Comparative-Models-Reyes.docx

**Comparative Models in Policing** **Prepared by: Franco Angelo Reyes, RCrim, MSCJ (c)** **Comparative Police System** - Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order to differences of one police system to another in order to discover ins...

**Comparative Models in Policing** **Prepared by: Franco Angelo Reyes, RCrim, MSCJ (c)** **Comparative Police System** - Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order to differences of one police system to another in order to discover insights in field of international policing. - The science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the study of police organizations, training and methods of policing of various nations. **Types of Comparative Research** **Safari Method (Aug 2023 CLE)** - Researchers visit another method. **Collaborative Method** - Researcher communicates with foreign researcher. **Theories in Policing System** **Home rule Theory** - Policemen are servant of the community. - Effectiveness of policemen depends on the express wishes of the people. **Continental Theory** - Policemen are servant of higher authority. - They just follow the wishes of top official of the government. **Theories in comparative criminology** **1. Alertness to Crime Theory** - is that as a nation develops, people's alertness to crime is heightened, so they report more crime to police and demand the police become more effective at solving problems. **2.Economic or Migration Theory** - is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained, migration and over population in urban areas such as ghettos and slums. **3.Opportunity Theory** - is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply. **4.Demographic Theory** - is based on the event of when a greater number of children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis. **5.Modernization Theory** - sees the problem as society becoming too complex. **6.Theory of Anomie and Synomie** - suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together. **Two basis of Police System** **Continental Policing** - Traditional in nature as is it based its crime control efficiency to the number of arrests and people being put to jail for punishment. **Modern System** - uses measurement of crime control efficiency and effectiveness based on the absence of crime or low crime rate. **TYPES OF POLICE FORCE** **CENTRALIZED POLICE** - A country with only one recognized police force which operates entire that country. **DECENTRALIZED POLICE** - Refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government. **Globalization** - is a package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas, and authority. It is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and government of different nations, as process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. According to Alison Brysk, Globalization is the growing interpretation of states, markets, communication, and ideas. **Transnational Crime** **Transnational crimes** - refer to a crime that takes place across national borders. It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in recent years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences whose inception, proportion and/ or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one country. **Examples of Transnational Crimes** **1.Money Laundering** - the concealment of the origins of illegally obtained money, typically by means of transfer involving foreign banks or legitimate businesses. **2.Drug Trafficking** - is the commercial exchange of drugs and drug paraphernalia. Thisincludes any equipment used to manufacture illegal drugs or use them. **3.Human Trafficking** - the illegal movement of people, typically for the purpose of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. **4.Cyber Crime** - are generally defined as any type of illegal activity that makes use of the Internet, a private or public network, or an in- house computer system. **5.Terrorism** - the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives (FBI, 1997). **International Crimes**- defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind (Adler ,Mueller, and Laufer, 1994) The UN has identified the following as international crimes. - Aggression (by one state against another) - Treat of aggression - Genocide - Terrorism - Drug Traffick **DIFFERENT POLICE ORGANIZATION** **1. ASEAN Chiefs of Police**-on 1998 (Aseanapol) was established. The multinational Police force of ASEAN. It was established through the meetings of Chiefs of Police of its members, back in 1981 in Manila, Philippines from October 21 until October, 1981. The permanent secretariat was agreed on 2008 and began operations in 2010 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2.**Europol**- It means European Police Office or Europol is the European Union's Criminal Intelligence Agency. It became fully operational on July 1, 1999. Europol only acts on request at present. **3.IACP**- (International Association of Chiefs of Police) the world's oldest and largest non-profit membership organization of police executives, with over 20, 000 members in over 80different countries. IACP's leadership consists of the operating Chief Executes of international, federal state and local agencies of all sizes. **4.Interpol-(International Criminal Police Organization)** It began in 1923, and at the same time its name was International Police Commission. In 1965, its name became International Criminal Police Organization. Slowly, the name of this international organization became famous as Interpol. Now, Interpol is the second biggest international organization; the United Nations is the first. **5.UN ( United Nations**)-The League of Nations was the international responsible for ensuring peace and cooperation between world nations. It was founded in 1919 "to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security. **United Nations** Prior to the United Nations (UN), the League of Nations was the International Organization responsible for ensuring peace and cooperation between world nations. It was founded in1919 "to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security. The principles of the UN as explained in the Charter are to save future generations from war, reaffirm human rights, and establish equal rights for all persons. In addition, it also aims to promote justice, freedom and social progress for the people of all its member states. Organization of the United Nations **1.UN GENRAL ASSEMBLY**-this is the main decision- making and representative assembly in the UN through its policies and recommendations. **2.UN SECURITY COUNCIL**-the most powerful branches in the organization. It has power to authorize the deployment UN member state militaries, can mandate a ceasefire during conflicts, and can enforce on countries if they do not comply with given mandates. **3.INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSCTICE**- located in the Hague, Netherlands. This branch is responsible for the judicial matters of the UN. **4.THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL**- is a branch that assists the General Assembly in promoting economic and social development as well as cooperation of member states. **5.Secretariat**-The branch of UN headed by the Secretary General. Its main responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data when need by the other UN for their meetings. **INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION** **INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization/ ICPO)** - World's largest international police organization, with 190 member countries - role is to enable police around the world to work together to make the world a safer place by means of high-tech infrastructure of technical and operational support that will help to meet the growing challenges of fighting crime in the 21st century. - An organization facilitating international police cooperation. - 194 member countries **The INTERPOL is comprised of the following bodies:** 1. The General Assembly 2. The Executive Committee 3. The General Secretariat 4. National Central Bureaus 5. Advisers 6. THE COMMISSION for the CONTROL of INTERPOL'S FILES (CCF) **TYPES OF INTERPOL NOTICE** **Red Notice** - To seek the location and arrest of wanted persons wanted for prosecution or to serve a sentence. **Yellow Notice** - To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify, **Blue Notice** - To collect additional information about a person's identity, location or activities in relation to a crime. **Black Notice** - To seek information on unidentified bodies. **Green Notice** - To provide warning about a person's criminal where the person is considered to be a possible threat to public safety. **Orange Notice** - To warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing a serious and imminent threat to public safety. **Purple Notice** - To seek or provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment methods used by criminals. **INTERPOL--United Nations Security Council Special Notice:** - Issued for groups and individuals who are the targets of UN Security Council Sanctions Committees. **SELECTED POLICE MODEL** **Japan Police System (JNPA)** **National Public Safety Commission** - Its mission is to guarantee the neutrality of the police by insulating the force from political pressure and to ensure the maintenance of democratic methods in police administration. - Its primary function is to supervise the Japan National Police Agency, and it has the authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers. JAPAN NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY - It is an agency administered by the National Public Safety Commission, a Cabinet Office in Japan. - It acts as the central coordinating agency of the Japanese police system. - As the central coordinating body for the entire police system, the National Police Agency determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons. ***Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC)*** - Established under the jurisdiction of the respective Prefectural Governors, it control the Prefectural Police in its respective jurisdiction **POLICE OFFICERS ARE DIVIDED INTO NINE RANKS:** - Commissioner / Keisatsu-chō Chōkan = Chief of National Police Agency - Superintendent General/ Keishi-sōkan = Chief of Metropolitan Police Department - Superintendent Supervisor/ Keishi-kan = Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy Superintendent General, The Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters - Chief Superintendent/ Keishi-chō = The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters - Senior Superintendent/ Keishi-sei = The Chief of Police Station - Superintendent/ Keishi = The Chief of Police Station - Police Inspector or Captain/ Keibu - Assistant Police Inspector or Lieutenant/ Keibu-ho - Police Sergeant/Junsa-buchō - Senior Police Officer or Corporal/ Junsa-chō - Police officer, old Patrolman/ Junsa **SPECIAL POLICING PROGRAM** - KOBAN are substations near commercial areas and in residential districts. - It serves as the first line of police response to the public. - The Koban system is composed of about 6000 police boxes (Koban) and about 7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho). - Staffed by relatively small number of police officers (3-5 officers in usual), and also a single officer usually staffs Chuzaisho. **Royal Malaysian Police** - Headquarters is located in Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur - The constitution, control employment, recruitment, fund, discipline, duties/ powers of the police force is governed by the Police Act 1967 - Under Ministry of Home Affairs **INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE** - official police force for Indonesia - Formally separated from the military in April 1999, a process which was formally completed in July 2000 and placed under the Office of the President. - centralized command and divided into territorial forces - the headquarters, known as Markas Besar/Mabes in Indonesian, is located in Kebavoran Baru, South Jakarta **SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE** - is the Republic\'s main police agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the island city-state - formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police - under the Ministry of Home Affairs **ROYAL THAI POLICE** - The national police of Thailand. - Primary responsibility for the maintenance of public order through enforcement of the kingdom\'s laws - Charged with performing police functions throughout the entire country. **Australian Federal Police (Australia)** - under Home Affairs Ministry - Commissioner -- highest rank - Recruit -- lowest rank **Police Nationale (France)** - under Ministry of the Interior - Gardien de la Paix stagiaire -- lowest rank - Directeur des Services Actifs -- highest rank **Metropolitan Police Service (LONDON)** - Police Constable -- lowest rank - Police Commissioner -- highest rank **Philippine National Police (PHILIPPINES)** - Under DILG - Patrol Man/ Women -- lowest rank - Police General -- highest rank **Royal Canadian Police (Canada)** - Commissioner -- highest rank - Cadet -- lowest rank **Police Service of Northern Ireland (Ireland)** - Commissioner -- highest rank - Reserve Garda -- lowest rank **KOREAN NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY (South Korea)** - Commissioner general -- highest rank - Police officer -- lowest rank **Hong Kong Police Force (Hongkong)** - Commissioner -- highest rank - Constable -- lowest rank - Security Bureau of Hongkong