Introduction to Networking & Networking Models - Networking Basics

WEEK 1-2 Introduction to Networking & Networking Models Agenda Understanding Computer Networks Packet Tracer Simulation Overview Types of Networks Basic Network Topology Simulation Network Topologies Building a LAN in Packet Tracer Key Network Devic...

WEEK 1-2 Introduction to Networking & Networking Models Agenda Understanding Computer Networks Packet Tracer Simulation Overview Types of Networks Basic Network Topology Simulation Network Topologies Building a LAN in Packet Tracer Key Network Devices Ethernet Cable Types The OSI Model Explained Hands-On: Identifying Cables Introduction to the TCP/IP Model Creating Network Topologies Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models Network Design Best Practices Networking Media Types Cabling Best Practices Cabling Types and Uses Common Networking Issues Network Components Identification Conclusion and Next Steps Basics Computer networks consist of interconnected devices that communicate and share resources with each other. They enable data exchange and facilitate communication between users and systems, making them essential for both Understanding personal and business applications. The Computer Networks significance of computer networks lies in their ability to enhance productivity, improve access to information, and support various services like internet connectivity, file sharing, and remote access. Networking Basics Types of Networks Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) LANs connect computers within a limited WANs cover large geographical areas and area such as a home, school, or office, connect multiple LANs, often using leased allowing for high-speed data transfer and telecommunication lines. The Internet is resource sharing. the largest example of a WAN. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Personal Area Network (PAN) MANs span a city or a large campus, PANs are small networks, typically within a commonly used by universities and range of a few meters, used for connecting businesses to connect multiple locations personal devices like smartphones, tablets, within urban areas. and laptops, often via Bluetooth. Topologies Advantages Star topology offers easy management and troubleshooting due to its centralized structure. Mesh topology provides high redundancy and reliability, as multiple paths exist for data transmission. Bus topology is cost-effective, requiring less cabling compared to other topologies. Ring topology enables predictable data transmission times since data travels in one Network direction. Topologies Disadvantage Star topology requires more cabling and can be expensive to s implement due to the hub or switch. Mesh topology can be overly complex and costly, especially in large networks due to the number of connections. Bus topology can lead to performance issues as more devices are added, and a failure in the main cable can bring down the entire network. Ring topology can suffer from latency issues, and a failure in any single device can disrupt the entire network. Network Devices Key Network Devices Routers connect different networks, Routers directing data packets between them. They can handle complex routing protocols and often include firewall and security features. Switches connect devices within the Switches same network, forwarding data to the correct device using MAC addresses. They operate at the data link layer (Layer 2). Hubs Hubs are basic networking devices that connect multiple Ethernet devices, making them act as a single network segment. They broadcast data to all ports, reducing efficiency. Networking Concepts The OSI Model Explained Layer 1: Physical Layer 4: Transport The Physical layer transmits raw The Transport layer ensures complete bitstreams over a physical medium. It data transfer and controls data flow, deals with the hardware aspects of providing error recovery and flow networking, such as cables and control. It segments data for connectors. transmission. Layer 2: Data Link Layer 5: Session The Data Link layer provides node-to- The Session layer manages sessions node data transfer and error between applications, establishing, detection/correction. It ensures reliable maintaining, and terminating communication between devices in a connections. It ensures proper local network. synchronization. Layer 3: Network Layer 6: Presentation The Network layer is responsible for The Presentation layer translates data routing, packet forwarding, and data formats, encrypts/decrypts addressing. It determines the best data, and ensures data is in a path for data transmission across readable format for the application networks. layer. Model Comparison Introduction to the TCP/IP Model Overview of the TCP/IP Model Comparison with the OSI Model The TCP/IP model consists of four layers: The OSI model has seven layers, while the Application, Transport, Internet, and Network TCP/IP model has four, grouping similar Access. functions together. It was developed by the U.S. Department of TCP/IP's Application layer corresponds to OSI's Defense to standardize networking protocols. Application, Presentation, and Session layers. Each layer has specific functions: Application Transport layer in TCP/IP is similar to the handles end-user services, Transport Transport layer in OSI, focusing on reliable manages data transfer, Internet routes data, end-to-end communication. and Network Access interfaces with the physical network. Network Models Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models Layer Count Development Purpose Protocol Support Flexibility and Usage The OSI model consists of The OSI model was TCP/IP model is associated TCP/IP model is widely seven layers, whereas the developed as a theoretical with specific protocols used in real-world TCP/IP model has four framework, while the (TCP, IP), while OSI model applications including the layers, combining some TCP/IP model was created serves as a guideline for internet, while OSI model functions into fewer based on practical various protocols across is primarily used for layers. implementation for the its layers. teaching and internet. understanding networking concepts. Media Networking Media Types Wired Media Wireless Media Comparison of Media Types Wired media includes Wireless media includes Wired media generally offers Ethernet cables and fiber technologies like Wi-Fi and faster speeds and lower optic cables, providing high- Bluetooth, enabling devices latency compared to wireless speed and reliable to connect without physical media, which provides connections for local area cables, suitable for mobile convenience and mobility. networks (LANs). and flexible networking solutions. Cabling Cabling Types and Uses Crossover Crossover cables are used to connect Cables similar devices, such as switch to switch or computer to computer, allowing for direct data transfer without a hub or switch. Straight-Through Straight-through cables are the most Cables common type of network cable, used to connect different devices like computers to switches or routers, ensuring proper communication. Rollover Cables Rollover cables are typically used for console connections to routers and switches, allowing direct access to the device's command-line interface for configuration purposes. Identification Routers Routers connect multiple networks, directing data packets between them based on their IP addresses. Network Switches Component Switches connect devices within a single s network, using MAC addresses to forward data to the correct destination. Identificati on Cables and Connectors Various cables like Ethernet and fiber optic are used to connect network components, utilizing connectors like RJ45. Simulation Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulation tool that allows users to create and visualize network topologies without the need for physical hardware. It provides a user-friendly interface for Packet Tracer dragging and dropping devices, Simulation configuring network settings, and simulating real-world networking Overview scenarios. Users can practice configuring routers, switches, and other devices, making it an essential tool for learning networking concepts and troubleshooting techniques. Lab Basic Network Topology Simulation Step 1: Open Packet Step 2: Select Step 3: Connect Step 4: Configure Tracer Devices Devices Devices Launch the Packet Tracer From the device toolbar, drag Use the connection tool to Access the configuration link the devices. Choose the settings of each device by application on your and drop the necessary appropriate cable type for clicking on them. Assign IP computer. Familiarize network devices (e.g., addresses, configure routing each connection (e.g., yourself with the interface, routers, switches, and PCs) protocols, and ensure each straight-through for onto the workspace. Arrange device is properly set up to including the workspace, connecting similar devices, them according to the communicate within the device types, and toolbars. crossover for connecting network. desired topology. different devices). Packet Tracer interface Basic network design with Connected network Functional network familiarization selected devices devices topology with configured devices Lab Customize this slide by adding specific examples of devices and IP address schemes used in your Open Packet Tracer and create LANasetup. new project to start designing your LAN. Drag and drop the necessary devices (e.g., switches, routers, PCs) onto the workspace. Connect the devices using appropriate cabling Building a LAN in (e.g., straight-through cables for connecting Packet Tracer different devices, crossover cables for connecting similar devices). Assign IP addresses to each device within the same subnet to enable communication. Use the simulation mode to test connectivity and troubleshoot any issues. Cabling Ethernet Cable Types 01 02 03 Cat5e Cable Cat6 Cable Cat7 Cable Cat5e (Enhanced Category 5) Cat6 cables can handle speeds Cat7 cables support speeds up cables support speeds up to 1 up to 10 Gbps over short to 10 Gbps and offer improved Gbps and are commonly used distances, making them suitable shielding for reduced for standard networking for high-speed data transfer in interference, ideal for data applications in homes and small office environments. centers and enterprise networks. businesses. Lab Hands-On: Identifying Gather different types of networking Cables cables: Crossover, Straight-Through, and Rollover. Inspect each cable and identify its characteristics: pin configuration, color coding, and intended use. Use a cable tester, if available, to verify the functionality of the cables after identification. Document your findings and compare them with your classmates to ensure accurate identification. Network Design Creating Network Topologies Understanding Requirements Choosing a Topology Assess the specific needs of the Select an appropriate topology organization including the number (star, ring, bus, or mesh) based on of devices, data traffic, and the needs identified, considering scalability. factors like cost and performance. Scalability Considerations Redundancy and Reliability Cost Analysis Design the network to Incorporate redundancy, particularly Evaluate the cost implications of the accommodate future growth, in critical networks, to ensure chosen topology, including allowing easy addition of devices continuous operation in case of a equipment, installation, and without major disruptions. failure. maintenance expenses. Design Network Design Best Practices Plan for Scalability Optimize for Performance Design networks with future Select appropriate hardware and growth in mind, allowing for easy technologies that match the network's performance requirements, including integration of additional devices switches, routers, and bandwidth and increased bandwidth. capabilities. Implement Redundancy Document the Network Incorporate redundant paths and Maintain detailed documentation of devices to ensure network network architecture, configurations, and changes to facilitate reliability and minimize downtime troubleshooting and future during failures. upgrades. Use Hierarchical Design Regularly Monitor and Update Utilize a hierarchical network design Continuously monitor network model to improve organization, performance and security, and update management, and performance, hardware and software to protect typically consisting of core, distribution, against vulnerabilities and improve and access layers. efficiency. Cabling Cabling Best Practices Labeling Cables Proper Cable Management Use clear, consistent labels on both Utilize cable management tools like ends of cables to simplify trays, ties, and racks to keep cables identification and troubleshooting. organized and reduce clutter. Avoiding Interference Following Standards Regular Inspections Keep network cables away from Adhere to industry standards such Conduct routine checks on cabling power lines and sources of as TIA/EIA for cabling to ensure infrastructure to identify wear and electromagnetic interference to compatibility and performance. ensure optimal performance. maintain signal integrity. Troubleshooting Common Networking Issues 01 Network Issues such as devices being unable to connect to Connectivity the network can arise from incorrect Problems configurations, hardware failures, or cable faults. 02 Slow Network This can be caused by bandwidth limitations, Performance network congestion, or faulty hardware. Tools like speed tests can help identify the root cause. 03 IP Address When two devices attempt to use the same IP Conflicts address, connectivity issues occur. This can be resolved by ensuring proper DHCP configurations. 04 Wireless Obstacles and electronic devices can disrupt Wi-Fi Interference signals. Solutions include repositioning routers and changing channels to minimize interference. Summary Conclusion and Next Steps This presentation covered the fundamentals of computer networks, including definitions and significance. We explored various types of networks: LAN, WAN, MAN, and PAN, and their applications. Key networking models, including OSI and TCP/IP, were discussed, emphasizing their roles in network communication. Different networking media and cabling types were identified, along with their specific uses and characteristics. Next steps for learning include hands-on practice with network simulations and deeper exploration of advanced networking concepts.