Vitamin & Mineral Chart PDF

Fat soluble Vitamins: K, A, D, E - Closely associated with transport and absorption of lipids - Incorporated into micelles - Transported to tissues in lipoproteins - Absorption can be jeopardized in very low fat diet - Mostly stored with lipids in the body, although amounts stored vary Vitamin...

Fat soluble Vitamins: K, A, D, E - Closely associated with transport and absorption of lipids - Incorporated into micelles - Transported to tissues in lipoproteins - Absorption can be jeopardized in very low fat diet - Mostly stored with lipids in the body, although amounts stored vary Vitamin/Mineral Sources Digestion Absorption Function Deficiency Vitamin K Plant sources: No digestion required by Absorbed by: Post-translational - usually rare in healthy adults phylloquinone or vitamin VK in oils is more - passive diffusion carboxylation of specific K1 available - via scavenger glutamic acid residues in - seen in: - Common structure:s receptor class b type 1 proteins to form 1. low serum VK concentration 1. 2-methyl-1 Animal sources: vitamin METABOLISM: - cluster of y-carboxyglutamic acid 2. Elevated blood clotting or 2. 4-naphthoquinone K2 or menaquinone - interaction with other differentiation prothrombin time core nutrients, excess vitamin - Niemann-pick Glutamate needs 3. menadione Phylloquinone: A and E can interfere with cholesterol 1-like 1 y-carboxyglutamate to Associated with: - leafy greens VK absorption activate. This aids in - bleeding STORED: - collards - VE may interfere with Bone Proteins: blood clotting - mucosal bleeding In tissues, - turnips VK metabolism, - osteocalcin: secreted - menorrhagia phylloquinone stored in - broccoli increasing hepatic by osteoblasts during Blood clotting: - gastro hemorrhage cell membranes (lungs, - certain oils (soy, canola, degradation of VK bone matrix formation - Anticoagulants: - bruises kidneys, bone marrow, olive) - involved in bone coumarin and warfarin pancreas, heart, brain, EXCRETION: remodeling and/or antagonize vitamin K TREATED WITH: adrenal glands) Menaquinone: - rapid metabolization calcium mobilization activity - oral doses - intestinal bacteria - metabolites excreted in - Inhibits the enzyme - injections of menadione or Menaquinone stored - bacterially fermented bile and some in urine needed to reduce vitamin phylloquinone throughout the body foods (cheese, natto) K (more in pancreas, - liver, beefs, chicken - High vitamin k intake AT RISK: kidney, salivary glands, can inhibit the action of - low fat diets (do not support brain, bone) and less in warfarin (such as 1 formation intestinal luminal liver pound of broccoli) micelles - breastfed newborns (low There is little storage breast milk vitamin K) low compared to vitamins lipid transport across placenta A, E, and D (so there is - lipid malabsorption and a rapid turnover) chronic antibiotic use  Vitamin/Mineral Sources Digestion Absorption Absorption 2.0 Deficiency Vitamin A Related to retinol Hydrolysis of esters in the Dietary vitamin A Cellular uptake: once free and Stored as esteres found in liver and lumen of small intestine by preformed as retinyl esters micellized, retinol is taken up mainly in liver Retinoids: dairy products (fish ester hydrolases in animal foods and into the enterocyte stellate cells, also 1. Vision oils and fortified dairy) carotenoids in plant foods in kidney and 2. Gene expression Carotenoids need to be 1. Release from food The absorption of retinyl esters lungs (retinoic acid in Supplements found in released from food matrix by 2. Emulsification is high (75-100%) which is nucleus by binding retinyl acetate and chewing and gastric action and solubilization good for restoring vitamin A in Leading cause of proteins) aquasol A (fat - heating plant foods into mixed lipid depleted individuals blindness in 3. Cellular malabsorption aid) weakens complexes droplets and people under 21 differentiation but enzymatic micelles in the Carotenoid uptake is mediated worldwide 4. Growth and AT RISK: digestion is required lumen by scavenger receptor class B reproduction (high 1. Fat malabsorption 3. Cellular uptake by type 1 Also: renoid = high birth 2. Chronic nephritis Micellar solubilization of both intestinal mucosal - this is found in liver, 1. Anorexia defects) 3. Actuate protein retinoids and carotenoids, not cells brain, kidney, ovaries 2. Growth stunt 5. Bone metabolism deficiency well absorbed from low fat 4. Incorporation of 3. Increased (more renoid = low 4. Acute infection meals retinol, esters, and infections bone mineral density) 5. Measles depresses carotenoids into 4. Improper bone vitamin A TOXICITY: chylomicrons formation Carotenoids: 1. Vitamin A can accumulate in 5. Secretion with 5. Large hair 1. Antioxidants liver and other tissues due to chylomicrons into follicles 2. Growth and long half life the lymph or 6. Impaired apoptosis 2. Do not take more than 3000 portal blood reproduction ug 7. Improper 3. Can cause birth defects and mucus secretion orange skin 8. Nyctalopia (night blindness)  Vitamin/Mineral Sources Digestion Absorption Function Deficiency Vitamin D - The sun No digestion required Uptake mediated by Calcemic roles: Chronic intestinal - animal foods (D3 or for dietary scavenger receptor class B - regulation of blood Ca malabsorption - Calciferol is a family cholecalciferol) cholecalciferol (D3) or type 1 and cluster of and P concentrations by syndrome patients compounds that differ only - fatty salt water fish ergosterol (D2) differentiation actions at the intestine, more likely to in the structure of their side (salmon, mackerel) bone, parathyroid, kidney develop VD chains - oils Dietary VD follows fat Efficiency of absorption is deficiency as small - dairy digestion and becomes 50% and diffusion at high Non Calcemic roles: intestine is PHOTOACTIVATION: - orange juice part of micelles doses, and not affected by - cell differentiation comprised (crohn's) - age (higher age = low - bread nutritional status of VD - antiproliferative actions VD) -cereal grains VD made in the skin is in cell types such as bone Disease affecting - sunscreen use - plant ergosterol can be transported into the Incorporated into marrow, immune system, distal small intestine - clothing activated such as shiitake blood by a vitamin d chylomicron fraction in breast and prostate cells, or colon are not - latitude, season, time of mushrooms binding protein enterocyte muscle, and intestine affected by VD day (above -35 latitude absorption: there is very little VD VD is not lost in cooking, Chylomicron or VD After single dose, serum VD Calcemic effects: - ileocolitis produced in the skin storage, or processes protein bound VD is levels rise within hours and - produce the movement - ulcerative colitis between november and taken up by liver and peak at 12 hours. Decline to of Ca across membranes march) DISEASES: adipose tissue baseline by 72 hours of intestinal and kidney EXCRETION: - skin pigmentation - Rickets in children cells to increase/regulate - bile into the feces (melanin) (bones become rubbery Inadequate vitamin D STORAGE: calcium in blood - 30% in urine and legs bow due to lack leads to decrease in Ca - VD from skin or diet is - mediated by: calcium ACTIONS: of bone mineralization and P absorption, PTH taken up by liver in a matter channel proteins, cellular Blood levels below - intracellular signaling - Osteomalacia: soft and of hours for storage calcium binding proteins 20 ng/mL warrant increases to restore Ca (increased Ca uptake and brittle bones (bone pain in - Adipocytes store VD, and supplementation for intracellular Ca flux) elderly and with those homeostasis, Ca release when weight loss - Cell differentiation, period of 6-8 weeks - gene transcription (VD with fat malabsorption mobilized from bone occurs growth, and induced (check levels 4 receptors in nucleus are like crohn’s) maturation of osteoclasts months later due to involved in gene (bone strength increases) half life) transcription)  Vitamin/Mineral Sources Digestion Absorption Function Deficiency Vitamin E Tocopherols: plants Main form in plasma Retinal degeneration Both tocopherols and - Fetal resorption sources such as nuts, - other vitamers not Hemolytic anemia tocotrienols serve as - Muscular dystrophy - Human requirements are seeds, and oils bound or incorporated in Muscle weakness antioxidants - Encephalomalacia defined by and for lipoproteins Degenerative a-tocopherol only Tocotrienols: seeds, They maintain the legumes, palm and At cellular level vitamin neurological problems integrity of membranes The requirements are Can help prevent or coconut oils, cocoa E is found in membranes Ataxia (incoordination of and lipoproteins based on the 2-R- modulate diseases by being butter, and cereal grains limbs) α-tocopherol forms, so associated with oxidative No functional storage Prevents pre oxidation of the synthetic mix stress such as: - in animal products: tissue identified unsaturated fatty acids in - CVD (inhibit oxidation of a-tocopherol mainly in phospholipids of plasma has only half of the LDL and prevent blood fatty tissue - When VE is low, liver, membrane and organelle activity of the natural clots) skeletal muscle, and membranes form - Cancer Common oils: plasma serve as available - Brain, lungs, - Cataract - sunflower sources erythrocytes Deficiency is rare and - Alzheimer’s - almond almost never from - Tardive dyskinesia - cottonseed dietary causes in freely - Aging - rice bran living individuals, can - grapeseed cause loss of vibratory sense  Vitamin/Mineral Sources Digestion Absorption Function Deficiency Folate - legumes, liver, dark Folic acid does not need Folate hydrolase is Necessary for production and Relatively common in leafy greens, citrus fruits digestion nor do any inhibited by: maintenance of new cells, US with symptoms: Folic acid: synthetic, - flours, grains, cereal that monoglutamate forms - zinc deficiency especially important during periods depression, dementia, oxidized form found in are fortified with 140 ug - Acidic pH of rapid cell division and growth peripheral supplements and folate per 100 g Polyglutamates must be -Chronic ethanol use fortified foods but reduced to - enzyme inhibitors in such as infancy and pregnancy neuropathy, rarely in nature. The Main forms: monoglutamate form food (legumes, lentils, most stable form 1. 5-methyl THF cabbage, oranges) AMINO ACID METABOLISM: Key tissues: RBC and 2. 5-formyl THF TRANSPORT: - Serine and glycine GI tract epithelial STORAGE: 3. 10-formyl THF - folate in the plasma is Synthetic folic acid in - Histidine metabolism (folate is cells. May also be - More folate in RBC mainly monoglutamate, supplements and needed in the final reaction of involved in initiation (and in cerebrospinal Destroyed by heat, part free and part bound fortified foods have histidine catabolism) - Homocysteine & Methionine: of cancer fluid) than in serum oxidation, and UV light to proteins (albumin) higher bioavailability - Folate is excreted - inside the cell, than naturally folate provides methyl groups for synthesis of methionine from Megaloblastic and both in the urine and 50-80% of folates are lost monoglutamate are occurring food folate homocysteine Macrocytic Anemia: bile, and there is in processing and prep converted to Incomplete synthesis enterohepatic polyglutamates forms Total storage 7 to 30 Methionine is essential for the of RBCs due to recirculation of folate Bioavailability varies: like in the cytoplasm OR mg; about half of total synthesis of proteins and is the abnormal DNA 25% in romaine lettuce they are transported to folate is stored in the precursor of S-adenosylmethionine synthesis – cells CELLULAR and 9% in cooked lima the mitochondria and liver (SAM) cannot divide METABOLISM: beans converted to properly - Folic acid reduced to polyglutamates folate in liver to Folate is required for the TOXICITY: Tolerable SAM: Upper Intake Level: - Maintenance Of Myelin Sheath Cytoplasmic dihydrofolate (DHF or synthesis of thymidylate DEFECTS: Adequate 1,000 μg/day And Neural Function constituents (e.g. FH2) and then to and the synthesis of folate is critical to fetal - Synthesis Of Epinephrine, hemoglobin) = large tetrahydrofolate (THF) growth Neural tube Due in part on purines. Concept of melatonin,lecithin, creatine, carnitin cells. In low folate - Folate functions in the defects (NTD): folate’s ability to mask dietary folate equivalents - DNA,RNA,and protein intake: megaloblastic one-carbon network or anencephaly for spina B12 neurological (DFE) based on methylation(histones) anemia occurs one-carbon metabolism bifida bioavailability symptoms - Regulates transsulfuration  Vitamin/Mineral Sources Digestion Absorption Function Deficiency Vitamin B12 No fungi, plants, or B12 appears in the blood in When Unlike other water-soluble Most vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) animals are capable of about 3-4 hours after oral pharmacological vitamins, B12 can be stored deficiency in the U.S. synthesizing cobalamin; ingestion - peak levels at doses are ingested, in the body for long periods comes from inadequate - Cobalamin is the largest only bacteria and archaea about 8-12 hours B12 is also absorbed of time absorption, not and most complex of all the vitamins. Unique among by passive diffusion inadequate intake vitamins: it contains a metal Almost absent in 60-80% of total blood ~2–3 mg of resides mainly ion, cobalt plant-derived foods but cobalamin in the form of 1–3% of the ingested (~50%) in the liver. A strict vegetarian diet found in animal tissue and methylcobalamin and up to dose is absorbed Muscles Store~30% of can cause deficiency, Methylcobalamin and fermented foods 20% as adenosylcobalamin B12. Found also but it can take 20-30 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin Overall absorption of in,bone,kidneys,heart years to show up except are the forms of vitamin High storage capacity. Bound to two proteins in B12 with usual brain,and spleen in infants and young B12 Resistant to light, heat, blood: transcobalamin II intake is 50% (11 to children used in the human body and oxidation. Prevalence (TC, TCII and haptocorrin 65%) Adenosylcobalamin is the of low B12 status not (HC, R-binder, TCI) main form of storage, but Most vitamin B12 It helps maintain healthy uncommon in older Decreased absorption small amounts of deficiency in the U.S. nerve cells and red blood people Transcobalamin II (TC, efficacy as intake hydroxocobalamin and comes from inadequate cells, and is also needed to TCII): Made in many body increases methylcobalamin may be absorption, not make DNA Asymptomatic subclinical cells(i.e.,enterocytes). present inadequate intake. The cobalamin deficiency Carries primarily newly For example, ~56% amount of B12 available Other forms: (SCCD) is far more absorbed B12 in blood of the vitamin was Two enzymatic reactions in stores in an adult is hydroxocobalamin and prevalent than the absorbed with requiring B12 have been estimated to be cyanocobalamin relatively rare state of Haptocorrin (HC, R-binder, ingestion of 1 μg; the recognized in humans: sufficient to prevent a clinical deficiency TCI): Synthesized by percentage dropped Cytoplasmic methionine deficiency for about 3–5 Other corrinoids are WBC, Carries ~80% of to 16% with the synthase and mitochondrial years with no further nonfunctional in humans B12 in blood and has a ingestion of 10 μg methylmalonyl-CoA mutase intake but appear in blood and half-life of ~10 d cells  Vitamin/Mineral Sources Digestion Absorption Function Deficiency Iron Heme: from hemoglobin Heme Iron (Fe2+) Nonheme Iron Stored in liver (60%), bone - Formed in iron excess and myoglobin is 50-60% - Proteases hydrolyze Absorption: Some acids marrow, and spleen - Ferritin capacity has Alkalinization of GI of the Fe in meats, fish, heme from the globin (ascorbic, citric, lactic been exceeded tract: H2 receptor and poultry - The globin is digested, acid blockers (Tagamet, the heme is absorbed Ferritin: Primary storage Liver is trying to protect Pepcid) and proton pump inhibitors Non Heme: plant foods, intact by a carrier In the Sugars (fructose, form of iron (up to 4500 the body (Prevacid, Nexium). dairy(poor source) enterocyte, heme is sorbitol), meat, fish or atoms), some is in the They have high Fe hydrolyzed → Fe2+ + poultry eaten with circulation but most Hepcidin (hepatic status Oral supplements (high protoporphyrin nonheme intracellularly bactericidal protein, doses can cause - Spherical protein made of HAMP): Main regulator constipation, stomach Nonheme Iron (Fe3+) - Mucin, Low iron 24 subunits with a hollow of Fe absorption and Fe crosses the pain, and nausea) status, Hypoxia metabolism in the body - Must be hydrolyzed core basolateral membrane from food components - Iron is deposited in the through ferroportin TRANSPORT: Free iron Iron Absorption: - Released from liver and reduced to cross center as a variety of ferric - Two Cu-dependent can be lethal! - Polyphenols (tannins when Fe stores are high membrane compounds proteins oxidize Fe2+ as in tea or coffee) - Constantly degraded and it leaves the cell Two negative - Oxalate (spinach, 1. hemoglobin: transports O2 to - Some Fe3+ Þ Fe2+ in resynthesized, making iron chocolate, tea) tissue (> 65% of Fe in body) consequences of free Fe - the stomach (HCl) readily available Intestine: hephaestin free radical production, - Phytate (whole grains, - Fe3+ → Fe2+ at the 2. myoglobin: stores O2 in infectious bacteria can legumes, nuts) tissue, especially muscle brush border (reductases) Hemosiderin: Composed of Other cells and use it for growth - Divalent cations (Ca, (