Physiology Lecture Notes PDF

Dr.Heba Khalifa  PHYSIOLOGY: It is the branch of biology deals with the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts.  Physiology OF Renal system The Urinary (or "Renal") System consists of two Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra Major Functions of the Kidneys 1. Regulati...

Dr.Heba Khalifa  PHYSIOLOGY: It is the branch of biology deals with the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts.  Physiology OF Renal system The Urinary (or "Renal") System consists of two Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra Major Functions of the Kidneys 1. Regulation of: -Body fluid osmolarity and volume - electrolyte balance - acid-base balance - blood pressure 2. Excretion of -Metabolic products -foreign substances -excess substance (water, etc) 3. Secretion of: - erythropoitin - 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3(vitamin D activation) - Rennin -prostaglandin The intenal Anatomy of the Kidney  The Nephron qIt is the basic structural and functional unit of thekidney. qIts chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood , reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.  A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites and regulates blood pH. Its functions are regulated by the antidiuretic hormone ,aldosterone and parathyroid hormone. In humans, a normal kidney contains one million nephrons. Physiology ofCardiovascular System The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, approximately 5 liters of blood that the blood vessels transport.  the cardiovascular systemResponsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body. it is powered by the body’s hardest-working organ. the heart, which is only about the size of a closed fist. Even at rest, the average heart easily pumps over 5 liters of blood throughout the body every minute...  1-The Heart o It is a muscular pumping organ located medial to the lungs along the body’s midline in the thoracic region. o The bottom tip of the heart, known as its apex, is turned to the left, so that about 2/3 of the heart is located on the body’s left side with the other 1/3 on right. o The top of the heart, known as the heart’s base, connects to the great blood vessels of the body: the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary runk, and pulmonary veins.  Circulatory Loops There are 2 primary circulatory loops in the human body: A. the pulmonary circulation loop B. the systemic circulation loop.  Pulmonary circulation it transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, where the blood picks up oxygen and returns to the left side of the heart. The pumping chambers of the heart that support the pulmonary circulation loop are the right atrium and right ventricle. Systemic circulation it carries highly oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all o f the tissues of the body (with the exception of the heart and lungs). Systemic circulation removes wastes from body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart. The left atrium and left ventricle of the heart are the pumping chambers for the systemic circulation loop.  2-Blood Vessels Ø Blood vessels are the body’s highways that allow blood to flow quickly and efficiently from the heart to every region of the body and back again. Ø The size of blood vessels corresponds with the amount of blood that passes through the vessel. Ø All blood vessels contain a hollow area called the lumen through which blood is able to flow. Ø around the lumen is the wall of the vessel, which may be thin in the case of capillaries or very thick in the case of arteries.  3.The Blood Ø Normally, 7-8% of human body weight is from blood. Ø In adults, this amounts to 4.5-6 quarts of blood. Ø This essential fluid carries out the critical functions of transporting oxygen and nutrients to our cells and getting rid of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and other wasteproducts. Ø it plays a vital role in our immune system and in maintaining a relatively constant body temperature. The cellular components of blood include Erythrocytes (red blood cells), 4.8 - 5.2 million erythrocytes/ml leukocytes (white b lood cells), 4000 - 10,000 leukocytes/ml. platelets.