Comparative Models in Policing PDF

LEA2
COMPARATIVE MODELS IN
POLICING Rosalie O. Dupitas-Cruz Comparative Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a proper ty or quality greater or less in extent than that of another....

LEA2
COMPARATIVE MODELS IN
POLICING Rosalie O. Dupitas-Cruz Comparative Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a proper ty or quality greater or less in extent than that of another. 2 Police A police ser vice is a public force empowered to enforce the law and to ensure public and social order through the legitimized use of force. “Police is the public and the public is the police”-Sir Robe Peel 3 Police T he word "police" derives from the Lati n "politia," meaning civil administration, which in turn comes from the Greek "polis ," meaning city-state. T he term was adapted into Spanish as "policía," which was then used in the Philippines during the colonial period. 4  In the Philippines, the police/ law enforcement is spearheaded by these agencies:
Philippine National Police (PNP)
National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)
 System A combination of related elements that is functioning as a whole in order to achieve a single goal or objective. Presentation title 6 Comparative Police System  Process of outlining the similarities and dif ferences of one police system to another in order to discover insights in the eld of international policing. Comparing local police practices with those in other countries to understand how dif ferent systems approach crime prevention, law enforcement, and community relations. 7 1.Crime has become a global phenomenon. 2.Transnational crimes cross borders and the need for Why Compare?
bilateral and international cooperation become imperative. Presentation title 8  HOW TO COMPARE? 1. SAFARI METHOD - researcher visits another count. 2. COLLOBORATIVE METHOD - researcher communicates with foreign researcher Presentation title 9 THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
Policemen are se ants of the community. 1. HOMERULE E ectiveness of policemen depends on the express wishes of the people.
THEORY 10 2. CONTINENTAL Policemen are ser vant of higher authority. T hey just follow the wishes of top of fic ial of the THEORY government. 11 Organizational Structures:
1. Centralized System: e police force is organized and managed by the central government, with a top-down structure. T here is little to no local autonomy, and decisions regarding policing strategies and priorities are made at the national level. Example: France's police system, where the Gendarmerie (militar ypolice) operates under the Ministr yof the Interior, exemplif ies the Continental T heor y. T he system is centralized, with a strong focus on national security and state authority. 12 2. Decentralized System: Police forces are organized and managed at the local or municipal level. Each community or city has its own police depa ment, which operates independently of the central government. Example: e United States' police system, where each city or town has its own police depar tment. Local police depar tments are accountable to the residents they ser ve and have signif icant autonomy in how they operate. 13  CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE 1. OLD POLICE SERVIE (Old Concept) - T he yardstick of the e ciency of the police is determined by the number of arrests. Punishment is the sole instrument of crime control. 2. MODERN POLICE SERVICE (Modern Concept) - T he yardstick of police ef ficiency is the absence or lesser occurrence of crimes. Police omnipresence is considered as the tool or instrument in crime prevention. 14  ree Styles of Policing 1. Legalistic: T his style emphasizes the use of formal methods, such as threats or actual arrests, to resolve disputes. 2. Watchman: T his approach focuses on informal methods for resolving con icts and maintaining order within the community. 3. Ser vice: T his style prioritizes assisting and suppor ting the community, rather than solely enforcing the law. 15 Philippine National Police (PNP) Histo T he Philippine National Police (PNP) traces its origins to various law enforcement agencies established throughout di erent periods of Philippine histo. Spanish Colonial Period (1565–1898) During the Spanish colonization, law enforcement was primarily managed by the Guardia Civil, which was established in 1868. T his organization was responsible for maintaining peace and order, pa icularly in rural areas. 16 American Colonial Period (1898–1946) T he American Colonial Period (1898–1946) in the Philippines marked a signif icant transformation in the structure and functions of law enforcement in the countr y. After the United States took control of the Philippines following the Spanish-American War, major reforms were introduced to the existing policing system, adapting it to the American model. 17  Development of the Police Force During the American Colonial Period 1.Transition from Guardia Civil: 1.After the Spanish were defeated in 1898, the Guardia Civil was disbanded, and the United States began establishing its own system of law enforcement. 2.Initially, American militar yforces took charge of maintaining order, but there was a need for a more structured civilian police force. 18 Creation of the Philippine Constabula (1901): In 1901, the United States established the Philippine Constabular y(PC), which became the backbone of law enforcement in the Philippines during the American period. T he Constabular ywas a national police force with a milita structure, tasked with enforcing laws, maintaining peace and order, and suppressing resistance to American rule. T he PC played a crucial role in combating local insurgents, bandits, and other criminal elements. It was known for its discipline and ef fectiveness but also faced criticism for its sometimes harsh methods. 19 Municipal Police Forces: Alongside the Philippine Constabula , municipal police forces were established in various towns and cities across the Philippines. ese local police forces were responsible for day-to-day law enforcement, crime prevention, and maintaining public order within their jurisdictions. e Americans introduced modern policing techniques, training, and organizational structures to these local police forces, which were in uenced by U.S. law enforcement models. 20 Japanese Occupation (1942–1945) Upon invading the Philippines in 1942, the Japanese immediately placed the countr yunder mar tial law. T he Japanese Imperial Army took full control of law enforcement, suppressing any resistance against their occupation. T he Japanese militar ypolice, known as the Kempeitai, were the primar yforce responsible for maintaining order. T he Kempeitai operated with almost unchecked power, enforcing Japanese milita law and order with extreme measures. 21 Kempeitai's Role and Methods: T he Kempeitai were notorious for their brutality and were tasked with rooting out anti-Japanese sentiment, insurgency, and espionage. T he y conducted widespread sur ve illance, arrests, and interrogations, often using tor ture and summar yexecutions to instill fear and maintain control. T he Kempeitai also collaborated with local informants and pro- Japanese groups to identify and eliminate resistance f ighters, guerrilla forces, and suspected sympathizers of the Allied forces. 22 Post-War Period and Independence (1946–1972) Key Developments in Policing (1946–1972) 1.Reconstruction and Reorganization: 1.After gaining independence on July 4, 1946, the Philippines faced the task of reconstructing its government institutions, including law enforcement. 2.T he Philippine Constabular y(PC), which had been the main national police force during the American period, was reorganized and revitalized. T he PC was tasked with restoring law and order in the post-war era, dealing with widespread criminality, and addressing the remnants of wa ime insurgency. 23 Creation of the Integrated National Police (INP): In response to the challenges of policing in a newly independent nation, the government recognized the need for a more coordinated and uni ed approach to law enforcement. In 1975, though slightly after the speci ed period, the Integrated National Police (INP) was formally established by merging the Philippine Constabula with local police forces. is created a centralized police structure aimed at improving e ciency and coordination across the count. e creation of the INP marked a signi cant shift towards a more uni ed national police force, though during the 1946-1972 period, e o s were already underway to integrate and coordinate various law enforcement agencies. 24 Ma ial Law Era (1972–1986) T he Mar tial Law Era in the Philippines, under President Ferdinand Marcos from 1972 to 1986, was a period marked by signif icant changes in the countr y's political and social landscape, including how policing was conducted. Here’s a summa of key aspects: 1.Centralization of Power: e era saw a signi cant centralization of power in the executive branch. e President had control over the milita and police, which were used to enforce the government’s policies. 2.Increased Militarization: Policing during Ma ial Law became highly militarized. e Philippine Constabula , which was the prima national police force at the time, was heavily involved in maintaining order and suppressing dissent. e milita ’s role in eve day policing tasks increased dramatically. 25 Post-Ma ial Law Period and Reorganization (1986–1991) Following the People Power Revolution in 1986, the new government under President Corazon Aquino sought to reform the police and militar y. T he 1987 Constitution mandated the creation of a separate civilian police force. T his led to the passage of Republic Act No. 6975 in 1990, which established the Philippine National Police (PNP) as a civilian agency under the Depar tment of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). T he PNP was formally activated on Januar y29, 1991, replacing the PC and INP. 26 Key aspects of policing during this time include: 1.Reform and Reorganization: In response to the abuses and excesses of the Mar tial Law Era, there was a concer ted ef for tto reform and reorganize law enforcement agencies. T he Philippine National Police (PNP) was established in 1991, merging the Philippine Constabular yand the Integrated National Police. T his reorganization aimed to create a more accountable and community-focused police force. 27 Decentralization of Power: T here was a push to decentralize policing to bring it closer to local communities. T his was intended to improve local accountability and responsiveness, in contrast to the highly centralized and militarized approach of the previous era. 28 Modern Era (1991–Present) Since its establishment, the PNP has undergone various reforms and modernization ef fo r ts to address issues such as corruption, human rights abuses, and inef ficiency. T he PNP has played a crucial role in maintaining peace and order, countering terrorism, combating illegal drugs, and enforcing laws in the Philippines. T he organization continues to evolve, striving to become a more professional and community-oriented police force. 29 What is International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)? T he International Criminal Police Organization, is an international organization that facilitates cooperation between law enforcement agencies around the world. Established in 1923 and headquar tered in Lyon, France, its mission is to assist member countries in addressing transnational crime through collaboration, information exchange, and suppo. 30 O cial Seal of the INTERPOL 31 O cial Flag of the INTERPOL 32 Key Points about INTERPOL: 1.Established: INTERPOL was founded in 1923 as the International Criminal Police Organization. It adopted the name INTERPOL as its telegraphic address in 1956, and this name has since become its o cial title. 2.Headqua ers: e General Secretariat is located in Lyon, France. It also has regional o ces around the world. 3.Membership: INTERPOL has 195 member countries, (as of August 2024) making it one of the largest international organizations in terms of membership. 33 Mandate: T he organization helps coordinate international law enforcement ef fo r ts , sharing information and intelligence, and suppor ting cross-border investigations. It does not have its own law enforcement of ficers or agents; instead, it acts as a central hub for cooperation and information exchange among member countries. Databases: INTERPOL maintains a range of databases that member countries can access. T hese databases include information on stolen prope y, missing persons, and wanted persons, among other things. 34 Operations: INTERPOL provides suppor tfor various types of criminal investigations, including human traf fic king, drug tra cking, terrorism, cybercrime, and organized crime. Leadership: INTERPOL is governed by its General Assembly, which meets annually to set policies and approve the budget and is composed of representatives from all member countries. T he General Assembly elects the Secretar y-General and the President, who oversee the organization’s operations. Motto: INTERPOL’s motto is “Connecting police for a safer world,” re ecting its goal of fostering international police cooperation to enhance global security. 35 INTERPOL Executive Committee: T he Executive Committee is a body that oversees the implementation of decisions made by the General Assembly. It consists of 13 representatives elected by the General Assembly and meets regularly to provide strategic direction. 36 INTERPOL General Secretariat: T he main operational headquar ters of INTERPOL, responsible for day -to-day activities. It is led by the Secretar y-General and carries out the organization’s executive functions. It is in Lyon, France, it operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and it is run by the secreta general. T he secretariat has six regional of fices; in Argentina, Cote d’lvoire, El Salvador, Kenya, T hailand and Zimbabwe, and a liaison of fice at the United Nations in New York. 37 Functions of the General Secretariat:  Coordination of international police cooperation.  Management of operational suppo se ices.  Development and maintenance of INTERPOL's global police databases.  Providing assistance and training to member countries. 38 National Central Bureaus (NCBs) Essential components of INTERPOL's global network. Each INTERPOL member countr yhas its own NCB, which acts as a liaison between the national law enforcement agencies and INTERPOL's General Secretariat. T he primar yroles of NCBs include: 1.Coordination: NCBs coordinate and facilitate communication and collaboration between national police forces and INTERPOL. T hey ensure that information and requests for assistance are e ciently transmitted between the two. 39 Information Sharing: ey manage the exchange of information and intelligence related to international crime, such as data on fugitives, stolen prope y, and missing persons. Suppo for Investigations: NCBs assist in organizing and suppo ing international investigations by coordinating with other NCBs and INTERPOL’s General Secretariat. 40 Administrative Functions: ey handle the administrative aspects of INTERPOL’s activities within their respective countries, including managing and maintaining INTERPOL’s databases at the national level. Communication Hub: NCBs se e as the central point of contact for all INTERPOL-related matters in their count , ensuring that national authorities are informed about INTERPOL operations and initiatives. 41  ese Notices are international ale s used to communicate information about criminal activities, individuals, and threats. Here are the main types of INTERPOL Notices: 1.Red Notice: A request for the arrest or location of a wanted person, issued at the request of a member count. It contains identi cation details and information about the charges against the individual. 2.Blue Notice: Used to collect additional information about a person's identity, location, or activities in relation to a crime. It is often used for investigations. 42 Green Notice: Ale s law enforcement about individuals who have committed criminal o enses and may pose a threat in other countries. It provides information about their criminal activities and known methods. Yellow Notice: Issued to help locate missing persons, pa icularly minors, or to identify persons who cannot identify themselves. Black Notice: Used to seek information on unidenti ed bodies. It provides details to help identify deceased individuals found in various locations. 43 Orange Notice: Ale s about potential threats related to weapons, parcel bombs, or other dangerous materials. It helps to prevent the use of such items in criminal activities. Purple Notice: Provides information on modi operandi, objects, devices, or concealment methods used by criminals. It helps law enforcement understand and counteract new criminal techniques. Interpol-United Nations Security Council Special Notice: Issued for individuals and entities that are subject to sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council. It helps member countries implement these sanctions. 44 National Central Bureaus (NCBs): National entities in each INTERPOL member countr ythat act as the main point of contact between the national police and INTERPOL. T hey facilitate the exchange of information and coordinate operations. Advisers: Exper ts or specialists who provide guidance and suppor ton specif ic issues or areas of expe ise within INTERPOL's operations. Appointed by the executive committee and con rmed by the general assembly. 45 Member Countries: Countries that are par tof INTERPOL, contributing to and benef iting from international police cooperation. As of August 2024, there are 195 member countries. Philippines member since June 1956 46 SELECTED POLICE MODELS POLICE MODELS ROYAL BRUNEI POLICE FORCE Known as (Polis Diraja Brunei (PDRB) in Malay) Founded in 1921 with the passing of the Brunei Police Force Enactment. e police force is in charge of prisons, re se ices and keeping law and order in the streets. e RBP has been a member of INTERPOL since 1984. 47 ORGANIZATION e Royal Brunei Police Force is organized into seven districts: the Brunei, Belait, Muara/Marine, Tutong, Temburong, Jerudong, and Berakas Police Districts. ese districts are managed by four directors:  Administration and Finance,  Operation,  Criminal Investigation and Intelligence  Logistics. 48  e entire police operation is supe ised by the Inspector General, Police Commissioner, and Deputy Commissioner. RANKS Inspector General of Police Deputy Inspector General of Police Commissioner Deputy Commissioner Senior Assistant Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Senior Superintendent Superintendent 49 Chief/Inspector/Assistant Superintendent Senior Inspector Inspector Probationa Inspector Cadet Inspector Sergeant major Sta Sergeant Corporal Lance Corporal 50  CAMBODIAN NATIONAL POLICE ABOUT CAMBODIA  Cambodia is a constitutional monarchy, i.e. the King reigns but does not rule, in similar fashion to Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.  e King is o cially the Head of State and is the symbol of unity an d "eternity" of the nation, as de ned by Cambodia's constitution.  Multipa y liberal democracy under a constitutional monarch  e Prime Minister heads the government. 51 ORGANIZATION
e General Commissariat of the National Police  Central Depa ment of Border Police  Central Depa ment of Public order  Central Depa ment of Judicial Police  Central Depa ment of Security  Central Depa ment of Means
52 Municipal and Provincial Police Commissariat  LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA It consists of an extensive public security system and a variety of enforcement procedures are used to maintain order in the count. Along with the cour ts and procuratorates, the countr y's judicial and public security agencies included the Ministr yof Public Security and the Minist of State Security, with their descending hierarchy of depar tments, bureaus, sub-bureaus, and stations. 53 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SECURITY e Minist of Public Security is the principal police authority. e minist has functional depa ments for areas such as internal security, intelligence, counter-terrorism, police operations, prisons, and political, economic, and communications security. Subordinate to the minist are provincial-level public security depa ments; public security bureaus and sub-bureaus at the county level (the bureaus located in the prefectures and large cities, the sub-bureaus in counties and municipal districts); and public security stations at the township level. 54 PEOPLE’S ARMED POLICE  e People's Armed Police (PAP) is a paramilita police force under the authority of the Minist of Public Security.  It was o cially established at the national level in 1983.  In 1985 the PAP is consisted of approximately 600,000 volunteers and conscripts.  With a general headqua ers at the national level and subordinate division-level provincial or specialized units, regimental-level detachments, and battalion-level brigades, it retained its milita organization. 55 LOCAL POLICE Public security bureau more or less act as local (provincial and municipal) police forces. ere are no independent forces similar to those in Europe and No h America in China (excluding Hong Kong Police and Macau Security Force, which are modelled after European police forces). In recent years the PSB have shed their paramilita image towards becoming a professional police se ice. Green milita uniforms have given way to black and white. Standard IDs (similar to warrant cards or badges) are being used to identify o cers. 56 RANK STRUCTURE Commissioner General Deputy Commissioner General Commissioner 1st Class Commissioner 2nd Class Commissioner 3rd Class Supe isor 1st Class Supe isor 2nd Class Supe isor 3rd Class Superintendent 1st Class Superintendent 2nd Class Superintendent 3rd Class Constable 1st Class Constable 2nd Class 57 What is ASEANAPOL? ASEANAPOL, or the ASEAN Chiefs of Police (ASEANAPOL) organization, is a regional police organization established to promote cooperation among the police forces of the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) member countries. Founded in 1981, ASEANAPOL aims to enhance collaboration in combating transnational crime and strengthening regional security through shared strategies and information. 58 Member Countries of ASEAN TEN include:  Indonesia  Malaysia  Philippines  Singapore  ailand  Brunei Darussalam  Vietnam  Lao PDR  Myanmar  Cambodia 59 Objectives of ASEANAPOL 1. Enhancing Cooperation: ASEANAPOL seeks to foster closer ties and collaboration among the police forces of its member states. T his involves regular meetings, joint operations, and sharing of best practices to tackle common security challenges. 2. Combating Transnational Crime: One of the primar yobjectives is to address various forms of transnational crime, including drug traf ficking, human traf ficking, terrorism, and organized crime. By working together, member countries can create more ef fective strategies to deal with these issues. 60 3. Capacity Building: ASEANAPOL provides a platform for member countries to strengthen their law enforcement capabilities through training programs, workshops, and sharing of exper tise. T his helps in upgrading skills and improving the overall e ectiveness of police forces in the region. 4. Promoting Regional Stability: By enhancing cooperation and coordination, ASEANAPOL aims to contribute to the overall stability and security of the ASEAN region, creating a safer environment for its citizens and fostering economic growth. 61 Contribution of ASEANAPOL to Regional Peace and Security 1. Coordination and Collaboration: ASEANAPOL facilitates seamless communication and cooperation between the police forces of member countries. T his coordination is crucial in managing cross-border crimes and emergencies, ensuring a uni ed approach to security challenges. 2. Joint Operations: T he organization often conducts joint operations and collaborative initiatives to address specif ic security threats. T hese operations can range from anti-terrorism ef for ts to combating drug tra cking, demonstrating the e ectiveness of collective action. 62 3. Information Sharing: ASEANAPOL provides a platform for member countries to exchange intelligence and information on criminal activities. T his exchange helps in tracking and apprehending criminals who operate across national borders. 4. Training and Development: By organizing training programs and capacity-building workshops, ASEANAPOL helps enhance the skills and knowledge of law enforcement personnel. T his improved exper tise contributes to more ef fe ctive crime prevention and law enforcement e o s. 63 5. Crisis Management: In times of regional crises or natural disasters, ASEANAPOL plays a role in coordinating responses and sharing resources. T his collaborative approach helps in managing emergencies more e ectively and ensures a more coordinated response. Overall, ASEANAPOL’s ef for ts in enhancing regional cooperation, sharing information, and conducting joint operations signif ic antly contribute to maintaining peace and security in the ASEAN region. 64 What is Europol? Europol, the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation, is the law enforcement agency of the European Union (EU) that facilitates cooperation among EU member states in combating serious international crime and terrorism. Established in 1999 and headquar te red in T he Hague, Netherlands, Europol provides suppor tand coordination for member countries' national law enforcement agencies. 65 Europol Member Countries Europol is comprised of all 27 EU member countries. Additionally, Europol works with several non-EU countries and international organizations through cooperation agreements, which extend its reach and ef fectiveness in global law enforcement e o s. 66 Di erence Between Europol and INTERPOL Europol vs. INTERPOL Scope and Membership: Europol: Europol is an agency of the European Union and is limited to EU member states. It focuses specif ically on crimes within the EU and those impacting the EU. INTERPOL: INTERPOL, or the International Criminal Police Organization, has a global reach and includes 195 member countries. Its focus is on international crime and facilitating cooperation among police forces worldwide. 67 Function and Role: Europol: Europol provides intelligence and operational suppor tspecif ically to its member states. It acts as a hub for information exchange and coordinates joint operations related to serious international crime and terrorism within the EU. INTERPOL: INTERPOL provides a global platform for police forces to share information and collaborate on international investigations. It issues notices (such as Red Notices for wanted persons) and suppor ts member countries in various international crime-related issues. 68 Operational Focus: Europol: Europol primarily deals with serious crimes that have cross-border implications within the EU, including organized crime, terrorism, cybercrime, and drug tra cking. It suppo s EU-wide operations and initiatives. INTERPOL: INTERPOL addresses a wide range of international crimes, including human tra cking, terrorism, drug tra cking, and organized crime, on a global scale. Its role is more about facilitating international cooperation rather than direct involvement in operations. 69 Legal Framework: Europol: Europol operates under the legal framework of the EU and is governed by regulations specif ic to the European Union. Its activities are closely tied to EU law and policies. INTERPOL: INTERPOL operates under an international legal framework and its constitution, which governs its role as a facilitator of international police cooperation. It is not tied to any speci c national or regional legal system. 70 Suppo and Resources: Europol: Europol provides specialized suppor t, including analysis, operational suppor t, and training, to EU member states. It has access to EU databases and resources to aid in investigations. INTERPOL: INTERPOL of fe rs a global network of databases, secure communication channels, and operational suppor tto its member countries. It helps coordinate international investigations and facilitates information sharing. In summar y, Europol focuses on EU-wide crime issues and suppor ts its member states with operational coordination and intelligence. INTERPOL, on the other hand, operates on a global scale, providing a platform for international police cooperation across its 195 member countries. 71  ROYAL HONG KONG POLICE FORCE e Royal Hong Kong Police Force is governed by the Hong Kong Security Bureau. It is responsible for law enforcement and composed of civilian police. T he Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police who is assisted by two deputy commissioners - a "Deputy Commissioner - Operations" super vises all operational matters including crime - and a "Deputy Commissioner - Management" is responsible for the direction and coordination of the force management including personnel, training and management se ices. 72 STRUCTURE  For day-to-day policing, the Force is organized into six regions: Hong Kong Island Kowloon East Kowloon West New Territories No h New Territories South Marine Region 73  Made up of 5 depa ments: Operations & Suppo Crime & Security Personnel & Training Management Se ices Finance, Administration and Planning 74 RANKS
(British-Rank Model)  Commissioner of Police – (General)  Deputy Commissioner of Police – (Lt. Gen)  Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police – (Maj. Gen)  Assistant Commissioner of Police – (Brig. Gen)  Chief Superintendent of Police – (Colonel)  Senior Superintendent of Police – (Lt. Colonel)  Superintendent of Police – (Major)  Chief Inspector of Police – (Captain)  Senior Inspector of Police – (Lt. over a bar)  Inspector of Police – (Lieutenant)  Probationa Inspector of Police – (Second Lieutenant)  Station Sergeant – (Sta Sergeant)  Sergeant – (Sergeant)  Senior Constable – (Lance Corporal)  Police Constable 75 HONG KONG POLICE FORCE It is the world’s second and Asia’s rst police agency to operate with a modern policing system. e FBI and the INTERPOL have acknowledged that the Hong Kong Police Force as “Asia’s Finest”. 76  JAPAN NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY (JAPAN NPA)  Known as Keisatsu-chō and  It was formed in 1954 as a civilian law enforcement agency.  It is an agency administered by the National Public Safety Commission, a Cabinet O ce in Japan.  It acts as the central coordinating agency of the Japanese police system. 77 NPA  As the central coordinating body for the entire police system, the National Police Agency determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons.  In a national emergency or large-scale disaster, the agency is authorized to take command of prefectural police forces.  In 1989 the agency was composed of about 1,100 national civil se ants, empowered to collect information and to formulate and execute national policies.  e agency is headed by a commissioner general who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission with the approval of the prime minister. 78 NPA e Central O ce includes the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations, planning, information, nance, management, and procurement and distribution of police equipment, and ve bureaus National Public Safety Commission  Its mission is to guarantee the neutrality of the police by insulating the force from political pressure and to ensure the maintenance of democratic methods in police administration.  Its prima function is to supe ise the National Police Agency, and it has the authority to appoint or dismiss senior police o cers.  e commission consists of a chairman, who holds the rank of minister of state, and ve members appointed by the prime minister with the consent of both houses of the Diet.  e commission operates independently of the cabinet, but liaison and coordination 79 with it are facilitated by the chairman’s being a member of that body. ORGANIZATION – NPA Under its supe ision are:  Five (5) National Bureaus  Seven (7) Regional Bureaus  ree (3) Child Agencies  Fo y-Seven (47) Prefectural Police Depa ments with the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Depa ment 80 FIVE (5) NPA BUREAUS  Police Administration Bureau  Criminal Investigation Bureau  Tra c Bureau  Security Bureau  Regional Public Safety Bureaus 81 POLICE ADMINISTRATION BUREAU e PAB is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and unit inspections.  CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION BUREAU e CIB is in charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally impo ant and international cases. Its Safety Depa ment is responsible for crime prevention, combating juvenile delinquency, and pollution control. 82  TRAFFIC BUREAU e Tra c Bureau licenses drivers, enforces tra c safety laws, and regulates tra c. Intensive tra c safety and driver education campaigns are run at both national and prefectural levels. e bureau’s Expressway Division addresses special conditions of the nation’s growing system of express highways. 83  SECURITY BUREAU e SB formulates and supe ises the execution of security policies. It conducts research on equipment and tactics for suppressing riots, and oversees and coordinates activities of the riot police. It is also responsible for security intelligence on foreigners and radical political groups, including investigation of violations of the Alien Registration Law and administration of the Ent and Exit Control Law. It likewise implements security policies during national emergencies and natural disasters. 84  REGIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY BUREAU a) e NPA has seven regional police bureaus, each responsible for a number of prefectures. b) Each is headed by a Director and are organized similar to the Central O ce. ey are located in major cities of each geographic region. c) Headed by a Director General, each RPB exercises necessa control and supe ision over and provides suppo se ices to prefectural police within its jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPA’s Commissioner General. 85 d.)Attached to each Regional Police Bureaus is a Regional Police School which provides police personnel with education and training required of sta o cers as well as other necessa education and training. e.) e Tokyo Metropolitan Police Depa ment and Hokkaido Prefectural Police Headqua ers are not under any RPBs. 86 REGIONAL BUREAUS  Tohoku Regional Police Bureau  Kanto Regional Police Bureau  Chubu Regional Police Bureau  Kinki Regional Police Bureau  Chugoku Regional Police Bureau  Shikoku Regional Police Bureau  Kyushu Regional Police Bureau 87 PREFECTURAL POLICE DEPARTMENTS Japan’s police are organized on a prefectural basis. Prefectural police are placed in each Prefecture to pe orm various police activities under the supe ision of the Prefectural Public Safety Commission Under the National Public Safety Commission, the National Police Agency (NPA) is set up to supe ise these Prefectural Police or adjust their activities from the national standpoint. 88 CHILD AGENCIES National Police Academy National Research Institute of Police Science Imperial Guard Headqua ers 89 THE IMPERIAL GUARD  In 1947, it was under the control of the Home Minist.  It came under the aegis of the NPA of Japan in 1957.  e Imperial Guard provide personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial Family of Japan.  It also provides physical security of imperial prope ies, including the Imperial Palaces, Villas, and Reposito.  It also maintains a 14 horse mounted police unit for use by guards of honor at state ceremonies.  e modern Imperial Guards wear a dark blue or a blue-grey police uniform when on duty. ey also wear white pistol belts, lanyards, helmets, boot laces or leggings and white gloves.  In addition to their security duties, the Imperial Guard is also responsible for re- ghting within the grounds of the Palace, and maintains re engines and trained sta of this purpose. 90 PERSONNEL (NPA) e personnel working for the NPA and the Prefectural Police consist of police o cers, Imperial Guards o cers, clerical employees, technical employees and others. ey cooperate with each other in pe orming their duties. 91 RANK STRUCTURE (9) Superintendent General Superintendent Supe isor Chief superintendent Senior superintendent Superintendent Police inspector Assistant police inspector Police sergeant Police o cer 92 NPA COMMISSIONER GENERAL T he NPA Commissioner General holds the highest position in the Japanese police. His title is not a rank but rather denotes his position as head of the NPA. On the other hand, the MPD Superintendent General represents not only the highest rank in the system but also assignment as head of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Depa ment. 93 SPECIAL POLICING PROGRAM KOBAN are substations near commercial areas and in residential districts. It ser ves as the f irst line of police response to the public. T he Koban system is composed of about 6000 police boxes (Koban) and about 7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho). Koban is staf fed by relatively small number of police of ficers (3-5 of ficers in usual), and also Chuzaisho is usually staf fed by a single o cer. 94 KOBAN - About 20 percent of the total police force is assigned to koban. Staf fed by of ficers working in eight-hour shifts, they ser ve as a base for foot patrols and usually have both sleeping and eating facilities for of ficers on duty but not on watch. In rural areas, residential of fices usually are staf fed by one police of ficer who resides in adjacent family quar ters. T hese of ficers endeavour to become a pa of the community, and their families often aid in pe orming o cial tasks. TOKYO POLICE DEPARTMENT - e largest urban Police Force in the world. 95  SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE Singapore Police Force is the main agency tasked in maintaining law and orders in the city-state, formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police (RSP). Under the Minist of Home A airs e organization structure of the SPF is split between the sta and line functions, roughly modelled after the milita. ere are currently 15 sta depa ments and 13 line-units. It has grown from an 11-man organization to a 38,587 strong force. 96 POLICE HEADQUARTERS Headed by a Commissioner of Police with the rank of Commissioner of Police. Assisted by a Deputy Commissioner of Police with the rank of Deputy Commissioner of Police, Chief of Staf fwith the rank of Senior Assistant Commissioner, and Senior Director with the rank of Senior Assistant Commissioner. 97 STAFF DEPARTMENTS  Administration and Finance Depa ment  Commercial A airs Depa ment  Criminal Investigation Depa ment  Manpower Depa ment  Operations Depa ment  Planning and Organization Depa ment  Police Custodial Depa ment  Police Intelligence Depa ment  Police Logistics Depa ment 98  Police National Se ice Depa ment LINE UNITS  Ang Mo Kio Police Division  Bedok Police Division  Central Police Division  Clementi Police Division  Jurong Police Division  Tanglin Police Division  Airpo Division  Gurkha Contingent  Police Coast Guard  Public Transpo Security Command  Security Command  Special Operations Command 99 MANPOWER  Regulars  Police National Se icemen  Volunteers  Civilian Sta  Sta Welfare THE REGULARS ey are the uniformed, full-time o cers who constitute about 20% of the police's total workforce and number approximately 8,000 in strength 100 POLICE NATIONAL SERVICEMEN e rese ists who are augmented to the Singapore Police Force in 1975, and given the prima function of guarding key installation and to act as a rese e unit. 101 THE VOLUNTEERS  Formed in 1946, e Volunteer Special Constabula (VSC) is an impo ant component of the Singapore Police Force, contributing more than fty years of volunteer se ice to the nation.  e VSC comprises of volunteers from all walks of life in Singapore, from businessmen to blue-collar executives to even bus captains, bonded with the same aspiration to se e the nation by complementing the Singapore Police Force.  ey are vested with equal powers of a police o cer to enforce law and order in Singapore. VSC O cers don the same police uniform and patrol the streets, pa icipate in anti-drug operations and sometimes even high -speed sea chases. 102 CIVILIAN STAFF Civilian sta in the Police Force are deployed in areas such as technology, logistics, human resource and administrative and nance se ices as well as planning and intelligence. 103 STAFF WELFARE  Aquatic Club  Home United Basketball Club (HUBC)  Home United Football Club (HUFC)  JOM - Clubhouse for Police O cers  Polwel Co-operative Society Limited  Police Computer Club  Police Spo s Association (PSA)  Police Welfare Division  Senior Police O cers' Mess (SPOM)  Singapore Police Co-operative Society Limited 104 SENIOR OFFICER RANKS  Commissioner of Police  Deputy Commissioner of Police  Senior Assistant Commissioner  Assistant Commissioner  Deputy Assistant Commissioner  Superintendent  Deputy Superintendent  Assistant Superintendent  Chief Inspector  Inspector 105 POLICE OFFICER RANKS  Senior Station Inspector 2  Senior Station Inspector  Station Inspector  Senior Sta sergeant  Sta Sergeant  Sergeant  Corporal  Special Constable  Constable SPECIAL POLICING PROGRAM Neighborhood Police Center (NPC) System 106