Introduction to Networking & Networking Models PDF

WEEK 1-2 Introduction to Networking & Networking Models Agenda Understanding Computer Networks Packet Tracer Simulation Overview Types of Networks Basic Network Topology Simulation Network Topologies Building a LAN in Packet Tracer...

WEEK 1-2 Introduction to Networking & Networking Models Agenda Understanding Computer Networks Packet Tracer Simulation Overview Types of Networks Basic Network Topology Simulation Network Topologies Building a LAN in Packet Tracer Key Network Devices Ethernet Cable Types The OSI Model Explained Hands-On: Identifying Cables Introduction to the TCP/IP Model Creating Network Topologies Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models Network Design Best Practices Networking Media Types Cabling Best Practices Cabling Types and Uses Common Networking Issues Network Components Identification Conclusion and Next Steps Basics Computer networks consist of interconnected devices that communicate and share resources with each other. They enable data exchange and facilitate communication between users and Understanding Computer systems, making them essential for both personal and business applications. The significance of Networks computer networks lies in their ability to enhance productivity, improve access to information, and support various services like internet connectivity, file sharing, and remote access. Networking Basics Types of Networks Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) LANs connect computers within a limited area such WANs cover large geographical areas and connect as a home, school, or office, allowing for high-speed multiple LANs, often using leased data transfer and resource sharing. telecommunication lines. The Internet is the largest example of a WAN. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Personal Area Network (PAN) MANs span a city or a large campus, commonly PANs are small networks, typically within a range of used by universities and businesses to connect a few meters, used for connecting personal devices multiple locations within urban areas. like smartphones, tablets, and laptops, often via Bluetooth. Topologies Advantages Star topology offers easy management and troubleshooting due to its centralized structure. Mesh topology provides high redundancy and reliability, as multiple paths exist for data transmission. Bus topology is cost-effective, requiring less cabling compared to other topologies. Ring topology enables predictable data transmission times since data travels in one direction. Network Topologies Disadvantages Star topology requires more cabling and can be expensive to implement due to the hub or switch. Mesh topology can be overly complex and costly, especially in large networks due to the number of connections. Bus topology can lead to performance issues as more devices are added, and a failure in the main cable can bring down the entire network. Ring topology can suffer from latency issues, and a failure in any single device can disrupt the entire network. Network Devices Key Network Devices Routers Routers connect different networks, directing data packets between them. They can handle complex routing protocols and often include firewall and security features. Switches Switches connect devices within the same network, forwarding data to the correct device using MAC addresses. They operate at the data link layer (Layer 2). Hubs Hubs are basic networking devices that connect multiple Ethernet devices, making them act as a single network segment. They broadcast data to all ports, reducing efficiency. Networking Concepts The OSI Model Explained Layer 1: Physical Layer 4: Transport The Physical layer transmits raw bitstreams The Transport layer ensures complete over a physical medium. It deals with the data transfer and controls data flow, hardware aspects of networking, such as providing error recovery and flow control. cables and connectors. It segments data for transmission. Layer 2: Data Link Layer 5: Session The Data Link layer provides node-to-node The Session layer manages sessions data transfer and error between applications, establishing, detection/correction. It ensures reliable maintaining, and terminating connections. It communication between devices in a local ensures proper synchronization. network. Layer 3: Network Layer 6: Presentation The Network layer is responsible for data The Presentation layer translates data routing, packet forwarding, and formats, encrypts/decrypts data, and addressing. It determines the best path ensures data is in a readable format for for data transmission across networks. the application layer. Model Comparison Introduction to the TCP/IP Model Overview of the TCP/IP Model Comparison with the OSI Model The TCP/IP model consists of four layers: Application, The OSI model has seven layers, while the TCP/IP Transport, Internet, and Network Access. model has four, grouping similar functions together. It was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense TCP/IP's Application layer corresponds to OSI's to standardize networking protocols. Application, Presentation, and Session layers. Each layer has specific functions: Application handles Transport layer in TCP/IP is similar to the Transport end-user services, Transport manages data transfer, layer in OSI, focusing on reliable end-to-end Internet routes data, and Network Access interfaces communication. with the physical network. Network Models Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models Layer Count Development Purpose Protocol Support Flexibility and Usage The OSI model consists of The OSI model was developed TCP/IP model is associated TCP/IP model is widely used in seven layers, whereas the as a theoretical framework, with specific protocols (TCP, IP), real-world applications TCP/IP model has four layers, while the TCP/IP model was while OSI model serves as a including the internet, while combining some functions into created based on practical guideline for various protocols OSI model is primarily used for fewer layers. implementation for the across its layers. teaching and understanding internet. networking concepts. Media Networking Media Types Wired Media Wireless Media Comparison of Media Types Wired media includes Ethernet Wireless media includes Wired media generally offers faster cables and fiber optic cables, technologies like Wi-Fi and speeds and lower latency providing high-speed and reliable Bluetooth, enabling devices to compared to wireless media, connections for local area connect without physical cables, which provides convenience and networks (LANs). suitable for mobile and flexible mobility. networking solutions. Cabling Cabling Types and Uses Crossover Cables Crossover cables are used to connect similar devices, such as switch to switch or computer to computer, allowing for direct data transfer without a hub or switch. Straight-Through Straight-through cables are the most common Cables type of network cable, used to connect different devices like computers to switches or routers, ensuring proper communication. Rollover Cables Rollover cables are typically used for console connections to routers and switches, allowing direct access to the device's command-line interface for configuration purposes. Identification Routers Routers connect multiple networks, directing data packets between them based on their IP addresses. Switches Network Switches connect devices within a single Components network, using MAC addresses to forward data to the correct destination. Identification Cables and Connectors Various cables like Ethernet and fiber optic are used to connect network components, utilizing connectors like RJ45. Simulation Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulation tool that allows users to create and visualize network topologies without the need for physical hardware. It provides a user-friendly interface for dragging and dropping devices, configuring Packet Tracer Simulation network settings, and simulating real-world Overview networking scenarios. Users can practice configuring routers, switches, and other devices, making it an essential tool for learning networking concepts and troubleshooting techniques. Lab Basic Network Topology Simulation Step 1: Open Packet Step 4: Configure Tracer Step 2: Select Devices Step 3: Connect Devices Devices Launch the Packet Tracer From the device toolbar, drag Use the connection tool to link Access the configuration settings application on your computer. and drop the necessary network the devices. Choose the of each device by clicking on them. Familiarize yourself with the devices (e.g., routers, switches, appropriate cable type for each Assign IP addresses, configure interface, including the and PCs) onto the workspace. connection (e.g., straight- routing protocols, and ensure each through for connecting similar device is properly set up to workspace, device types, and Arrange them according to the devices, crossover for communicate within the network. toolbars. desired topology. connecting different devices). Packet Tracer interface Basic network design with Connected network devices Functional network topology with familiarization selected devices configured devices Lab Customize this slide by adding specific examples of devices and IP address schemes used in your LAN setup. Open Packet Tracer and create a new project to start designing your LAN. Drag and drop the necessary devices (e.g., switches, routers, PCs) onto the workspace. Connect the devices using appropriate cabling (e.g., Building a LAN in Packet straight-through cables for connecting different devices, crossover cables for connecting similar Tracer devices). Assign IP addresses to each device within the same subnet to enable communication. Use the simulation mode to test connectivity and troubleshoot any issues. Cabling Ethernet Cable Types 01 02 03 Cat5e Cable Cat6 Cable Cat7 Cable Cat5e (Enhanced Category 5) cables Cat6 cables can handle speeds up to Cat7 cables support speeds up to 10 support speeds up to 1 Gbps and are 10 Gbps over short distances, making Gbps and offer improved shielding for commonly used for standard them suitable for high-speed data reduced interference, ideal for data networking applications in homes and transfer in office environments. centers and enterprise networks. small businesses. Lab Hands-On: Identifying Cables Gather different types of networking cables: Crossover, Straight-Through, and Rollover. Inspect each cable and identify its characteristics: pin configuration, color coding, and intended use. Use a cable tester, if available, to verify the functionality of the cables after identification. Document your findings and compare them with your classmates to ensure accurate identification. Network Design Creating Network Topologies Understanding Requirements Choosing a Topology Assess the specific needs of the Select an appropriate topology (star, ring, organization including the number of bus, or mesh) based on the needs devices, data traffic, and scalability. identified, considering factors like cost and performance. Scalability Considerations Redundancy and Reliability Cost Analysis Design the network to accommodate future Incorporate redundancy, particularly in Evaluate the cost implications of the growth, allowing easy addition of devices critical networks, to ensure continuous chosen topology, including equipment, without major disruptions. operation in case of a failure. installation, and maintenance expenses. Design Network Design Best Practices Plan for Scalability Optimize for Performance Design networks with future growth in Select appropriate hardware and mind, allowing for easy integration of technologies that match the network's performance requirements, including additional devices and increased switches, routers, and bandwidth bandwidth. capabilities. Implement Redundancy Document the Network Incorporate redundant paths and Maintain detailed documentation of devices to ensure network reliability and network architecture, configurations, minimize downtime during failures. and changes to facilitate troubleshooting and future upgrades. Use Hierarchical Design Regularly Monitor and Update Utilize a hierarchical network design model Continuously monitor network performance to improve organization, management, and and security, and update hardware and performance, typically consisting of core, software to protect against vulnerabilities distribution, and access layers. and improve efficiency. Cabling Cabling Best Practices Labeling Cables Proper Cable Management Use clear, consistent labels on both ends of Utilize cable management tools like trays, cables to simplify identification and ties, and racks to keep cables organized troubleshooting. and reduce clutter. Avoiding Interference Following Standards Regular Inspections Keep network cables away from power lines Adhere to industry standards such as Conduct routine checks on cabling and sources of electromagnetic TIA/EIA for cabling to ensure compatibility infrastructure to identify wear and ensure interference to maintain signal integrity. and performance. optimal performance. Troubleshooting Common Networking Issues 01 Network Connectivity Issues such as devices being unable to connect to the Problems network can arise from incorrect configurations, hardware failures, or cable faults. 02 Slow Network This can be caused by bandwidth limitations, network Performance congestion, or faulty hardware. Tools like speed tests can help identify the root cause. 03 IP Address Conflicts When two devices attempt to use the same IP address, connectivity issues occur. This can be resolved by ensuring proper DHCP configurations. 04 Wireless Interference Obstacles and electronic devices can disrupt Wi-Fi signals. Solutions include repositioning routers and changing channels to minimize interference. Summary Conclusion and Next Steps This presentation covered the fundamentals of computer networks, including definitions and significance. We explored various types of networks: LAN, WAN, MAN, and PAN, and their applications. Key networking models, including OSI and TCP/IP, were discussed, emphasizing their roles in network communication. Different networking media and cabling types were identified, along with their specific uses and characteristics. Next steps for learning include hands-on practice with network simulations and deeper exploration of advanced networking concepts.