Technical English Week 1.2 PDF

Technical English Week 1.2  AGENDA 1. Attendance (5 min) 2. Review: Previous Class Material (5 min) 3. Geotechnology: Vocabulary, Video for Reading (15 min) 4. Reading, Exercise (15 min) 5. BREAK (5 min) 6. Faulting, Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes (15 min) 7. Exercis...

Technical English Week 1.2  AGENDA 1. Attendance (5 min) 2. Review: Previous Class Material (5 min) 3. Geotechnology: Vocabulary, Video for Reading (15 min) 4. Reading, Exercise (15 min) 5. BREAK (5 min) 6. Faulting, Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes (15 min) 7. Exercises (15 min) 8. The Rock Cycle: Vocabulary for Reading (15 min) 9. Reading: (15 min) 10. Exercises (10 min) 11. Video Assignment: Orogenesis (5 min)  REVIEW OF PREVIOUS CLASS MATERIAL 1. Module policies: how many points (out of 100) can be earned in the ‘Active Participation’ category? 2. According to GMIT policy, what percentage of classes do students need to attend to be eligible to sit for the Final Exam 3. A ______ is a kind of large, open pit surface mine, from which stone, limestone, marble, slate or other materials for building, are extracted 4. Now, use this noun (from the blank you completed above) as a verb in a sentence: _________________________________________  Vocabulary Word Definition 1. An ellipsis (plural: ellipses) 1.a punctuation mark that consists of three dots. It indicates either: a) an omission within a piece of text or b) a pause, or "trailing off" at the end of a thought 2. esoteric 2. likely to be understood by only a small number of people with a specialized knowledge or interest.  Vocabulary for Brief Reading, Exercise Word Definition 3. To mitigate/mitigation 3. To reduce, or ease, lessen 4. Comprised of 4. Made up of 5. Slope failure 5. The movement of a shallow layer soil and stones, along unstable slope surfaces. [difference between these two = the forces at work] 6. Landslide 5. A landslide involves masses of mud, sand, gravel, and boulders mixed with water flowing down from high elevation areas via slope surface due to gravitational pull SLOPE FAILURE LEADING TO LANDSLIDE  SLOPE FAILURE LEADING TO LANDSLIDE Animation from NASA Observe: how rainfall over a slope causes ground saturation that triggers a landslide In the video, continual heavy rainfall becomes problematic for areas of lower elevation when an upper portion of the ground gets saturated with water and becomes unstable. Gravity then causes the saturated soil to move down the slope, creating a landslide.  SLOPE FAILURE/LANDSLIDE ANIMATION https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/buac35-sci- landslide/landslide-animation/  Landslide in Peru (2 years ago) https://www.youtube.com/shorts/9qLCPNuvi84?feature=share  Geotechnology Geotechnology is the science and engineering of soil, rock, and the fluids they contain. When you stop to think about it, almost everything humans build (except for marine and space stations of course) is constructed in or on the ground. Everything that's built needs a foundation of some kind. And each foundation depends on the condition of the earth on which it sits.  Geotechnology That's what Geotechnology is all about: the nature of the earth itself and how it affects the things we build. Many of our most pressing national issues relate in some way to geotechnology. The many areas of study within the Geosciences, and within engineering, are more than just esoteric areas of study…. they are of enormous importance in our daily life lives and to our future. EXERCISE Earth’s Layers 1. Earth’s crust 5 – 40 km 2. Earth’s mantle 40 – 2,900 km 3. Earth’s outer, liquid core 2,900-5,100 km 4. Earth’s inner, solid core 5,100 – 6,400 km  Vocabulary for Readings lithosphere The solid, outer part, of the earth (sections 1 – 2 on the graphic of the earth) rift the splitting apart of a single tectonic plate into two or more tectonic plates, separated by divergent plate boundaries  Vocabulary for Readings fault cracks in the earth's crust along which there is movement. Varies in scale: massive (the boundaries between the tectonic plates themselves) or very small. If tension builds up along a fault and then is suddenly released, the result is an earthquake fracture crack in earth’s crust; no movement attenuation shortening, cutting off  Vocabulary for Readings to damage to cause harm to destroy to cause damage that is so bad, that things must be replaced, not fixed to devastate to cause extreme amounts or intensity of destruction  Plate Tectonics Tectonics (from Latin tectonicus; from Ancient Greek (tektonikos) are the processes that control the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time. When geologists discuss plate tectonics, they are referring to three basic models of plate boundaries describing: 1. when plates separate 2. when they collide or 3. when they slide past each other Each plate is primarily influenced by a combination of these three major types of movement Match the Term with its Description  Plate Tectonics and Faulting Faults are a common feature of mountain belts, particularly where the stress is intense. Margins where plates collide, pull apart, or drift past each other are the sites of faulting. The different categories of faulting are distinguished by the direction of motion along the fracture plane. A dip-slip fault, which occurs more frequently, involves displacements up or down the dip of the plane. A strike-slip fault is one in which the movement is horizontal, parallel to the strike of the fault plane. Examples of Fault Types dip-slip  Plate Tectonics and Faulting Depending on the type of boundary, we can find: mountains rifts folding and faulting (faults: rock fractures which show relative movement) earthquakes volcanoes tsunamis  Earthquakes Measured by the intensity and magnitude of the shaking of the Earth Intensity of an earthquake is a measure of ground shaking estimated from its observed effects, especially damage. The intensity can be listed on an intensity scale. Many of them have 12 degrees of intensity  Fill in the 12 categories of intensity using following words (can be modified with adverbs ‘slightly’ or ‘very’ damaging, destructive, devastating, observed, strong, weak A simplified intensity scale (based on the European Macroseismic Scale) 1) not felt 2) very weak 3) weak 4) observed 5) strong 6) slightly damaging 7) damaging 8) very damaging 9) destructive 10) very destructive 11) devastating 12) catastrophic A simplified intensity scale (based on the European Macro-seismic Scale)  Magnitude Specialized instruments are designed to record local earthquakes and are used to calculate local magnitude. They are also used to calculate the body wave magnitude from the larger waves of earthquakes that occur elsewhere across the globe. The broadband station in Edinburgh (where?) is able to record the surface waves which can be used to calculate the surface wave magnitude of world earthquakes.  Magnitude The magnitude measures the size of an earthquake, on a logarithmic scale. It is related to the amount of seismic energy released into the earth‘s crust. A magnitude 6 earthquake will move the ground 10 times that of a magnitude 5 event, and release 32 times the energy. Peak acceleration or peak velocity are read using seismographs. Due to attenuation, different values of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity will be obtained from data taken at different distances from the earthquake’s origin. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from this word bank: movements, severe, strength, plates, rock, waves Many earthquakes are relatively gentle, but the _______________ ones that cause great damage are caused by _______________ of the Earth‘s crust. Geologists have discovered that under the continents and oceans the Earth‘s crust is made up of a number of sheets of _______________ called _______________ which can rub against each other or pull apart, creating the shock waves that form the earthquake. The _______________ of the _______________ is measured is measured, to determine intensity and magnitude. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from this word bank: movements, severe, strength, plates, rock, waves A sudden violent movement of the Earth‘s surface. Many earthquakes are relatively gentle, but the severe ones that cause great damage are caused by movements of the Earth‘s crust. Geologists have discovered that under the continents and oceans the Earth‘s crust is made up of a number of sheets of rocks called plates which can rub against each other or pull apart, creating the shock waves that form the earthquake. The strength of the wave is measured, to determine intensity and magnitude.  PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: Form the definition of an earthquake, using these words: fault lines, mantle, damage, surface, shakes, crust A phenomenon where the Earth‘s crust or the 1) _______________ beneath it 2) ______________ and the 3) _______________ of the ground moves because of movement inside the 4) _______________ along 5) _______________, often causing 6) _______________ to buildings.  PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: Form the definition of an earthquake, using these words: fault lines, mantle, damage, surface, shakes, crust A phenomenon where the Earth‘s crust or the 1) mantle beneath it 2) shakes and the 3)surface of the ground moves because of movement inside the 4)crust along 5) fault lines, often causing 6) damage to buildings.  Vocabulary for Reading: The Rock Cycle 1. e- Prefix, meaning ‘out 2. rupt Latin, has the meaning of ‘break’ or ‘burst’ 3. coral reef an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals 4. lagoon a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by a narrow landform, such as reefs, barrier island Vocabulary for Reading: The Rock Cycle Example: lagoon Example: reef  Vocabulary for Reading: The Rock Cycle 5. An intrusion (in geology): is any body of igneous rock, formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet 6. An extrusion (in geology): consists of rock, formed above the surface of the earth’s crust  Vocabulary for Reading: The Rock Cycle 7. Metamorphic (adj, noun), metamorphosed (verb) From the Greek root words: meta, or change beyond and morph form Meaning: rock that has undergone transformation by heat, pressure, or other natural agencies, e.g. in the folding of strata (root – to spread: strategy; stratosphere) or the nearby intrusion of igneous rocks QUESTION: What words do you know that contain the root ‘meta’ or ‘morph’  Vocabulary Building Metabolic, metabolism = the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life Metaphor = a word or phrase that means one thing but is used to describe something else in order to highlight similar qualities; for example, if someone is very brave, you might say that they have the heart of a lion Metaphysics= the philosophical study of being and knowing  PRE-READING Questions : Formation of Different Rock Types TYPES DEFINITION EXAMPLES These rocks were formed from the remains of animals or plants and other rocks which had been crushed together These rocks were formed when hot, molten volcanic material cooled and solidified These rocks were once igneous or sedimentary and were changed by great heat and pressure