Technical English Week 1.2
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Questions and Answers

What is an ellipsis used to indicate?

  • A complete thought
  • An exclamation
  • A new idea
  • An omission or a pause (correct)

What does the term 'esoteric' refer to?

  • General interest information
  • Specialized knowledge understood by a limited audience (correct)
  • Common knowledge
  • Basic concepts applicable to everyone

What is the primary definition of 'to mitigate'?

  • To reduce or ease (correct)
  • To strengthen
  • To eliminate completely
  • To complicate matters

Which of the following describes 'comprised of'?

<p>Made up of (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'slope failure' refer to?

<p>The movement of soil and stones along a slope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a fault in geology?

<p>A crack along which movement has occurred (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a landslide primarily caused?

<p>Unstable slope surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is orogenesis?

<p>The process of mountain formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest intensity category on the European Macroseismic Scale?

<p>catastrophic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the magnitude of an earthquake?

<p>It quantifies the seismic energy released. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the sudden violent movement of the Earth's surface?

<p>Earthquake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intensity category indicates the least amount of seismic activity?

<p>very weak (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do geologists use to measure the strength of an earthquake?

<p>Seismographs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following categories may indicate an increase in damage when assessed?

<p>very destructive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many degrees of intensity are listed in the modified intensity scale?

<p>12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the plates causing earthquakes through their movements?

<p>Plates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the result of the Earth's crust movement along fault lines?

<p>Earthquake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Earth is involved in the formation of earthquakes?

<p>The mantle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary force that causes damage during an earthquake?

<p>Shock waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological feature is essential for understanding the cause of earthquakes?

<p>Fault lines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to when the Earth's crust moves and causes the surface to shake?

<p>Surface rupture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological process describes a body of rock formed from magma that cools within the crust?

<p>Intrusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes an earthquake according to the principles of plate tectonics?

<p>Sudden release of accumulated tension along a fault (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a shallow body of water separated from a larger body by landforms?

<p>Lagoon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is described as a crack in the Earth's crust with no movement?

<p>Fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rock undergoes transformation by heat and pressure?

<p>Metamorphic rock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic types of plate movements?

<p>Subduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fault involves horizontal movement along the plane?

<p>Strike-slip fault (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do all types of plate boundaries potentially lead to?

<p>Mountains, earthquakes, and tsunamis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the extreme damage that requires replacement rather than repair?

<p>To destroy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the intensity of an earthquake typically measured?

<p>From the observed effects and damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT a direct result of tectonic plate interactions?

<p>Climate change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily triggers a landslide?

<p>Saturation of soil due to heavy rainfall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials are commonly involved in a landslide?

<p>Mud, sand, and gravel mixed with water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of geotechnology?

<p>The interaction of soil, rock, and fluids with human structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the Earth is solid and located between 5,100 km and 6,400 km deep?

<p>Earth's inner core (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'rift' refer to in geology?

<p>The splitting of a tectonic plate into multiple plates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions may lead to ground saturation and potentially trigger landslides?

<p>Heavy and continual rainfall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general significance of geosciences in relation to everyday life?

<p>They are important for understanding and solving environmental issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does gravity have on saturated soil in elevated areas?

<p>It causes the soil to move down the slope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Landslide

The downward movement of soil, rock, and other debris due to gravity, often triggered by rainfall or seismic activity.

Geotechnology

The science and engineering of soil, rock, and the fluids within them.

Lithosphere

The solid, outermost part of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle.

Fault

A crack within the Earth's crust where tectonic plates slip past each other.

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Rift

The splitting apart of a single tectonic plate into two or more plates, creating a gap.

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Ellipsis

A punctuation mark consisting of three dots, indicating an omission in a text or a pause at the end of a thought.

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Dip-slip Fault

A type of fault where the movement is vertical, along the dip of the fracture plane.

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Esoteric

Relating to knowledge that is understood by only a few people with specialized knowledge or interest.

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Strike-slip Fault

A type of fault where the movement is horizontal, parallel to the strike of the fault plane.

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Mitigate

To reduce, lessen, or ease the severity of something.

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Comprised of

Made up of

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Earthquake

The release of built-up tension along a fault, causing the ground to shake.

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Slope failure

The movement of a shallow layer of soil and stones along unstable slope surfaces. The forces at work are primarily gravity.

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Plate Tectonics

The process by which the Earth's crust is formed, broken, and reformed.

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Focus

The point beneath the Earth's surface where an earthquake originates.

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Epicenter

The point on the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake's focus.

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Quarry

A kind of large, open pit surface mine, where stone, limestone, marble, slate, or other materials are extracted for construction.

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Intensity Scale

A scale used to measure the intensity of ground shaking caused by an earthquake based on its observed effects.

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Quarry (verb)

To extract materials from a quarry.

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Fault Line

A break in the Earth's crust where rocks move past each other. These movements can cause earthquakes.

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Mantle

The layer of the Earth below the crust. It is hot, solid rock that can move slowly.

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Intrusive Igneous Rock

Rocks formed from the cooling and solidifying of magma that has been injected into the Earth's crust.

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Extrusive Igneous Rock

Rocks formed from the cooling and solidifying of lava that erupted onto the Earth's surface.

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Metamorphic Rock

Rocks that have been changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. They are created from existing rocks.

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Lagoon

A shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by a narrow strip of land like reefs or barrier islands.

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Coral Reef

An underwater ecosystem made up of corals which build reefs. They can grow into large formations over time.

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Earthquake Intensity Scale

A simplified scale, based on the European Macroseismic Scale, used to measure the intensity of an earthquake, ranging from not felt to catastrophic.

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Earthquake Magnitude

A measure of the energy released during an earthquake, recorded on a logarithmic scale.

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Tectonic Plates

Large, rigid sections of the Earth's crust that move and interact, causing earthquakes.

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Earthquake Strength

The force or power of an earthquake, measured by its intensity or magnitude.

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Seismic Waves

The waves of energy that travel through the Earth during an earthquake.

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Seismographs

Instruments that record ground vibrations caused by earthquakes, providing data on earthquake magnitude, intensity, and location.

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Study Notes

Technical English Week 1.2

  • Course agenda includes: attendance review, vocabulary and video for geotechnology reading, breaks, faulting, plate tectonics, earthquakes, rock cycle vocabulary reading, readings and exercises, and a video on orogenesis.
  • Module policies cover point allocation for active participation and attendance requirements for the final exam.
  • A glossary of terms includes ellipsis (punctuation), esoteric (understood by few), mitigation (reduce harm), comprised (composed), slope failure (soil movement), landslide (mass movement), and definitions for specific rock types.
  • Slope failure causing landslides is illustrated with a diagram and described as saturated soil moving downhill due to gravity. A video from NASA illustrates how rainfall can trigger ground saturation.
  • The course also covers Earth's layers (crust, mantle, liquid core, solid core) and plate tectonics.
  • Plate tectonics involves three main types of plate boundaries: divergent (plates separating), convergent (plates colliding), and transform-fault (plates sliding past each other).
  • Faulting involves cracks in the Earth's crust along which movement occurs. Two common fault types are dip-slip and strike-slip faults.
  • Earthquakes are measured by intensity (ground shaking) and magnitude (seismic energy). An intensity scale helps measure damage.
  • Magnitude, a logarithmic scale, measures the size of an earthquake. It is calculated from waves of the earthquake and data from instruments (like in Edinburgh).
  • Types of rocks (sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic) are defined and examples are given. Vocabulary includes, prefixes, intrusion, and extrusion.

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Technical English Week 1.2 PDF

Description

Explore the fundamentals of geotechnology in this week's module. The course covers essential vocabulary, concepts like plate tectonics and the rock cycle, and includes engaging multimedia content to enhance understanding. Participate actively and review the module policies for successful learning outcomes.

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