Vitamins PDF

MACRONUTRIENTS AND MICRONUTRIENTS SIX CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS 1. CARBOHYDRATES (CHO) 2. FATS (LIPIDS) 3. PROTEINS (CHON) 4. VITAMINS 5. MINERALS 6. WATER VITAMINS  VITAMINS ❖ organic (carbon-containing) compounds that are essential in small amo...

MACRONUTRIENTS AND MICRONUTRIENTS SIX CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS 1. CARBOHYDRATES (CHO) 2. FATS (LIPIDS) 3. PROTEINS (CHON) 4. VITAMINS 5. MINERALS 6. WATER VITAMINS  VITAMINS ❖ organic (carbon-containing) compounds that are essential in small amounts for body processes ❖ do not provide energy but enable the body to use the energy provided by carbohydrates, fats , and proteins Fat Soluble Vitamins Water Soluble Vitamins ✓ Vitamin A ✓ Vitamin C ✓ Vitamin D ✓ Vitamin B ✓ Vitamin E B1→ Thiamine ✓ Vitamin K B2→ Riboflavin B3→ Niacinamide B5→ Panthotenic B6→ Pyridoxine B7→ Biotin B9 → Folate B12→ Cobalamine  FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS  FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin A (Retinol) ❖ fat-soluble compounds that play an important role in vision, bone growth, reproduction, and cell division. ❖ it helps regulate the immune system, which helps fight infections ❖ 2 types: Retinol --> active form Carotenoid--> inactive form Requirements: Food Sources: ✓ A “well balanced diet” is the Carotenoid preferred way to obtain the required amounts of vitamin A. ▪ beta carotene such as carrot, sweet potatoes, ✓ Vitamin A values are commonly spinach, broccoli, pumpkin, squash (butternut), mango, and cantaloupe listed as a retinol equivalent Retinol (RE) ✓ A retinol equivalent is 1 mcg ▪ found in fat containing food such as liver, butter, cream,cheese , egg yolk retinol or 6mcg beta carotene  FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Food Forms and Units of Measure Dietary: 1. Preformed vitamin A or retinol, which is the active vitamin A found in foods that are derived from animal products 2. Provitamin A or β-carotene, which is a pigment in yellow, orange, and deep green fruits or vegetables that the human body can convert to retinol.  DEFICIENCY XEROSIS XEROPHTHALMIA itching, burning, blindness that is caused by and red, inflamed eyelids severe deficiency  TOXICITY Hypervitaminosis A bone pain, dry skin, loss of hair, fatigue, and anorexia  FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin D ❖ exist in two forms (D2 ergocalciferol & D3 cholecalciferol) ❖ both forms are equally effective in human nutrition but D3 is the one that formed in humans ❖ the major function of vitamin D is the promotion of calcium and phosphorus absorption in the body Requirements: Food Sources: ✓ in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) oily fish, fortifies milk, fish liver oils, recommended 600 IU that is 15 mcg for men egg yolk, butter, and fortified and women aged 1-70 years old. margarine ✓ However it is difficult to fulfill vitamin D requirement thru diet therefore supplement is necessary  RICKETS softening of the bones from an inadequate intake of vitamin D and insufficient exposure to sunlight;  FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin E ❖ Vitamin E is an antioxidant ❖ It is carried in the blood by lipoproteins ❖ Has been found helpful in the prevention of hemolytic anemia among premature infants ❖ It may also enhance immune system Food Sources: Requirements: vegetable oil made fom corn, soybean, safflower ✓ research indicates that the vitamin E and cottonseed and product made from them such requirement increases if the amount of as margarine are the best source polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet increases wheat, germ, nuts, leafy green vegetables, peanut butter, broccoli and kiwi are also good source  FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin E ❖ Vitamin E is an antioxidant ❖ It is carried in the blood by lipoproteins ❖ Has been found helpful in the prevention of hemolytic anemia among premature infants ❖ It may also enhance immune system Food Sources: Requirements: vegetable oil made fom corn, soybean, safflower ✓ research indicates that the vitamin E and cottonseed and product made from them such requirement increases if the amount of as margarine are the best source polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet increases wheat, germ, nuts, leafy green vegetables, peanut butter, broccoli and kiwi are also good source  FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin K ❖ is esential for the formation of prothrombin, which permits the proper clotting of the blood ❖ it may be given to newborns immediately after birth because human milk contains little vitamin K ❖ Blood Clotting and Bone Development Food Sources: Requirements: green leafy vegetables such as broccoli, ✓ the AI for vitamin K is 120 mcg for men and cabbage, spinach and kale. 90 mcq for women dairy products, eggs, meat, fruits and cereals dietary supplements  FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin K ❖ is esential for the formation of prothrombin, which permits the proper clotting of the blood ❖ it may be given to newborns immediately after birth because human milk contains little vitamin K Food Sources: Requirements: green leafy vegetables such as broccoli, ✓ the AI for vitamin K is 120 mcg for men and cabbage, spinach and kale. 90 mcq for women dairy products, eggs, meat, fruits and cereals dietary supplements  FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin A Hypervitaminosis can cause birth defect, hair loss, dry skin, headache, nausea , dryness of mocous membrane Deficiency can cause Xeropthalmia Vitamin D Hypervitaminosis can cause heart damage and bone fragility Deficiency can cause RICKETS (child) and OSTEOMALACIA (adult) Vitamin E Hypervitaminosis not toxic however advise to avoid Deficiency can cause premature and low birth infant Vitamin K Hypervitaminosis toxic and can cause form of anemia Deficiency more prone to hemorrhage  WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS  WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS 1. Vitamin B Complex B1 (Thiamine) B2 (Riboflavin) B3 (Niacine / Niacinamide) B5 (Panthothenic Acid) B6 (Pyridoxine) B7 (Biotin) B9 (Folic Acid) B12 (Cyanocobalamin) 2. Vitamin C  WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS B1 (Thiamine) B2 (Riboflavin) B3 (Niacin) essential for CHO, fats essential for metabolism and CHON metabolism serve as co enzyme in of carbohydrates and energy metabolism some amino acids necessary for tissue essential for the maintenance (skin and prevention of pellagra mouth) B5 (Pantothenic Acid) B6 (Pyridoxine) B7 (Biotin) essential for synthesis of essential for protein synthesis of fatty acid acetylcholine metabolism and and amino acids (neurotransmitter) absorption, and it aids in the release of glucose from gylcogen B9 (Folic Acid) B12 (Cobalamine) needed for DNA folate metabolism , Prevent Pernicous synthesis , protein maintenance of mylene Anemia metabolism and sheath and healthy RBC formation of hemoglobin  WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS B1 (Thiamine) B2 (Riboflavin) B3 (Niacin) essential for CHO, fats essential for metabolism and CHON metabolism serve as co enzyme in of carbohydrates and energy metabolism some amino acids necessary for tissue essential for the maintenance (skin and prevention of pellagra mouth) B5 (Pantothenic Acid) B6 (Pyridoxine) B7 (Biotin) essential for synthesis of essential for protein synthesis of fatty acid acetylcholine metabolism and and amino acids (neurotransmitter) absorption, and it aids in the release of glucose from gylcogen B9 (Folic Acid) B12 (Cobalamine) needed for DNA folate metabolism , Prevent Pernicous synthesis , protein maintenance of mylene Anemia metabolism and sheath and healthy RBC formation of hemoglobin VITAMIN B VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE)  THIAMINE (Vitamin B1) provide the body with energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). healthy function of systems that are in constant action and in need of energy (gastrointestinal tract, the nervous system, and the cardiovascular system) THIAMINE DEFICIENCY → sociated with chronic alcoholism and poor diet GI→ constipation, indigestion, and a poor appetite CNS→ alertness and reflexes decrease, and apathy, fatigue, and irritability Chronic Thiamine Deficiency * Beriberi THIAMINE DEFICIENCY → sociated with chronic alcoholism and poor diet GI→ constipation, indigestion, and a poor appetite CNS→ alertness and reflexes decrease, and apathy, fatigue, and irritability Chronic Thiamine Deficiency - Beriberi Food Sources: - yeast, pork, whole or enriched grains (e.g., f lour, bread, cereals), and legumes VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)  RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2) required for macronutrient metabolism to produce ATP via Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. Flavo proteins are involved in a number of other metabolic reactions as well. RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY → most affected are the areas of the body with rapid cell regeneration Cracked lips and mouth corners; a swollen, red togue; burning, itching, or tearing eyes caused by extra blood vessels in the cornea; A rare riboflavin-specific deficiency has been given the general name ariboflavinosis (i.e., without riboflavin). Its symptoms are tissue inflammation and breakdown and poor wound healing; even minor injuries become easily aggravated and do not heal well. Food Sources: Milk contains about 0.5 mg of riboflavin grains, animal protein sources such as meats (especially beef liver), almonds, and soy beans. VITAMIN B3 NIACIN  NIACIN (VITAMIN B3) The function of this niacin containing coenzyme is similar to that of the coen zymes containing riboflavin and thiamin. The other niacin-containing coenzyme (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADP) is involved in DNA repair and steroid hormone synthesis. NIACIN DEFICIENCY weakness, poor appetite, indigestion, and various disorders of the skin and nervous system. The deficiency disease that is associated with niacin is pellagra Food Sources: Meat is a good source of niacin Enriched and whole-grain breads, bread products, and ready-to-eat cereals have ample levels of niacin. VITAMIN B6 PYRIDOXINE  PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6) Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, which is the metabolically active form of vitamin B6, has an essential role in protein metabolism and in many cell reactions that involve amino acids PYRIDOXINE DEFICIENCY causes abnormal central nervous system function with hyperirritability, neuri tis, and possible convulsions. Vitamin B6 deficiency is one cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia, because it is required for heme synthesis (part of the red blood cell protein hemoglobin) Food Sources: Good sources include grains, enriched cereals, liver and kidney, and other meats VITAMIN B9 FOLATE  FOLATE ▪ TH4 participates in DNA synthesis (with the enzyme thymidylate synthetase) as well as cell division. ▪ TH4 is involved in the synthesis of the amino acid glycine, which in turn is required for heme synthesis and thus hemoglobin synthesis. ▪ TH4 also participates in the reduction of blood homocysteine concentration and indirectly in gene expression (with the enzyme methionine synthase). FOLATE DEFICIENCY impairs DNA and RNA synthesis If the deficiency is not corrected, symptoms may progress to poor growth in children, weakness, depression, and neurop athy Food Sources: Rich sources include green, leafy vegetables; orange juice; legumes; and chicken liver. VITAMIN B12 COBALAMINE  COBALAMINE ▪ essential for DNA synthesis and cell division ▪ Methylcobalamin is a coenzyme that is required for the catalytic activity of two of the same enzymes as tetrahydrofolic acid: methionine synthase and serine hydroxymethyltransferase. ▪ Thus, like tetrahydrofolic acid, methylcobalamin participates in the reduction of blood homocysteine concentration and indirectly in gene expression. Methylcobalamin is also involved in the production of the amino acid glycine, which in turn is required for heme synthesis and therefore hemoglo bin synthesis. Deoxyadenosylcobalamin is a coenzyme for the mitochondrial enzyme methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase, which is involved in the metabolism of fatty acids that have an odd number of carbon atoms. COBALAMINE DEFICIENCY Gastrointestinal disorders that destroy the cells in the stomach (e.g., atrophic gastritis) disrupt the secre tion of intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid, both of which are needed for vitamin B12 absorption. Food Sources: The richest dietary sources are beef liver, lean meat, clams, oysters, herring, and crab SIX CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS 1. CARBOHYDRATES (CHO) 2. FATS (LIPIDS) 3. PROTEINS (CHON) 4. VITAMINS 5. MINERALS 6. WATER MAJOR MINERALS: >100MG/DAY CALCIUM -most abundant mineral in the body. It is important in muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve impulses. PHOSPHORUS –part in genetic material of DNA and RNA, balances in acid-base balance in the body. MAGNESIUM –most found in the bones. It provides structural and storage functions. SULFUR –component of protein structures. SODIUM –major function in fluid regulation, nerve impulse and contraction and blood pressure volume. POTASSIUM –crucial for normal functioning of nerves and muscles, including the heart. CHLORIDE –component of hydrochloric acid, a gastric juice produced by stomach, assists in maintaining fluid balance inside and outside cells.  WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS 1. Vitamin B Complex B1 (Thiamine) B2 (Riboflavin) B3 (Niacine / Niacinamide) B5 (Panthothenic Acid) B6 (Pyridoxine) B7 (Biotin) B9 (Folic Acid) B12 (Cyanocobalamin) 2. Vitamin C ❖it has antioxidant properties ❖prevent SCURVY characterized by gingivitis (soft, bleeding gums and loose teeth) ❖has important role in formation of collagen, a protein substance that hold a body cells together Best Sources: citrus fruits, melon, strawberries, tomatoes, red and green peppers, cabbage, and broccoli TRACE MINERALS: