Water Resources Management 1 PDF

Water Resources Management 1 Prof. Dr. ir. Anne Gobin Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  Outline 1. Major Challenges for Water Resources Management 2. Introduction to case study analysis in group 3. Individual case study (google form...

Water Resources Management 1 Prof. Dr. ir. Anne Gobin Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  Outline 1. Major Challenges for Water Resources Management 2. Introduction to case study analysis in group 3. Individual case study (google form) 2 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Objectives Overview of water challenges at a global scale and with a future perspective (challenges) Compare challenges for your country/region with overall global challenges and challenges reported by fellow students (case studies) Link global water challenges with a major water challenge for your country/region (google form exercise) 3 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences SDGs and water Strong relation Health, sanitation Life, climate Sustainable cities Medium relation Poverty, hunger Food production Indirect relation Growth, innovation Education 4 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1. Major challenges related to water security 1. Water related disasters: drought, flooding 2. Water and sanitation: drinking water, water pollution and human health 3. Water for energy: hydro-electricity 4. Water for ecosystems: quality and quantity 5. Water for food production 6. Water related migration and conflicts 5 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.1. Water related disasters: Droughts + Floods! 6 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.1. Water related disasters: drought Regular droughts 7 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.1. Water related disasters: drought Meteorological drought = less than average precipitation. Agricultural drought = evapotranspiration > precipitation rootzone is too dry for crops Hydrological drought = water reserves in aquifers and surface sources fall or are too low for normal extraction Ecological drought Prolonged drought leads to desertification 8 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.1. Water related disasters: floods Probability of occurrence (likelihood) One fifth of the world’s river basins are experiencing rapid changes in the area covered by surface waters, which indicates a growth in flooding, new reservoirs, and the drying up of water bodies. (UN-Water 2021) drier Climate change: temperature rise and precipitation change 9 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.1. Water related disasters: floods Severity of occurrence (magnitude) China 2021 Europe 2021 Brazil 2021 10 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  1.1. Water related disasters: floods Severity of occurrence (magnitude) Example 2021 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deadliest_floods 11 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.1. Water related disasters: floods Severity of occurrence (magnitude) Morocco 2024 Central Europe 2024 12 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.1. Water related disasters: floods Severity of occurrence (magnitude) Heavy rains causing flood El Niño (Peru) In 1982-83 killing between 1,300 and 2,000 people; In 2017, killing about 120 people, leaving 180,000 homeless; destroying infrastructure (including 600,000 without access to safe water), disruptions and health concerns for 2 million people Sea flood: inundation from the sea Major deadly flood of 1953: 2,551 killed [1835 in the Netherlands; 28 in Belgium; 307 in the UK + 361 deaths on Sea]; Since ‘50s: no major casualties from sea floods 13 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.1. Water related disasters: floods RISK = Probability of occurrence (likelihood) x Severity of occurrence Increase in potential risk Climate change (more extreme rainfall) Increase in surface area of delta, coastal areas and river systems Mega-cities: expansion of the urban fabric Slums often located in risky areas (flood-prone, landslides, close to sea…); unequal within the city Unequal distribution of people at risk 200 million in northern latitudes 1450 million in southern latitudes (South-east Asia, Pacific, Africa, South America) 14 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.1. Water related disasters: floods Flood events distribution across the world 15 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.1. Water related disasters: sea flood protection Delta works Mitigation: open storm surge barrier Examples of flood defence Bangladesh Public buildings as flood shelters closed storm surge barrier 16 Improved communication, warnings, (civil) protection and flood defence Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  1.1. Water related disasters: flood protection People affected Recent Past Future: Flood Protection + Climate change 17 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.2. Water and sanitation: disasters/diseases Average annual impact Flooding and drought are affecting a lot of people Lack of sanitation is a major (fast) killer Flooding causes the largest economic damage 18 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.2. Urbanisation, water and sanitation Mega cities increase Slums without proper access to sanitation and/or drinking water 19 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.2. Water and sanitation: access to sanitation Globally 4.5 billion people have access to toilets (= 64%) Good progress: since 1990 about 2.1 billion more people gained access Globally 6 billion have access to mobile phones (= 86%) 20 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.2. Water and sanitation: access to sanitation Safe containment of wastewater Safe discharge or treatment of wastewater = safe for people = safe for ecosystem Safe toilets Safe discharge for ecosystem City centre Slums City centre Slums 21 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.2. Water and sanitation: access to drinking water Low access relates to high infant mortality Contaminated water kills 780 000 people per year High income 22 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  1.2. Water and sanitation: access to sanitation Access to sanitation facilities increases with income Rural households often lag behind on sanitation facilities 23 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  1.2. Water and sanitation: access to drinking water Access to improved water sources increases with income Rural households often lag behind on water access 24 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.2. Water and sanitation: pollution, wastewater Discharge of wastewater in surface water => algal blooms, deoxygenation, odour, loss of aquatic ecosystem Globally, the number of lakes with harmful algal blooms will increase by at least 20% until 2050. 21 million people, including 5 million children, live within 5 km of lakes with high turbidity (water cloudiness), which can indicate water pollution. (UN-Water 2021) 25 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.2. Water and sanitation: pollution, wastewater Discharge of chemicals, plastic and other waste in surface water Polluted water from textile industry Floating rubbish in the river Heavy metal contamination (Pb, Cd, Cr) due to Water pollution has worsened since the 1990s in textile dyes & colour pigments. almost all rivers with severe pathogen pollution Naturally occurring arsenic pollution in affecting around one third of all river stretches in groundwater now affects nearly 140 million people Latin America, Africa and Asia,. (UNEP, 2016) in 70 countries on all continents. (WHO, 2018) 26 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.2. Water and sanitation: pollution, wastewater 27 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.2. Water and sanitation: Drinking water and wastewater treatment Drinking water: highest priority Wastewater treatment: increasing priority Important to create a win-win by re-use For drinking water: high standards of hygiene For agriculture: nutrients are welcome but not bacterial contamination primary treatment (average nutrient removal of 10%) secondary treatment (40%) tertiary treatment (85%). 28 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.2. Water and sanitation: wastewater Pumping from Water treatment and re-use dune aquifer treatment Recharge dune aquifer Drinking water Torreele (Belgium) water reuse Ultra filtration Wastewater Water Reverse Osmosis Treatment use 29 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.3. Water for energy: hydropower In 2020: 4.4 PWh/year in use (1015 Wh); technical potential is 9.5 PWh/year Projected increase by 80% in 2050: 6.2 PetaWh Challenges: Displacement of people Sediment & flow dynamics in the river are disturbed Sediment trapping Ecological flow needed for aquatic life Fish migration interrupted Economic analysis often too optimistic Interaction: irrigation as consumptive user 30 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.3. Water for energy: dam construction Plans for new 3700 dams added to 8600 existing dams 31 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  1.3. Water for energy: dam construction Dam construction often displaces people and may cause local conflict! 32 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  1.3. Water for energy: dam construction Dam; Tunnel; pressure tube; Turbines; discharge tunnel San Francisco Dam Surge Shaft Tunnel 54 m 14 km (gentle slope) Pressure tube Power house 460 m Turbines drop Example Rio Jubones, Ecuador Discharge tunnel 33 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.3. Water for energy: dam construction Flow from the reservoir diverted to turbines Testing spillway for overflows Release back to the river Turbines From reservoir to turbines and back to river 34 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.4. Water for (aquatic) ecosystems: quantity and quality Biodiversity is dependent on water quantity and quality Need for ecological flow with dams for hydropower and diversions for irrigation Eutrophication problems in rivers and aquifers Higher temperatures lead to more algal blooms Wetlands declined dramatically in area 35 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.4. Water for ecosystems: quantity and quality Ecosystem valuation has demonstrated that benefits far exceed costs of water-related investments in ecosystem conservation. The 2011 economic value of ecosystem services has been globally estimated at US$124.8 trillion. Global GDP was estimated at US$75.2 trillion in the same year. (Costanza et al. 2014) Ecosystems across the world, particularly wetlands, are in decline in terms of the services they provide. Between US$4.3 and US$20.2 trillion per year worth of ecosystem services were lost between 1997 and 2011 due to land use change. (Costanza et al. 2014) 36 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  1.4. Water for ecosystems: quantity and quality Wetlands are being drained for agriculture, The area covered by coastal mangroves has declined globally with some 87% lost globally in the last 300 by 4.2% since 1996. (UN-Water 2021) years, and more than 50% since 1900. (UNEP) 37 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.4. Water for ecosystems: quantity and quality Soil erosion carries away 25–40 billion tonnes of topsoil every year, significantly reducing the soil’s ability to regulate water, carbon and nutrients, and transporting 23–42 million tonnes of nitrogen and 15–26 million tonnes of phosphorus off land, with major negative effects on water quality. (FAO/ITPS, 2015) 38 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.4. Water for ecosystems: quantity and quality Freshwater ecosystems must be protected and losses reversed Nature-based solutions to climate change and extreme weather are essential Ecosystem services can contribute to wastewater treatment Wastewater can help rejuvenate ecosystems Coordination across sectors and borders is vital Monitoring and data are key 39 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.5. Water and food production: competition! 40 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.5. Water for food production 70% of fresh water used for irrigation Need to improve crop yield: “more crop per drop” 41 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.5. Water for food production “More crop per drop”: increasing Change in irrigation methods agricultural water productivity Total Californian water use declined despite population growth Change in Californian irrigation methods Sprinkler 80% of water use for irrigation 1 acre = 0.4 ha 42 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.5. Water for food production Estimated potential water savings by agriculture in California Water Savings due to Deficit irrigation Scheduling Irrigation scheduling is the Efficient Technology most important factor 43 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.5. Water for food production 44 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.5. Water for food production Evapotranspiration is consumptive use 70% of the global fresh water used for irrigation Unevenly distributed Higher in (semi-)arid areas Sustainable salt balance in the soil by leaching on top of the crop water use Many (semi-)arid areas receive water from upstream wetter areas Need for large-scale catchment management 45 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.5. Water for energy crop production Food and feed for harvesting Grass and fodder for grazing Energy crops (Energy crops) E-Crops Wood production (Forest) Food & Feed Grazing Forest More energy crop production results in huge competition for land & water 46 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.6. Migration and conflicts linked to water Water stress encourages migration 47 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.6. Migration and conflicts linked to water Water stress encourages migration Drought adds farmers to the migration team 48 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  1.6. Migration and conflicts linked to water Water stress encourages migration Flooding destroys crops, houses, … 49 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.6. Migration and conflicts linked to water Sea-level rise will cause migration 50 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.6. Migration and conflicts linked to water Saltwater intrusion & salinisation will cause migration Increased salt water intrusion due to groundwater overexploitation Soil salinisation related to irrigation An estimated 20% of the world’s aquifers are being over- exploited leading to serious consequences such as land subsidence and saltwater intrusion. (Gleeson et al. 2012) 51 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1.6. Migration and conflicts linked to water Sea-level rise will cause migration 630 million people may live on land below projected annual flood levels by 2100 (Kulp and Strauss, 2019 in Nature Communications). Sea level rise: flooding of land 52 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1. Major challenges related to water security 1. Water related disasters: flooding, drought 2. Water and sanitation: drinking water, water pollution and human health 3. Water for energy: hydro-electricity 4. Water for ecosystems: quality and quantity 5. Water for food production 6. Water related migration and conflicts 53 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  Outline 1. Major Challenges for Water Resources Management 2. Introduction to case study analysis in group 3. Individual case study (google form) 54 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Course structure Case study analysis in groups of 3 to 4 students 55 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Course structure Part 2: Group work on case studies (2 ects) Groups of 3 to 4 students Analysis and evaluation of the water resource management of a water resource system in a region of your interest (e.g. lake, river catchment, groundwater, …) Analysis of the water resource system (state, situation) Stakeholder identification and analysis of key problems/challenges Application of the DPSIR framework to the water resource system Focus on the major problem(s) / challenge(s) when discussing DPSI Focus on current Response Students prepare a PPTx-presentation of 15 slides and short formal report 40% of the marks Group presentations and reports are evaluated prior to the examination period 56 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Do’s and Don’ts Cover all aspects of the evaluation: Analysis of the hydro-social system (status analysis) Identification of the key problem(s) / challenges Stakeholder analysis Apply the DPSIR framework to the case-study Reflect on existing (participatory or non-participatory) Responses Follow a scientific writing and reporting style Make an appealing report: add well selected maps, graphs photos (not too many!) Do not copy earlier reports/documents (no plagiarism!) Reports will be checked by Turnitin for similarity 57 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Structure of the scientific report Structure the report well + apply general principles for a technical scientific report (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion) Introduction: General case-study description (use maps and graphs) Introduction: general setting Physical aspects: geology, topography, climate, hydrology Add key references to the literature Society, economy and water governance (institutions, policy…) Introduction: Formulate Key-problem(s) and challenge(s) Methods: stakeholder analysis, DPSIR framework Results: apply DPSIR Clearly & explicitly classify into Drivers, Pressures, Impacts and Reponses Evaluate current Response Discuss your results and relate these to key references Conclusions: formulate conclusions and recommendations Reference list (you can use reference software: Zotero, Mendeley, Endnote) 58 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Case study selection Similar to the individual exercise on google forms A group is composed by 3-4 students from several countries; select a case- study together (7-8 groups) Take a case from one of your countries/regions of interest Select a major challenge for the water resource system and its management 59 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Examples of previous years Group System Focus Group System Focus 1 Var basin, France Flood protection 1 Machángara basin, Ecuador Water quality 2 Nete basin, Belgium Flood protection 2 Doñana Aquifer, Spain Groundwater 3 Barind tract, Philippines Groundwater 3 Mekong delta, Vietnam Water scarcity 4 Zenne Basin, Belgium Water quality 4 in Lake Urmia, Iran Water conservation 5 Zenne Basin, Belgium Urban water 5 Cocibolca Lake, Nicaragua Water quality 6 Blue Nile, Ethiopia Drought management 6 Atlas Mountains, Morocco Water Scarcity 7 Katari basin, Bolivia Water quality 7 River Rwizi, Uganda Pollution 8 Lower Senegal River Basin Pollution Group System Focus Group System Focus 1 Wami-Ruvu River, Tanzania Water Quality 1 Costa del Sol supply, Spain desalination 2 Nestos River, Greece Water Quality 2 Kampala Metropolitan, Uganda water supply 3 Ogalla Aquifer, USA Groundwater competition up & 4 Laguna de Bay, Philippines Lake Pollution 3 Ewaso Ng'iro river, Kenya downstream 5 Lake Kinneret, Israel Water Scarcity 4 Scheldt river, Belgium Flood 6 Cuanza River, Angola Urban water supply 5 Mekong Delta, Vietnam Saltwater intrusion 7 Karun River, Iran Salinity 6 Dead sea desalinising plants 8 Alqueva dam, Spain Multiple users 7 Cowichan River, Canada Salmon migration 8 Paute river, Ecuador Páramo 9 Water supply Teheran, Iran Demand reduction 10 Yangtze river Algal bloom in delta 60 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Evaluation criteria of the report Thematic aspects case study Analysis of hydro-social system Identification key problem / challenge Stakeholder analysis Current response(s) to the system Submark: /20 Results Overall quality of the report Discussions & recommendations DPSI framework application Layout, structure and size (max 10 page/student) Reflection on response R Literature review and references Discussion of DPSI & R Presentation of the analysis Conclusions and recommendations Scientific style of writing Submark: /20 Submark: /20 61 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Make an appealing report Photos are very welcome and could be added in annex 62 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  Use good maps Scale missing Very good map No north arrow ? Not needed Decrease of the quality of water in Alqueva Urban water access in peri-urban Luanda, Angola Wami basin, Tanzania 63 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences When to use graphs (avoid tables) Showing a trend (water level Sea of Galilee) Climate: rainfall, ET0, Tmax, Tmin (Santa Isabel, Ecuador) 64 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  Use graphs especially for trends Laguna de Bay, Phillipines Barind tract, Bangladesh 65 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Use schemes + illustrations Illustrations explain more than a long text! Stakeholders importance (water level Sea of Galilee) 66 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Groups for case studies Deadline for forming groups and selecting case studies: 16 October LINK to case study groups 67 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  Outline 1. Major Challenges for Water Resources Management 2. Introduction to case study analysis in group 3. Individual case study (google form) 68 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  https://forms.gle/5bhBEuqUXw3WxcqJ6 69 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 1. Choose a region of interest and country 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 n = 23 70 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 2. Major water resources 71 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  3. Drinking water GW Dams & Desalinised Reservoirs saltwater Spring Natural River lake 72 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 4. Water demanding sectors 73 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 5. Water resources challenges 74 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 6. Climate Impact 75 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 7. Application of Dublin-Rio Principles 76 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 8. Water related Sustainable Development Goals 77 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 9. Water-Energy-Land-Food nexus 78 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences 10. Describe your region of interest in a few lines. Think of water resources, water using sectors, water challenges, DR principles, WELF nexus, climate impacts. 79 https://forms.gle/5bhBEuqUXw3WxcqJ6 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  1. Major Challenges for Water Resources Management 2. Introduction to case study analysis in group 3. Individual case study 80 Anne Gobin, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Water Resources Management 1 Prof. Dr. ir. Anne Gobin Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences