Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Christine Mae B. Tecson Lecture Outline 01 02 03 Biology & Biological #Reminisce the Characteristics Levels of History of of Life Organization AnaPhysio Lecture Outline 4...

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Christine Mae B. Tecson Lecture Outline 01 02 03 Biology & Biological #Reminisce the Characteristics Levels of History of of Life Organization AnaPhysio Lecture Outline 4 5 Defining Anatomy & Homeostasis Physiology 01 Biology & Characteristics of Life Mother-of-pearl plant Fleshy, succulent leaves allow it to conserve water as it thrives in the crannies of vertical rock walls where little soil is present to hold rainwater. What exactly led to the origin of flowering among plants such as the mother-of-pearl plant? Posing questions about the living world and seeking science-based answers based on scientific inquiry are the central activities of biology. biology is the scientific study of LIFE. Questions Biologists asked can be ambitious such as: How a single tiny cell become a tree or dog? biology is the scientific study of LIFE. Questions Biologists asked can be ambitious such as: How the human mind works? How different life forms in a forest interact?  Look outside and identify the living organisms that you can see. What are your criteria for choosing a certain thing as living? What is life? Even a child realizes a dog is alive while a rock is not. Yet the phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one- sentence definition. Some properties of life 1. ORDER – the highly ordered structure that typifies life Ex. The close up of a sunflower illustrates the highly ordered structure that characterizes life ORDER Some properties of life 2. REPRODUCTION – the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind. Ex. A baby penguin with its parent reproduction Some properties of life 3. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT–consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA. Ex. inherited information carried by genes controls the pattern of growth and development of organisms such as this Frog Growth and development Some properties of life 4. ENERGY PROCESSING– use of chemical energy to power the activities of an organism and chemical reactions. Ex. this bear obtains its fuel in form of the salmon. It will use the chemical energy stored in its food to power hunting and other work. Energy processing Some properties of life 5. RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT – ability to respond to environmental stimuli Ex. This Venus flytrap closed its trap rapidly in response to the environmental stimulus of a damselfly landing on the open trap. Response to environment Some properties of life 6. REGULATION–an ability to control an organism internal environment within limits that sustain life Ex. regulation of blood flow through the blood vessels of this jackrabbit’s ears helps maintain a constant body temperature by adjusting heat regulation Some properties of life 7. EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION – adaptations evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring. Ex. appearance of this pygmy seahorse camouflages the animal in its on environment. This adaptation evolve over many generations by the reproductive success of those individuals with heritable traits best evolutionary ADAPTATION suited to their environment Biological Organization  NEW PROPERTIES EMERGE AT EACH LEVEL OF THE BIOLOGICAL HIERARCHY Organism—an individual living thing Organ system—several organs that cooperate in a specific function, Organ - a structure that is composed of tissues and that provides a specific function for the organism, Tissues— a group of similar cells that perform a specific function, Cells—the fundamental unit of life, Organelle—a membrane-bound structure that performs a specific function in a cell, and Molecule—a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds. 01 Themes in Biology BIOLOGICAL HIERARCHY  Biosphere Ecosystem: Forest in Madagascar Madagascar Community: All organisms in the forest BIOLOGICAL HIERARCHY Population: Group of ring-tailed lemurs Organism: Ring-tailed lemur  Organism: Ring-tailed lemur Spinal cord Organ system: Brain Nervous system Figure 1.2_2 Organ: Brain BIOLOGICAL Nerve HIERARCHY Tissue: Nervous tissue Atom Cell: Nucleus Nerve cell Organelle: Nucleus Molecule: DNA  Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body MUSIC BREAK History of Anatomy & Physiology Primitive Times Believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies  Primitive Times Herbs and plants were 1st pharmaceuticals Examples: Digitalis plants (Foxglove) ○ leaves were chewed to strengthen & slow heart – Now given by pills, IV, or injections  Trepanation One of the first surgeries Human Skull Showing Trepanation A hole was cut into the skull to release demons, mental illness, relieve pressure caused by head injuries What are some of the possible complications of this treatment? History of Anatomy-Egypt (3000 BC- 300 BC) Early references to anatomy from ancient Egypt (1500 BC) Came from practice of mummifying their dead Egyptians believed the liver to be a part of the soul that formed the seat of thought & feeling 3500 year old Egyptian Mummy  Egyptians First to keep accurate health records Wrote prescriptions on papyrus Physicians were priests Temples were used as places of worships, medical schools, and hospitals Ebers Papyrus includes a surprisingly accurate description of the circulatory system Egyptians (3000 BC- 300 BC) Leeches would be use for bloodletting (draining human blood) Does not hurt because their saliva contains a natural anesthetic Their saliva also contains a blood thinner, a vasodilator, and an agent that prevents bacteria from infecting the wound FDA has recently approved use of leeches as a medical treatment (more about this later) Ancient Chinese (1700 BC–AD 220) Religion prohibited dissection Believed you had to treat both the body and spirit Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based on herbs Therapies included acupuncture  Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC) Made observations about the human body and the effects of disease that led to modern medical sciences Believed illness is a result of natural causes  Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC) The Greeks were the first to attempt to study objectively the human body. That is why many medical terms are based on the Greek lanquage.  Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC) Hippocrates – 460-377 BC – Father of Medicine – gives his name to the Hippocratic oath that doctors take. – Air flowed into the heart – Notion of the four humors  Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC) Hippocrates - THE FOUR HUMORS Blood was thought to come from the heart Phlegm from the brain Yellow bile from the liver Black bile from the spleen The Greeks believed that a person would be healthy if these humors were in balance.. (ex. An excess of black bile was believed to lead to a melancholic disposition.)  Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC) Aristotle -Along with his contemporary scientist- philosophers, Aristotle thought arteries contained air and veins carried blood. He had other "strange" ideas but was roughly accurate as far as the general anatomy of the human body. -Recognized that bodies are made of parts, which in turn are made of simpler parts  Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC) Aristotle - Recognized that similar organs in different organisms probably have similar functions - Thought the brain cooled the body and the heart heated it - Thought that the heart was the location of the mind, will, and emotions  Greeks (1200 BC –200 BC) Herophilus Father of Anatomy ○ Founded first school of anatomy ○ Encouraged the use of dissection in the study of anatomy ○ Identified heart as the origin of the human pulse  Rome Human dissections were forbidden during this time in Rome Galen ○ 129-201 AD ○ Proved that arteries carry blood and not air ○ Believed that blood originated in the liver and flowed outwards to form the flesh Dark and Middle Ages - Medicine was practiced only in monasteries and convents. - The greatest contribution was the collection and translation of the works of Greek and Roman physicians. - Sanitation was forgotten in this period and resulted in the spread of serious communicable diseases. - The bubonic plague (the Black Death).  Arabic Medicine From the fall of Rome until the European Renaissance of the 15th century, the Islamic world was the center of medical knowledge. Greek medical texts were translated into Arabic and augmented with sophisticated pharmaceutical information Many herbs and spices like nutmeg, cloves, and mace were not originally valued as cooking ingredients, but as medicines The Renaissance Period The Renaissance Period Universities and medical schools were founded, providing a formal environment for research and instruction. Previously existing beliefs were challenged, and exploration began on new horizons of human understanding. The printing press was invented, promoting a much more rapid dissemination of information. Stigma attached to dissection of the dead was overcome, allowing advancement of knowledge in anatomy and physiology Renaissance Period of renewed interest in science and the arts 14th & 15th century Mondino de Luzzi ○ Italian scholar known as the restorer of anatomy ○ Wrote Anathomia, considered best work on anatomy at the time Renaissance Andreas Vesalius ○ Father of modern anatomy ○ Published first complete textbook ○ Identified heart as center of vascular network  Vesalius was one of the first to dissect cadavers himself (rather than rely on others or on animal dissections) Even Leonardo da Vinci and other "artist-anatomists" didn't do their own dissection (of course, they lived nearly twice as long because they weren't exposed to infections in the dead bodies)  Vesalius was obsessed with dissections, even stacking up cadavers in his bedroom as a medical student in Paris. Later in his life, he told his students to keep a list of their really sick patients so he'd know where to go to get a freshly dead body. #DissectionisLyf Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci ○ Took a particular interest in anatomical drawings as an art form Some of Leonardo’s Works Mona Lisa Some of Leonardo’s Works Leonardo da Vinci: pen-and-ink studies of human fetus Some of Leonardo’s Works Human Heart Some of Leonardo’s Works Leonardo da Vinci: pen-and-ink studies of human fetus William Harvey (1578-1657) - Showed that the heart is a double pump and how blood actually circulates. - Harvey is credited with beginning modern physiological research and experimentation  1600’s Leeuwenhook: first observed and described microbes How was this observation important? ○ Microbes cause disease  1850’s 149px-Louis_Pasteur Louis Pasteur ○ Microbes cause disease ○ Pasteurization of Milk ○ Rabies Vaccinations  1876 Robert Koch ○ Defined ID procedure for pathogens 20 th Century 20 th Century 20 th Century MUSIC BREAK 4 Defining Anatomy & Physiology Look at yourself in the mirror or you may turn on your camera and identify the beautiful parts of your body. You may also include the internal parts of your body. RESPONSES  Anatomy - the parts and structures of a living organism just like a human being (Y-O-U).  Anatomy Anatomy = from the Greek word “temnien” “ to cut” (Greek) The study of the structure and form of the parts of a living organism Example: What does the heart look like & what are some of its parts?  Anatomy Is the study of body structure, which Anatomy includes those structures that includes size, shape, composition, can be seen grossly (without the aid of and perhaps even coloration. magnification) and microscopically (Scanlon & Sanders, 2007) (with the aid of magnification). (Drake et al., 2018)  Three Levels of Anatomy Gross / Macroscopic – anatomy on a large scale ○ Example: Learning the names of the bones and certain regions on them  Three Levels of Anatomy Histology – anatomy at the tissue level Example: What is bone tissue made of?  Three Levels of Anatomy Cytology – anatomy at the cellular level Example: What types of cells make up bone tissue? Think about the functions of those body parts and structures that you’ve mentioned. RESPONSES  thinking Physiology – is the Seeing how these parts and Hearing structures function in Pumps blood Digestion & absorption of food a living organism Sensation just like a human Grip objects being (Y-O-U). Mechanical Support  Physiology Physiology The study of the function of the parts of an organism Example: What does the heart do for the body?  Physiology Physiology is the study of how the body functions. The Physiology of red blood cells, for example, includes: 1. What these cells can do 2. How they do it? 3. How this is related to the functioning of the rest of the body.  Physiology Physiology is directly related to anatomy. Example: RBCs contain the mineral iron in molecules of protein called hemoglobin (this is an aspect of anatomy) Presence of iron enables RBCs to carry oxygen, which is their function.  Physiology All cells in the body must receive oxygen in order to function properly, so the physiology of RBCs is essential to the physiology of the body as a whole.  Pathophysiology The study of disorders of functioning, and a knowledge of normal physiology makes such disorders easier to understand.. Iron-deficiency Anemia - With insufficient iron in the diet there will be not enough iron in the hemoglobin of RBCs, and hence less oxygen will be transported throughout the body, resulting in the symptoms of the iron-deficiency disorder.  Anatomy vs. Physiology Anatomy is the study of structure whereas physiology is the study of how body structures function Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Homeostasis  Homeostasis ▪ Homeostasis is a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment ▪ Homeostasis is maintained by regulatory processes  Homeostasis Changes in your external environment can affect your internal environment – the blood and tissue fluid that surround your cells. Keeping your internal environment stable is vital for cells to function normally and to stop them from being damaged.. Control of Homeostasis. Control of Homeostasis: Negative Feedback  Homeostasis works like a teacher – everything always get corrected… The key to understanding homeostasis is to get your head around negative feedback. Basically, if one thing goes up, the body responds to bring it down – and vice versa. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Control of Homeostasis: Positive Feedback  References Drake, R. L., Vogl, A. W., & Mitchell, A. W. M. (2018). Gray’s Basic Anatomy (2nd ed.). Elsevier. Scanlon, V. C., & Sanders, T. (2007). Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (5th ed.). F.A. Davis Company. Thompson, G. S. (2015). Understanding Anatomy and Physiology: A visual, auditory, interactive approach (2nd ed.). F.A. Davis Company. van de Graaff, K. M. (2001). Human Anatomy (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. Thank you for listening!