The Heart (Medical) PDF

10/24/24, 5:49 AM The Heart (Medical) The Heart (Medical) Endocardium: smooth layer of cells that lines Layers of the heart (1)...

10/24/24, 5:49 AM The Heart (Medical) The Heart (Medical) Endocardium: smooth layer of cells that lines Layers of the heart (1) the inside of the heart Myocardium: muscular middle layer, thickest Layers of the heart (2) layer Pericardium: double-layered membrane or sac Layers of the heart (3) that covers the outside of the heart Septum: muscular wall that separates the heart Structures (1) into a right side and left side The heart is divided into 4 parts or chambers Structures (2) Two upper chambers: atria Two lower chambers: ventricles Right atrium received blood as it returns from the body cells receives blood from the right atrium and pumps Right ventricle blood into pulmonary artery Pulmonary Artery carries blood to the lungs for oxygen Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs receives blood from left atrium and pumps Left Ventricle blood into aorta for transport to the body cells one way valves in the chambers of the heart Valve: keep the blood flowing in the right direction Tricuspid valve: located between the right atrium and right ventricle. Closes when the right ventricle contracts, allowing blood to flow to the lungs https://knowt.com/flashcards/8000bd78-030f-456b-984f-9215e26bb976/edit 1/9 10/24/24, 5:49 AM The Heart (Medical) and preventing blood from flowing back into right atrium located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Closes when the right Pulmonary Valve ventricle has finished contracting, preventing blood from flowing back into the right ventricle located between the left atrium and left ventricle, closes when the left ventricle is Mitral Valve contracting, allowing blood to flow into the aorta for transport to the body and preventing blood from flowing back into the left atrium located between the left ventricle and the aorta. Closes when the left ventricle is finished Aortic Valve: contracting, allowing blood to flow into the aorta and preventing blood from flowing back into the left ventricle large vein that returns blood from the head and Superior vena cava: arms to the heart large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood Inferior vena cava from the legs, back and abdomen/pelvis into the right atrium of the heart Aorta: largest artery in the body collect oxygen-rich blood from your lungs and Pulmonary Veins: carry it to your heart transports oxygen depleted blood away from Pulmonary Arteries: the heart and back towards the lungs Apex base of the heart fist sized vital organ that pumps blood Heart: throughout the body and muscular, hollow organ called the “pump” of the body cardiovascular system 1. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood https://knowt.com/flashcards/8000bd78-030f-456b-984f-9215e26bb976/edit 2/9 10/24/24, 5:49 AM The Heart (Medical) 2. Transports oxygen and nutrients to the body cells and carbon dioxide and metabolic materials away from the body cells fills the space between the two layers to Pericardial fluid prevent friction and damage to the membranes as the heart beats or contracts Left side of the heart receives oxygen-rich Two sides of the heart: Left blood from the lungs and delivers it to the rest of the body Right side of the heart receives oxygen Two sides of the heart: Right depleted blood from the body and delivers it to the lungs The delivery network through which the heart pumps blood to the body is made up of: Arteries: vessels through which the heart pumps to the rest of the body How does the heart pump blood? (carries blood away from the heart) oxygenated blood Veins: vessels through which blood returns to the heart (carry blood back to the heart) deoxygenated blood Valves: keep the blood flowing in the right direction located between the right atrium and right ventricle. Closes when the right ventricle Tricuspid Valve contracts allowing blood to flow to the lungs preventing blood from flowing back into the right atrium Pulmonary Valve: : located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. It closes when the right https://knowt.com/flashcards/8000bd78-030f-456b-984f-9215e26bb976/edit 3/9 10/24/24, 5:49 AM The Heart (Medical) ventricle has finished contracting, preventing blood from flowing back into the right ventricle located between the left atrium and left ventricle. It closes when the left ventricle is Mitral Valve(bicuspid valve) contracting, allowing blood to flow into the aorta (for transport to the body) and preventing blood from flowing back into the left atrium located between the left ventricle and aorta. It closes when the left ventricle is finished Aortic Valve: contracting, allowing blood to flow into the aorta and preventing blood from flowing back into the left ventricle 1. Oxygen-poor blood from all over the body enters your right atrium through two large veins, your superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. These veins drain blood from your upper body and lower body, respectively, and directly empty it into your right atrium. 2. Your tricuspid valve opens to let blood travel from your right atrium to Blood flow Right Side your right ventricle. 3. When your right ventricle is full it squeezes, which closes your tricuspid valve and opens your pulmonary valve. 4. Blood flows through your main pulmonary artery and its branches to your lungs, where it gets oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.( chemical reaction where oxygen attaches to blood oxygenated) Blood flow Left Side 1. Oxygen-rich blood travels from your lungs to your left atrium through large veins called https://knowt.com/flashcards/8000bd78-030f-456b-984f-9215e26bb976/edit 4/9 10/24/24, 5:49 AM The Heart (Medical) pulmonary veins. These veins directly empty the blood into your left atrium. 2. Your mitral valve opens to send blood from your left atrium to your left ventricle. 3. When your left ventricle is full it squeezes, which closes your mitral valve and opens your aortic valve. 4. Your heart sends blood through your aortic valve to your aorta, where it flows to the rest of your body. 1. Superior Vena Cava 2. Inferior Vena Cava 3. Right atrium The right side of the heart 4. Tricuspid Valve 5. Right ventricle 6. Pulmonary Valve 7. Pulmonary artery 1. Pulmonary Artery 2. Left atrium 3. Mitral / Bicuspid Valve The left side of the heart 4. left ventricle 5. Aortic Valve 6. Aorta https://knowt.com/flashcards/8000bd78-030f-456b-984f-9215e26bb976/edit 5/9 10/24/24, 5:49 AM The Heart (Medical) The heart contracts and relaxes normally in a Cardiac Heartbeat Cycle predictable sequence called Sinus Rhythm When the heart relaxes= the inner space of the (Repolarization) chambers expands and allows for blood to flow in When the heart contracts= the space narrows Depolarization and blood is pushed out of the heart into the rest of the body group of nerve cells located in the right atrium Sinoatrial node (SA) node (Electrical Current) “pacemaker” origin or initial start of nerve impulse group of nerve cells located between the atria Atrioventricular (AV) node(Electrical Current) and ventricles Nerve fibers in the septum - travel down the Bundle of His(Electrical Current) septum from the AV node to the purkinje fibers - consist of two branches (L & R) last stop for electrical impulse, located in the Purkinje fibers(Electrical Current) ventricles and receives impulse from the bundle of his Delivers electrical signal to allow the pumping Conduction System mechanism of the heart to occur. No conduction=pulseless! Normal rhythm set by the natural pacemaker of the heart called the SA node. What is “sinus rhythm” recorded on EKG/ECG Strip or telemetry strip Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) Test that records the electrical activity of your heart through small electrode patches that are attached to the skin of your chest, arms, and legs Importance: detects heart rate, heart rhythm and identifies if there are any issues with the electrical current of the https://knowt.com/flashcards/8000bd78-030f-456b-984f-9215e26bb976/edit 6/9 10/24/24, 5:49 AM The Heart (Medical) heart or if the heart muscle is damaged Cardiac monitors and electrocardiograms are What does electrocardiogram do used to diagnose arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms; the heart beats with an irregular rhythm Can be mild to life-threatening Arrhythmia Heart beat can be “too fast” Heart beat can be “too slow” Heart beats abnormally Inadequate number of red blood cells (RBCs) hemoglobin (a protein in red blood cells that Anemia carries oxygen), hematocrit (the percentage by volume of red cells in your blood), or all three. Chronic pallor (paleness), fatigue, dyspnea (difficulty Symptoms of Anemia breathing), and rapid heart rate 14-18 g/dl (adult male) Normal Hemoglobin levels: 12-16 g/dl (adult female) 39-52% (adult male) Normal Hematocrit levels 36-47% (adult female) If a patient is anemic the heart must pump more blood to make up for the lack of oxygen in the blood, which can What if a patients is anemic lead to a rapid or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), can also cause heart failure https://knowt.com/flashcards/8000bd78-030f-456b-984f-9215e26bb976/edit 7/9 10/24/24, 5:49 AM The Heart (Medical) Chronic, inherited anemia Results in the production of abnormal Sickle Cell Anemia crescent-shaped RBCs that carry less oxygen, break easily, and block blood vessels Only cure: stem cell transplantation and bone Cure for sickle cell anemia marrow Symptoms: jaundice, fatigue from anemia, Sickle Cell Anemia Symptoms painful swelling of hands and feet Which ethnicity predominantly occurs with Occurs almost exclusively among African sickle cell anemia Americans transfusions of packed cells and supportive Treatment therapy during crisis Also known as a heart attack. Occurs when a Myocardial Infarction blockage into the coronary arteries cuts off the supply of blood to the heart. What happens to the affected heart tissue and The affected heart tissue dies and is known as what is deprived of an infarct and The tissue is deprived of oxygen More time that passes without treatment to what happens without treatment with restore blood flow the greater the damage to myocardial Infraction the heart muscle Symptoms of M.I (Myocardial Infarction) Severe crushing pain (angina pectoris) that radiates to the arm, neck, and jaw Pressure in the chest/tightness in the chest Perspiration Dizziness/lightheadedness Cold clammy skin Dyspnea/SOB Change in blood pressure https://knowt.com/flashcards/8000bd78-030f-456b-984f-9215e26bb976/edit 8/9 10/24/24, 5:49 AM The Heart (Medical) Bed rest Pain medications Vasodilators (open vessels) Cardiotonic drugs (to slow and strengthen the heartbeat) Acute Treatment Oxygen therapy Anticoagulants (prevent additional clots) Control of arrhythmias Control of blood pressure Diet low in cholesterol and saturated fat Long-term Treatment Avoidance of tobacco and stress Regular exercise Weight control https://knowt.com/flashcards/8000bd78-030f-456b-984f-9215e26bb976/edit 9/9