Week 01-02 PC Hardware Components (1).pptx

Week 01: PC Hardware Components What is a computer? 2 A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it and generate result (output). A computer along with additional hardware and software together is call...

Week 01: PC Hardware Components What is a computer? 2 A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it and generate result (output). A computer along with additional hardware and software together is called a computer system.  Data and Information 3 Computers process data into information. Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video. ///?? Information conveys meaning and is useful to people Discovering Computers - Fundamentals : Your Interactive Guide to the Digital World. by Misty E. Vermaat; Gary B. Shelly.; Published: 2012 Information Processing Cycle 4 Computers process data (input) into information (output). Computers carry out processes using instructions, which are the steps that tell the computer how to perform a particular task. A collection of related instructions organized for a common purpose is referred to as software. A computer often holds data, information, and instructions in storage for future use. The series of input, process, output, and storage activities is the information processing cycle. Recently, communications also has become an essential element of the information processing cycle. Video Explanation – What is in a computer? 5 In this video explanation, you will learn the components hat makeup a computer: Input devices Output devices Internal Components A computer system contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical components known as hardware. Computer system hardware primarily comprises of a motherboard, processors, memory, Basic input/output systems (BIOS) and cooling systems. All these components function together as a single unit to deliver the desired output. What is in a computer? 6 Motherboard It is the spine of the computer and is known as the system board or mainboard. It is a printed circuit board (PCB) that contains buses, or electrical pathways, that interconnect electronic components. These components may be soldered directly to the motherboard, or added using sockets, expansion slots, and ports. Major components on a motherboard include: Microprocessor/CPU Chipset Random access memory (RAM) Read-only memory (ROM) Cache memory Expansion slot connectors Disk drive interface connections Standard I/O connections What is in a computer? 7 Central Processing Unit (CPU) Secondary Storage Devices CPU: It is the electronic circuitry that carries out the actual processing and is usually Primary referred to as the brain of the computer. It is Memory also commonly called 'processor'. The CPU is given instructions and data through programs. Input Control Unit Output The CPU then fetches the program and data Device (CU) Device from the memory and performs arithmetic and logical operations as per the given Arithmetic Logic instructions and stores the result back to Unit (ALU) memory. Central Processing The CPU has three main components: Unit (CPU) Registers: While processing, the CPU stores the data as well as instructions in its local memory, 'called' registers. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic operations that need to be done as per the instruction in a program. Control Unit (CU): CU controls sequential instruction execution, interprets instructions and guides data flow through the computer’s memory, ALU and input or output devices. What is in a computer? 8 Chipset Chipsets are microprocessor-support devices that coordinate how system hardware interacts with the CPU and motherboard. Most chipsets consist of the following two types: Northbridge – Controls high speed access to the RAM and video card. Southbridge – Allows the CPU to communicate with slower speed devices including hard drives, Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, and expansion slots. What is in a computer? 9 Input Devices These devices convert the input data into a digital form that is acceptable by the computer system. Data entered through input device is temporarily stored in the main memory (also called RAM) of the computer system. For permanent storage and future use, the data as well as instructions are stored permanently in additional storage locations called secondary memory. Some of the first input devices include: Keyboard and Mouse – these are the two most commonly used input devices ADF / Flatbed Scanner – these devices digitize an image or document Joystick and Gamepad – these devices are used for playing games What is in a computer? 10 New Input Devices Touch screen – input devices with touch or pressure sensitive screens Stylus – a type of digitizer that allows a designer or artist to create artwork by using a pen-like tool Magnetic strip reader – a device that reads information magnetically encoded on the back of plastic cards Barcode scanner – a device that reads the information contained in the barcodes affixed to products Webcams – video cameras that can be integrated into a computer Signature pad– a device that electronically captures a person’s signature Smart card reader – a device used on a computer to authenticate the user. A smart card may be the size of a credit card with an embedded microprocessor that is typically under a gold contact pad on one side of the card. Microphone – a device that allows a user to speak into a computer and have their voice digitized What is in a computer? 11 Most Recent Input Devices NFC devices and terminals – Near Field Communication (NFC) tap to pay devices Facial recognition scanners – devices identifying a user based on unique facial features Fingerprint scanners – devices identifying a user based on unique fingerprint Voice recognition scanners – devices identifying a user based on unique voice Virtual reality headset – used with computer games, simulators, and training applications with virtual reality functionalities. What is in a computer? 12 Output Devices An output device takes binary information from the computer and converts it into a form that is easily understood by the user. Speakers are a type of auditory output device. Headphones, earbuds, and the earphones found in headsets are all auditory output devices. Printers: Printers are output devices that create hard copies of files. A hard copy might be a on a sheet of paper. It could also be a plastic form created from a 3D printer. Monitors and Projectors What is in a computer? 13 Computer Memory A computer system needs memory to store the data and instructions for processing. Whenever we talk about the “memory” of a computer system, we usually talk about the main or primary memory. The secondary memory (also called storage device) is used to store data, instructions and results permanently and for future use. …….. Units of Memory A computer system uses binary numbers to store and process data. The binary digits 0 and 1, which are the basic units of memory, are called bits. A byte is a block of eight bits stored as either 0 or 1 in the memory chip, for example, 01000110, 01111100, 10000001, etc. Bytes are grouped together to make bigger chunks or units of memory. …. What is in a computer? 14 Types of Memory Primary Memory: Program and data are loaded into the primary memory before processing. The CPU interacts directly with the primary memory to perform read/ write operation. The primary memory is located on the system board and typically exists in three forms: 1. Random access memory (RAM): RAM is volatile i.e. its contents disappear when power is removed from the memory. RAM is used to store data temporarily while the computer is working. Whenever the computer is started or a software application is launched, the required program and data are loaded into RAM for processing. RAM is usually referred to as main memory and it is faster than the secondary memory or storage devices. 2. Read only memory (ROM): ROM is non-volatile, means its contents are not lost even when the power is turned off. It stores the computer’s permanent startup programs. What is in a computer? 15 Types of Memory 3. Cache Memory: RAM is faster than secondary storage, but not as fast as a computer processor. So, because of RAM, a CPU may have to slow down. To speed up the operations of the CPU, a very high-speed memory is placed between the CPU and the primary memory known as cache. It stores the copies of the data from frequently accessed primary memory locations, thus, reducing the average time required to access data from primary memory. When the CPU needs to access memory, it first examines the cache. In case the requirement is met, it is read from the cache, otherwise the primary memory is accessed. Cache Memory Small, faster Primary CPU Memory Secondary Memory fast fastest Large, Slow What is in a computer? 16 Types of Memory o Secondary Memory: Primary memory has limited storage capacity and is either volatile (RAM) or read-only (ROM). Thus, a computer system needs auxiliary or secondary memory to permanently store the data or instructions for future use. o The secondary memory is non-volatile and has larger storage capacity than primary memory. It is slower and cheaper than the main memory. But it cannot be accessed directly by the CPU. o Contents of secondary storage need to be first brought into the main memory for the CPU to access. Examples of secondary memory devices include Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Optical Drive, Tape Drive, etc. o However, these days, there are secondary storage devices like Solid-State Drive (SSD) which support very fast data transfer speed as compared to earlier HDDs. o Storage devices inside a computer connect to the motherboard using Serial AT Attachment (SATA) connections. What is in a computer? 17 Card Adapters and Expansion Slots Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports. Common adapter cards include: Sound adapter Network Interface Card (NIC) Video adapter or display adapter Universal Serial Bus (USB) controller card Computers have expansion slots on the motherboard to install adapter cards. The type of adapter card connector must match the expansion slot. Adapter Cards Expansion Slots What is in a computer? 18 Cases The case houses the internal components such as the power supply, motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), memory, disk drives, and assorted adapter cards. The term form factor refers to the physical design and look of a case. Common desktop computers are available in form factors including: Horizontal case Full-Size Tower Compact Tower All-in-one All-in-one What is in a computer? 19 Power Supply Computers use a power supply to convert AC power into a lower voltage DC power required by internal components. A power supply includes several different connectors. They are used to power various internal components such as the motherboard and disk drives. Power Supply Connectors What is in a computer? 20 Cooling Systems Computer components perform better when kept cool. Computers are kept cool using active and passive cooling solutions. Active solutions require power while passive solutions do not. Passive solutions for cooling usually involve reducing the speed at which a component is operating or adding heat sinks to computer chips. A case fan is considered as active cooling.  Thank You 800 MyHCT (800 www.hct.ac.ae 69428)