Week 7: Review of Selected Vitamins PDF

**[Week 7: Review of selected Vitamins ]** ***Vitamin D*** - Role in metabolism of calcium and maintenance of bone health  - May play protective role in certain conditions including arthritis, autoimmune disorders, certain types of cancer  - Fat-soluble vitamin  - Vitamin D deficien...

**[Week 7: Review of selected Vitamins ]** ***Vitamin D*** - Role in metabolism of calcium and maintenance of bone health  - May play protective role in certain conditions including arthritis, autoimmune disorders, certain types of cancer  - Fat-soluble vitamin  - Vitamin D deficiency presents as rickets in children & osteomalacia in adults  - Sunlight exposure is important for maintaining bone health and overall well-being  ***Vitamin C *** - Multiple functions including:  - Collagen synthesis  - Improving absorption of iron  - Acting as an antioxidant to protect cells from the effects of free radicals - Production and function of WBCs  - Synthesis of neurotransmitters  - Dietary sources include: citrus fruits & juices, tomatoes, potatoes, strawberries, melons, spinach, broccoli  - ***Vitamin C deficiency*** presents as problems with development of teeth & bones, gingivitis, poor wound healing  - Scurvy is rare in North America but can occur in ppl with very bad diets  ***Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)*** - Multiple functions including:  - Energy metabolism (coenzyme role)  - Conduction of nerve signals  - Heart muscle function  - Synthesis of neurotransmitters  - Cellular growth and development  - Increased risk for deficiency in alcohol use disorder, bariatric surgery, older age  - Dietary sources include: enriched, fortified or whole-grain products, fish (especially tuna & salmon), liver, chicken, beef  - ***Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome*** is seen with long standing alcohol use disorder  - Neurologic disorder, manifestations include ataxia (poor muscle control, clumsy movement), decreased or absent short-term memory, diplopia (double vision), nystagmus (eyes make rapid, repetitive, uncontrolled movements) - ***Severe deficiency***: beriberi (wet vs. dry)  - Wet beriberi - affects CV system and leads to manifestations such as SOB, tachycardia, or lower extremity edema -- in extreme cases it can cause heart failure  - Dry beriberi affects the nervous system and leads to manifestations such as numbness, tingling in the extremities, muscle weakness, and eventually paralysis  ***Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) *** - Multiple functions including:  - Metabolism of carbohydrates and helping to metabolize other B vitamins (coenzyme role)  - Supporting growth, development and function of cells  - Antioxidant activity  - Red blood cell production  - Dietary sources include: dairy products, eggs, meat, fortified cereal and bread, almonds spinach  - ***Deficiency may cause***: cracked lips, glossitis (swollen tongue), hair loss, anemia - Vegan diet and pregnancy may create risk of deficiency  ***Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) *** - Multiple functions including:  - Metabolism of amino acids and gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (coenzyme role)  - Neurotransmitter synthesis  - Synthesis of hemoglobin - Supporting immune function  - Supporting normal brain development and function  - Dietary sources include: fortified cereals, meat, fish, poultry, potatoes, non-citrus fruits, organ meat  - Inc risk of deficiency with use of isoniazid (used in treatment of TB), as well as in alcohol use disorder, impaired renal function, autoimmune disorders  - Drug interaction: pyridoxine interferes with levodopa  ***Vitamin B9 (folate) *** - Multiple functions including:  - Synthesis of nucleic acids and metabolism of amino acids (coenzyme role)  - RBC production and maturation  - DNA and RNA synthesis and repair (adequate folate levels support rapid cell division required for neural tube formation and other embryonic structures during gestation)  - Synthesis of neurotransmitters  - Cellular growth and function  - Folate & folic acid are 2 forms of vitamin B9  - Folate is the naturally occurring form  - Folic acid is the synthetic form  - Used prenatally to prevent neural tube defects in the fetus  - Can manifest as anencephaly or spinal bifida  - Dietary sources: liver, spinach, asparagus, green leafy veggies, enriched grain products  ***Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)*** - Multiple functions including:  - Energy production and DNA synthesis and repair (coenzyme role)  - RBC formation  - Nervous system function (synthesis of neurotransmitters, maintenance of the myelin sheath)  - **Cyanocobalamin** is a synthetic form of vitamin B12 - Dietary sources include: clams, liver, meat, fish, poultry, eggs  - Not available in plants  - ***Risk for deficiency***: vegan diet, older age, use of proton pump inhibitor therapy