receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. - **中文:** 心脏的左上腔室，接收来自肺部的富氧血液。 **Across / 横向** 1. **Left ventricle / 左心室** - **English:** The lower left chamber of the heart that pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. - **中文:** 心脏的左下腔室，负责将富氧血液泵送到全身。 2. **Aorta / 主动脉** - **English:** The largest artery in the body that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body. - **中文:** 体内最大的动脉，将富氧血液从心脏输送到全身。 3. **Pulmonary vein / 肺静脉** - **English:** The vein that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart. - **中文:** 负责将肺部富氧血液输送回心脏的静脉。 4. **Aortic valve / 主动脉瓣** - **English:** A valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after being pumped into the aorta. - **中文:** 负责防止血液在被泵入主动脉后回流至左心室的瓣膜。 12. **Inferior vena cava / 下腔静脉** - **English:** A large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body back to the heart. - **中文:** 负责将下半身的含氧量低的血液带回心脏的大静脉。 13. **Right atrium / 右心房** - **English:** The upper right chamber of the heart that receives oxygen-poor blood from the body. - **中文:** 心脏的右上腔室，负责接收来自全身的含氧量低的血液。 **Circulatory System (循环系统)** The **circulatory system**, sometimes called the **cardiovascular system**, performs the following functions: - Delivers **oxygen** and **nutrients** to cells. - Carries **waste** away from cells. - Helps **regulate** body temperature. 血液循环系统，有时称为**心血管系统**，执行以下功能： - 将**氧气**和**营养**输送到细胞。 - 将**废物**从细胞中带走。 - 帮助**调节**体温。 **Cells (细胞)** The human body is made up of **100 trillion** cells.\ Cells need **water**, **oxygen**, and **food** to survive. 人体由**100万亿**个细胞组成。\ 细胞需要**水**、**氧气**和**食物**才能生存。 **Warmth (温度调节)** Mammals need their body **temperature** to stay within a **normal range**.\ The circulatory system ensures this happens so that **organs** and **enzymes** work effectively. 哺乳动物需要其**体温**保持在**正常范围**内。\ 血液循环系统确保这一点，以便**器官**和**酶**有效运作。 **Three Parts of the Circulatory System (循环系统的三部分)** The **circulatory system** is made up of three parts: 1. **Heart (心脏)** 2. **Blood vessels (血管)** 3. **Blood (血液)** 血液循环系统由三个部分组成： 1. **心脏** 2. **血管** 3. **血液** **Heart (心脏)** The heart is an **involuntary** muscle, meaning it moves without conscious control.\ Its job is to **pump blood** throughout the body. 心脏是一种**不随意肌**，意味着它不受意识控制地运动。\ 它的功能是**泵送血液**到全身。 The heart has **valves** that open and close to ensure blood flows in **one direction**. 心脏有**瓣膜**，它们打开和关闭，以确保血液**单向流动**。 When the heart beats, the **atria** contract and the **ventricles** fill with **blood**.\ The atria contract and squeeze blood through the valves into the **ventricles**. 当心脏跳动时，**心房**收缩，**心室**充满**血液**。\ 心房收缩，将血液通过瓣膜挤压到**心室**。 Next, the **ventricles** contract, pushing the **blood** between the atria and ventricles.\ Blood is then squeezed into the **arteries**. 接下来，**心室**收缩，将**血液**从心房和心室之间推动。\ 然后，血液被挤入**动脉**。 **Blood Vessels (血管)** Blood vessels are found in every part of the body.\ If blood vessels were straightened out, they would cover **161,000 km**, enough to circle the Earth **four times**! 血管遍布身体的每个部分。\ 如果将所有血管拉直，它们的总长度为**161,000公里**，足以环绕地球**四圈**！ There are **three types** of blood vessels: 1. **Arteries (动脉)** 2. **Veins (静脉)** 3. **Capillaries (毛细血管)** 血管分为三种类型： 1. **动脉** 2. **静脉** 3. **毛细血管** **Arteries (动脉)** **Arteries** carry **oxygen-rich** blood **away from the heart**.\ The only exception is the **pulmonary artery**, which carries **oxygen-poor** blood to the **lungs**. **动脉**将**富含氧气的血液**从心脏**输送到全身**。\ 唯一的例外是**肺动脉**，它将**缺氧的血液**输送到**肺部**。 **Veins (静脉)** **Veins** carry **oxygen-poor** blood **back to the heart**.\ The only exception is the **pulmonary vein**, which carries **oxygen-rich** blood from the lungs to the heart. **静脉**将**缺氧的血液**送回**心脏**。\ 唯一的例外是**肺静脉**，它将**富含氧气的血液**从肺部输送到心脏。 **Capillaries (毛细血管)** **Capillaries** connect **arteries** and **veins**.\ They are the **smallest** blood vessels and can only be seen under a **microscope**. **毛细血管**连接**动脉**和**静脉**。\ 它们是**最小的**血管，只有在**显微镜**下才能看到。 Capillaries make up **90%** of the blood vessels inside the human body. 毛细血管占\*\*90%\*\*的人体血管。 **Blood (血液)** Blood transports materials throughout the body. 血液在身体内运输物质。 Blood is made up of **two parts**: 1. **Plasma (血浆)** -- 55% of blood, 90% of plasma is **water**. 2. **Blood cells (血细胞)** -- Red, white, and platelets. 血液由**两部分**组成： 1. **血浆**（占血液的55%，其中90%是**水**）。 2. **血细胞**（包括红细胞、白细胞和血小板）。 Plasma carries **nutrients**, **hormones**, and **waste**. 血浆携带**营养物质**、**激素**和**废物**。 **Types of Blood Cells (血细胞的类型)** 1. **Red Blood Cells (红细胞)** - Contain **hemoglobin**, which gives blood its **red color**. - Carry **oxygen** to cells and remove **carbon dioxide**. **红细胞** - 含有**血红蛋白**，使血液呈**红色**。 - 运输**氧气**到细胞，并带走**二氧化碳**。 2. **White Blood Cells (白细胞)** - Help the body **fight infections** and **diseases**. - Produced in **bone marrow**, and their number increases when sick. **白细胞** - 帮助身体**抵抗感染**和**疾病**。 - 由**骨髓**产生，生病时数量增加。 3. **Platelets (血小板)** - Small, **colorless** cell fragments. - Help **clot blood** to stop bleeding. **血小板** - 小型、**无色**的细胞碎片。 - 帮助**凝血**以止血。 **Skeletal System (骨骼系统)** The **skeletal system** is the framework of the human body.\ 骨骼系统是人体的框架。 **Jobs of the Skeletal System (骨骼系统的功能)** 1. **Protect internal organs** (保护内部器官) 2. **Give structure and support to the body** (为身体提供结构和支撑) 3. **Provide movement** (提供运动) 4. **Produce blood cells** (产生血细胞) **Parts of the Skeletal System (骨骼系统的组成部分)** The **skeletal system** is made up of different parts: - **Bones (骨骼)** - **Joints (关节)** - **Cartilage (软骨)** - **Ligaments (韧带)** **Bones (骨骼)** - There are **206** bones in the adult body.\ 成人身体共有 **206** 块骨骼。 - Bones have a **hard outside covering** made of **phosphorus** and **calcium**.\ 骨骼外部有一层**坚硬的覆盖层**，由**磷**和**钙**组成。 - Underneath this layer are **spongy bone** and **bone marrow**.\ 这层下面是**松质骨**和**骨髓**。 **Bone Structure (骨骼结构)** Bones have different **shapes** and **sizes** depending on their **function** and **location** in the human body.\ 骨骼的**形状**和**大小**因其**功能**和**位置**而异。 - The **hard outside part** of the bone is called **compact bone** (致密骨)。 - The **structure on the inside** of the bone is called **spongy bone** (松质骨)。 - The cells that recycle and maintain bones are called **osteocytes** (骨细胞)。 - The cells that break down bones are called **osteoclasts** (破骨细胞)。 - The process of bone breakdown and renewal is continuous in the body.\ 骨骼的分解和更新是一个持续的过程。 **Cartilage (软骨)** - Soft **connective tissue** found in areas like the **ears** and **tip of the nose**.\ 软**结缔组织**，存在于**耳朵**和**鼻尖**等部位。 - The type of tissue in joints is called **articular cartilage**.\ 关节中的组织称为**关节软骨**。 **Joints (关节)** A **joint** is where two or more bones **meet**.\ 关节是两块或更多骨骼**相连**的地方。 There are **three** types of joints: 1. **Immovable joints (不可动关节)** -- Example: **skull sutures** (颅骨缝合) 2. **Slightly movable joints (微动关节)** -- Example: **spine** (脊柱) 3. **Freely movable joints (可动关节)** -- Example: **knee, elbow, shoulder** (膝关节、肘关节、肩关节) There are over **400 joints** in the human body that allow for movement.\ 人体内有超过 **400** 个关节允许运动。 **Bone Marrow (骨髓)** Bone marrow is a **soft connective tissue** found in the spaces between bones.\ 骨髓是一种**软性结缔组织**，位于骨骼之间的空间内。 There are **two** types of bone marrow: 1. **Red bone marrow (红骨髓)** -- Produces **red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets**.\ **红骨髓** 负责生成**红细胞、白细胞和血小板**。 2. **Yellow bone marrow (黄骨髓)** -- Stores **fat** for energy.\ **黄骨髓** 储存**脂肪**作为能量来源。 **Connections to Other Body Systems (骨骼系统与其他系统的联系)** - **Muscular System (肌肉系统)**: Helps provide **movement**.\ **肌肉系统**：帮助提供**运动**。 - **Circulatory System (循环系统)**: Produces **blood cells**.\ **循环系统**：生成**血细胞**。 **Muscle and Movement Quiz (肌肉与运动测验)** 1. **Name the primary muscle that will bring the knee into extension.**\ **Quadriceps Femoris (股四头肌)** 2. **Name the primary muscle that will bring your shoulder into adduction.**\ **Latissimus Dorsi (背阔肌)** 3. **Name the primary muscle that will bring the hip into extension.**\ **Gluteus Maximus (臀大肌)** 4. **Name the primary muscle that will bring your shoulder into abduction.**\ **Deltoid (middle fibers) (三角肌中束)** 5. **Name the primary muscle that will bring the elbow into flexion.**\ **Biceps Brachii (肱二头肌)** 6. **Name the primary muscle that will bring the elbow into extension.**\ **Triceps Brachii (肱三头肌)** 7. **Name the primary muscle that will elevate shoulders toward the ears.**\ **Upper Trapezius (斜方肌上部)** 8. **Name the primary muscle that allows you to walk on your heels (bring your foot into plantar flexion).**\ **Gastrocnemius & Soleus (腓肠肌和比目鱼肌)**