Water Resources Reviewer PDF

WATER RESOURCES REVIEWER intervene actively in improving the management of water resources; TOPIC 1: HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE “ NOW, THEREFORE, I,...

WATER RESOURCES REVIEWER intervene actively in improving the management of water resources; TOPIC 1: HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE “ NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers - Earth’s surface is covered by 71% water ( 97% salt in me vested by the Constitution, do hereby order water, 2% fresh water in glacier and ice caps, 1% and decree the enactment of the Water Code of the fresh water) Philippines of 1976, as follows:” - hydrologic cycle is the movement of water on Earth and in the atmosphere between different states. Chapter 1: (Article 1-4) - Declaration of Objectives and Principles The Hydrologic Process 1. Evaporation - occurs when water is heated by the Chapter 2: (Article 5 – 8) sun, changing it from a liquid to a gas that is known - Ownership of Waters as water vapor. 2. Condensation - occurs when water changes from a Chapter 3: (Article 9-30) gas back into a liquid. The liquid collects in the - Appropriation of Waters clouds. 3. Precipitation - occurs when water falls back to earth. Chapter 4: (Article 31 – 52) This can happen in the form of rain, hail, sleet and - Utilization of Waters snow. 4. Collection - occurs when the precipitation collects in Chapter 5: (Article 53 – 65) oceans, lakes, rivers and streams. it often soaks into - Control of Waters the ground and is stored as ground water. 5. Runoff - occurs when water flows over the surface Chapter 6: (Article 66 – 78) and collect water bodies. - Conservation and Protection of Waters and 6. Infiltration - occurs when water seeps into the Watersheds and Related Land Resources ground to recharge groundwater. 7. Groundwater and Aquifers - Groundwater are Chapter 7: (Article 79 – 89) waters stored beneath the Earth’s surface. While - Administration of Waters and Enforcement of the Aquifers are underground layers that hold Provisions of this Code groundwater. 8. Transpiration is the process by which plants absorb Chapter 8: (Article 90 – 94) water from the soil and release it into the atmosphere - Penal Provisions as water vapor through small pores in their leaves. This process contributes to the total amount of water Chapter 9: (Article 95 – 101) vapor in the atmosphere and plays a role in - Transitory and Final Provisions maintaining the Earth's climate. The hydrologic cycle is important because it moves TOPIC 4: FLOOD CONTROL MANAGEMENT nutrients around and provides plants, animals and humans with water. - defined as the prevention or reduction of flood Geosmin – unpleasant taste/odor after rainfall damage - cannot be controlled but can be managed TOPIC 2: WATER CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES Methods of Flood Management - A decree instituting a Water Code, thereby revising and consolidating the laws governing the ownership, - to modify flood appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development, - to modify susceptibility conservation and protection of water resources - to reduce the loss whereas: Article XIV, Section 8 of the New Constitution of the Aims of Flood Management Philippines provides, inter alia, that all waters of the Philippines belong to the State; - protection of people and property existing water legislations are piece-meal and - reduction of flood risk inadequate to cope with increasing scarcity of water - monitoring, research, forecasting, and warning and changing patterns of water use; there is a need for a Water Code based on rational concepts of integrated and multipurpose Flood – overflow of excess water that submerges land management of water resources and sufficiently and inflow of tide onto land; most frequent and deadliest flexible to adequately meet future developments; , water is vital to national development and it has Flooding – caused by high rainfall; leads to serious become increasingly necessary for government to water pollution and epidemiological problems  Causes of Flooding – intense rainfall, topography of the repair any leakage from pipes. use small capacity catchment, failure of dam, failure of river embankment taps. Effects of Flooding – lost homes and properties, Methods of Water Conservation economic repercussions Rainwater Harvesting - is a technique of collecting and storing rainwater is natural reservoirs or tanks for Types of Flood Management future utilization. Greywater Recycling Systems collect water from 1. Hard Engineering (structural) – embankments, sources like baths, hand basins, and showers. This dams & reservoirs, channel improvement, drainage collected water is reused for cleaning, toilet flushing, improvement, diversion of flood rivers and other external usages. The main idea behind 2. Soft Engineering (Non-Structural) – flood plain greywater recovery is simply getting the most out of zoning, flood preparedness, flood forecasting, the water through its efficient reuse. afforestation, public relief Watershed Management refers to the comprehensive management of water resources Although flood is the most deadliest disaster, it still within a specific watershed area—where all the water has benefits like it recharges ground water, fresh drains to a common outlet, such as a river, lake, or water flood help in maintaining food plain ocean. It involves the coordination of land, water, and ecosystem, boost in food production for birds, resource use to ensure sustainable water supply and facilitation of weather fish to new habitat quality. Effiecient Taps - Water-efficient taps work in two TOPIC 6: WATER CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES ways, they can either reduce the water flow rate through the tap or they can support the user to avoid - The process of saving water for future utilization is wastage of water by automatically turning it off. These called Water Conservation. days sensor taps can be seen in almost every shopping mall or airports, these automatically sense Rain - principle source of fresh water. Other sources the user’s activity based on which is supplies or turns are lakes, rivers, oceans, and streams. off the water flow using infrared sensors. Simple ways to conserve water: Here are the key advantages of water conservation: - fix leaks 1. Environmental Protection: Preserves - taps off ecosystems and helps maintain biodiversity by - reduce water flow reducing the depletion of natural water sources. - maintain your irrigation system 2. Cost Savings: Lowers water bills for households and businesses, resulting in significant savings two types of water are salt water and fresh water. over time. 96.5 of Earth’s water is saltwater, 2.5% are 3. Energy Efficiency: Reduces the energy needed freshwater, and the rest are found in other solutions. for water heating and treatment, leading to lower carbon emissions and a smaller Strategies of Water Conservation environmental footprint. 4. Drought Preparedness: Builds resilience 1. Reducing evaporation loss: evaporation of water in against droughts and water shortages, ensuring humid regions can be reduced by placing horizontal communities have access to water during critical barriers of asphalt below the soil surface, which times. increases water availability and crop yield. 5. Improved Water Quality: Decreases runoff and 2. Reducing irrigation loss: water loss during pollution, leading to cleaner rivers, lakes, and irrigation can be reduced by the following methods. groundwater. 6. Sustainable Practices: Encourages responsible water use in agriculture, industry, - Growing hybrid crop varieties. Irrigation in early and daily life, supporting long-term morning or later evening. sustainability. - Using drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation. 7. Community Awareness: Fosters a culture of conservation, inspiring individuals and 3. Re-use of water: Treated water can be used for ferti- communities to adopt eco-friendly practices. irrigation. Grey water can be used for washing cars, watering. gardens, etc. Water used for washing TOPIC 7: GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT vegetables and fruits can be used to water plants. Groundwater 4. Preventing wastage of water: wastage of water can - water kept underground in a natural reservoir known be prevented by: closing the taps when not in use. as an aquifer - a component of the water cycle, a source of drinking water for many communities, and moreover, an Industrial waste: Chemical from factories and mining essential component in agriculture and industry. industries may contaminate groundwater, hence dangerous. Importance of Groundwater Groundwater is formed by infiltration, which is when Landfills and septic systems: Improperly managed rainwater or surface water filters down through the waste disposal can introduce bacteria and toxic soil and underground layers of rock, sand, and gravel. substances into the water. These layers saturated with water are known as aquifers, which hold water and can be tapped by a Effects: Polluted groundwater may cause acute well. diseases such as cancers, developmental disorders, Aquifers can be confined (trapped between layers of and gastrointestinal diseases. impermeable rock) or unconfined (with direct access to the Groundwater Management Strategies surface). Recharge happens when water replenishes aquifers, Sustainable extraction: Regulating water withdrawal usually through rainfall or snowmelt. to ensure aquifers have time to recharge naturally. This includes limiting groundwater pumping during Storage of Groundwater dry seasons and encouraging efficient irrigation The main storage for ground water is aquifers. practices. Aquifers are porous, permeable rock formations or Recharge improvement: Possibilities of increasing sediments which can hold a lot of water. groundwater levels include collection through rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge. This can Types of Aquifers include the catching of runoff as it flows through the Unconfined aquifers: Water moves freely between ground. the Prevention of pollution: Improved waste handling surface and the aquifer, replenishing it through direct practices and fewer uses of harmful chemicals in rainfall or surface water. agricultural and industrial processes can actually Confined aquifers: Water is confined between minimize the risks of contamination. impermeable layers of rock or clay, typically under Conservation practice: Drip irrigation, recycle pressure, and can be recharged only at a limited water in number of places. industries and public education on the need for groundwater conserve it from more demand. Water table: The top of the layer of groundwater in an unconfined aquifer is known as the water table. Its TOPIC 8: URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS height fluctuates with the rate of withdrawal and recharge of groundwater. Step 1: Sanitary Sewer Storage capacity: Is a property that an aquifer has - is a system of underground pipes that carries depending on the porosity, which is the amount of sewage from bathrooms, sinks, kitchens, and other open space available within the material, and plumbing components to a wastewater treatment permeability, or how easily water can actually flow plant where it is filtered, treated and discharged. through the material. Step 2: Grit Chamber Overuse and Depletion of Groundwater - is a component of wastewater treatment plants Over-extraction: It results in very rapid drawdown of designed to remove heavy particles and grit from the water table; it becomes more difficult and sewage before it undergoes further treatment. expensive to pump the water out. Land subsidence: In some areas, over-pumping of Step 3: Primary Treatment groundwater causes the ground to sink into itself; this - A broader process aimed at reducing suspended leads to land subsidence, which damages buildings, solids and organic matter in wastewater through a roads, and infrastructure. series of steps, including screening, grit removal, Saltwater intrusion: In the coastal areas, over- and sedimentation. extraction of groundwater results in an intrusion of saltwater from the ocean into the freshwater aquifers, Step 4: Aeration Tanks (Secondary Treatment) which contaminates them. - is the stage in wastewater treatment that follows primary treatment, focusing on further reducing Groundwater Contamination- occurs when harmful organic matter and pollutants through biological substances enter aquifers, making the water unsafe processes. for drinking and irrigation. Agricultural runoff: These include fertilizers, Step 5: Tertiary Treatment pesticides, and animal waste, which seep into the - includes nutrient removal and filtration. ground and pollute water supplies. - aims to remove remaining contaminants, including  nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus), pathogens, and micro-pollutants. Future trends in Urban Water Systems - evolving practices, technologies, and policies aimed at improving the management, distribution, and conservation of water in urban areas. Key trends include: Smart Water Technology- These devices monitor water usage in real-time and alert users to leaks, promoting conservation. Example: Smart Water Meters (e.g., Aquiba) Decentralized water solutions -are local systems that provide water supply, treatment, and management. Instead of relying on large, centralized facilities, these solutions work on a smaller scale. Example: Community Rainwater Harvesting Systems, Local systems that collect and use rainwater, reducing demand on central water supplies. Water Recycling and Reuse- treating wastewater so it can be safely used again, rather than being discharged into the environment. This practice helps conserve fresh water and reduces the overall demand on water supplies.