VN101 AP Ch 1 - Student.pptx

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Alyssa Thompson MSN, RN  Learning Objectives 1. Define anatomy and physiology and explain why these disciplines are considered sciences. 2. Identify and briefly describe the levels of biological organization in the body, from the...

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Alyssa Thompson MSN, RN  Learning Objectives 1. Define anatomy and physiology and explain why these disciplines are considered sciences. 2. Identify and briefly describe the levels of biological organization in the body, from the simplest (the chemical level) to the most complex (the organism). 3. Briefly describe the principal organ systems and summarize the functions of each. 4. Contrast ions, inorganic compounds, and organic compounds; briefly describe four important groups of organic compounds. 5. Define metabolism and contrast anabolism and catabolism. 6. Define homeostasis and contrast negative and positive feedback mechanisms. 7. Describe the anatomical position of the body. 8. Define and use the principal directional terms used in anatomy. 9. Identify sagittal, transverse, and frontal sections of the body and of body structures. 10. Define and locate the principal regions and cavities of the body.  Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy: the study of body structure ○ Parts of the body Physiology: the study of body function ○ How the body works Anatomy and physiology are interrelated concepts  Anatomy & Physiology 1. What are some examples of anatomy? 2. What are some examples of physiology? 3. How are anatomy and physiology interrelated concepts?  Levels of Organization The body is organized from simple to complex levels ○ Chemical Level: Includes atoms (O2, H+) that form molecules (H2O). ○ Cellular Level: Atoms & molecules form cells (the building blocks of the body). ○ Tissue Level: Closely associated cells group to form tissue; specialized to perform specific functions ○ Organ Level: Tissues are organized into organs ○ Organ System: A group of tissues and organs that work together to perform specific functions ○ Organism: The organ systems & body systems work together with great precision & complexity to form the living organism. Examples  Organ Systems How to study What you are expected to know Metabolism Metabolism: The interacting, chemical processes that take place within the body; two phases: catabolism & anabolism Catabolism: breaking- down phase of metabolism, cells capture energy stored in glucose and other nutrient molecules; cellular respiration Anabolism: is the building, or synthetic, phase of metabolism  Homeostasis Homeostasis: An appropriate internal environment; a steady state. The body maintains a balanced concentration of oxygen and other gases, ions, and thousands of chemical compounds required for body processes. Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems work together to regulate the internal environment. Homeostatic mechanisms are the self-regulating control systems that maintain the body’s steady state. These mechanisms are remarkably sensitive and efficient. They maintain the body’s steady state even though conditions continuously change in the external and internal environment. A stressor is a stimulus that disrupts homeostasis and causes stress in the body ○ Examples of stressors  Negative Feedback Negative Feedback Systems: ○ Most homeostatic mechanisms belong to this category. ○ These systems function like a thermostat in a home a change in the steady state (temperature) triggers a response (A/C fan) that is opposite “negative” to the change. Examples in the body include body temperature; glucose management; blood pressure, hormone production Eating and Negative Feedback (page 9)  Positive Feedback Positive Feedback Systems: ○ The variation from the steady state sets off a series of events that intensify the changes ○ Example: going into labor (page 9) ○ Good (childbirth) vs. Bad (hemorrhage)  Directional Terms Directional terms are applied to the body when it is in the anatomical position, which means that the body is standing erect, eyes looking forward, arms at the sides, and palms and toes directed forward Planes of the Body Three main planes of the body: ○ Transverse (cross) ○ Sagittal (divides right/left) ○ Frontal (coronal; front/back) Body Regions Body Cavities  Anterior View of the Body Deeper Anterior Views of the Body Posterior Views of the Body