Vitamin & Mineral Chart - Animal Nutrition PDF

Animal Nutrition VET227 Nutrients: Vitamins & Minerals Chart Vitamin- Function Source Deficiency Toxicity letter/name...

Animal Nutrition VET227 Nutrients: Vitamins & Minerals Chart Vitamin- Function Source Deficiency Toxicity letter/name Fat Soluble A (retinol) Vision, bone growth, Provided as vit. A, or Differentiation of epithelial tissue Skeletal malformation, (req. by reproduction as precursor beta does not occur – replaced with spontaneous fractures, internal almost all (spermatogenesis & carotene (only half dysfunctional cells, lesions in the hemorrhage, anorexia, slow animals) estrous cycles), tooth aNthe potency) derived MM, susceptibility to infection, growth, weight loss, skin -cats cannot development, MM by plants: leafy greens rods in eyes become sensitive thickening, increased clotting convert beta maintenance in resp. (fresh hay, silage), egg leading to night blindness, time, enteritis, congenital carotene to and intestinal (vision, yolks, fish oils, organ horses: keratinization of cornea, abnormalities, conjunctivitis, vit. A growth, immune meat (liver), milk pneumonia, weakness, cats: fatty infiltration of liver, reduced system) need within the diet kidney/liver function D (D2 plant Intestinal absorption, D2: injured or Seen with simultaneous (Increases in D3 vs. D2) material, D3 mobilization, retention, harvested plant deficiencies or imbalances of hypercalcemia, soft tissue synthesized bone deposition material for herbivores, phosphorus/calcium – clinical calcification, ultimately death by UV light) (intestines, bones, D3: synthesized within signs = rickets (young animals) -regulate kidneys) – calcium the skin through UV bowed legs, swollen knees, calcium and absorption light or through arched back – enlarged phosphorus consumption of other costochondral junctions, animals in carnivores osteomalacia, osteoporosis, (UV light converts decreased plasma calcium, inactive to D3 active inorganic phos. concentrations. form) – marine fish/fish Horses: stiff swollen joints, cats: oils, freshwater fish, need D3 within the diet egg yolks, beef, liver, dairy (small amounts), ruminants can prod. Via sunlight E Antioxidants, anti- Seed germ, germ oils Neuromuscular, vascular and Minimally toxic, increased (tocopherols, inflammatory for skin, from plants, green repro. systems are affected – clotting time – least toxic tocotrienols) – prevents free-radicals forage or hay, liver, fat membrane dysfunction, dogs: vitamins most active is chain reaction, (unstable in feeds) degenerative skeletal muscle dz, alpha interrupts oxidation in degermation of testicular epi., tocopherol PUFAs, protects vit. A impaired spermatogenesis, and sulfur containing gestation failure, cats: steatites, AA from oxidation focal interstitial myocarditis, focal myositis of skeletal m., periportal mononuclear infiltration of liver Page 1 of 9  Animal Nutrition VET227 Nutrients: Vitamins & Minerals Chart Vitamin- Function Source Deficiency Toxicity letter/name K Normal blood clotting, K1: Leafy green Intestinal malabsorption Minimally toxic, anemia in dogs (prothrombin factor II), vegetables: spinach, diseases, ingestion of – only reported once secondary synthesizing clotting kale, cabbage, K2: anticoagulants (rat poison) to rodenticide ingestion (treat factors VII, IX, X in bacterial flora in LI, K3: destruction of git microflora, seen with K1 PO or SQ – give oral liver, synthesizing common synthetic – rat in cats fed commercial foods with meds with high fat meal) osteocalcin that and rabbit get it high amounts of salmon and tuna regulates calcium through coprophagy phosphates in growing (liver, egg, alfalfa, bone oilseed, fish meals), ruminant microbes prod. Water Soluble: must be supplied in the diet daily for where microbial synthesis is not substantial – act as coenzymes Vitamin B Act as coenzymes for Organ meats, germinal Growth retardation, diarrhea, Minimal due to the kidney’s complex specific cellular parts of grains and dermatitis, emaciation, ataxia, ability to excrete enzymes involved with yeasts, B12 is only anemia energy metabolism, obtained via animal involved in the sources, ruminant conversion of food to microbes prod. energy B1 (thiamin) Carbohydrate Requirement directly Impairment of carbohydrate Rare, bradycardia (thiamine metabolism related to the carb. metabolism with accumulation oh pyrophospha content being fed, pyruvic/lactic acids – clinical te) brewers yeast, whole signs related to neurological grain cereals, organ impairments, central vestibular meats, egg yolk dysfunction, head tremors, mydriasis (excessive dilation of pupils), cervical ventroflexion, thiaminase in fish diets render thiamin inactive B2 Required in oxidative Daily intake is critical, Uncommon, but dermatitis, Not reported (riboflavin) – enzyme systems to diary products, organ erythema, weight loss, cataracts, precursor to release energy from meats, muscle meats, impaired repro, neurological flavins carbs, proteins and fats eggs, green plants, changes, anorexia, poor growth, yeast – NOT cereal skin and eye problems, poor grains growth development B3 (niacin) Cellular oxidation Can be synthesized, Can occur with foods low in Rare, bloody feces reduction systems, yeast, animal/fish by- niacin with tryptophan present hydrogen transfer products, cereals, (corn, grains), results in pellagra agents in several legumes, oilseeds. (black tongue), dermatitis, pathways using fats diarrhea, dementia, death – not commonly seen, but cats can develop when fed high cereals Page 2 of 9  Animal Nutrition VET227 Nutrients: Vitamins & Minerals Chart Vitamin- Function Source Deficiency Toxicity letter/name B5 Most critical co-enzyme Occurs in all body Erratic appetite, depressed Not reported – not toxic (pantothenic tissues and all forms of growth, fatty livers, decreased acid) living tissues, meats, antibody response, liver and heart, egg hypocholesteremia which can yolk, dairy products progress to coma and become and legumes emaciated B6 Involved in a wide Meats, whole grain Reduced growth, muscle Rare, anorexia, ataxia, loss of (pyridoxine) range of enzyme products, vegetables, weakness, neurologic signs, motor control systems such as AA, nuts microcytic anemia, visible kidney fatty acids and glucose lesions, decreased steroid metabolism hormone activity, anorexia, oxalate crystalluria. Folic acid – One-carbon methyl Green, leafy Seen with deficient diets and Non toxic supp for donor and acceptor vegetables, organ intestinal disease, poor weight pregnant molecule for meats, egg yolks (can gain, anemia, anorexia, women intermediary be decreased with leukocytopenia, glossitis, metabolism, heat, prolonged decreased immune function synthesizing thymidine freezing, storage in water Biotin Carbon dioxide carrier Yeast, alfalfa meal, Rare but feeding raw egg whites Non toxic in which carbon chains peanut and safflower and oral antibiotics can cause are lengthened, meal, liver, milk poor growth, dermatitis, lethargy, supplement for horses neurologic abnormalities, not and cattle for hoof reported in dogs or cats, seen in health poultry B12 Essential in one carbon Only made in microbes Not due to poor intake but due to Rare, altered reflexes (cyanocobal metabolism during or found in animal poor absorption due to lack of amin) biochemical reactions tissues, vegetarian hydrochloric acid or intrinsic involved fat and diets can be deficient, factors, rare but can result in poor carbohydrate and organ meats, fish and growth, wasting disease, myelin synthesis , DNA dairy products, synthesis, stored in the liver Page 3 of 9  Animal Nutrition VET227 Nutrients: Vitamins & Minerals Chart Vitamin- Function Source Deficiency Toxicity letter/name C (ascorbic Several metabolic Synthesized by Unlikely in dogs and cats, but Non toxic acid) conversions and glucose fin plants and guinea pigs can be seen to have enzymes that catalyze animals, primates and scurvy with upper respiratory oxidation and reduction guinea pigs lack the problems, joint problems, teeth enzymes, collagen enzyme to do so, problems and poor hair coat synthesis, iron cannot be given in absorption, water, fruits vegetables, organ meats, exposure to heat, light or water will render it inactive, ruminant microbes prod., stressed horses need supplementation Page 4 of 9  Animal Nutrition VET227 Nutrients: Vitamins & Minerals Chart Mineral Chart Mineral Function Source Deficiency Toxicity Macrominerals (%) /Electrolytes: inorganic elements in food, 18 essential to mammals Calcium (Ca) Necessary for Feeds rich in calcium: Uncommon with regular diets, Over supplementation – absorption formation and poultry by-product, lamb happens due to poor feeding causes increased regulated by maintenance of meal, fish meal, practices, common when they are osteochondritis dissecans, or vit. D skeleton and teeth, soybean meal, flaxseed fed table scraps or diets of only hypertrophic osteodystrophy, requirements intracellular meal (corn and rice are organ and muscle meats, a diet high calcium leads to low are affected by messenger that low in calcium, meats with calcium but high in PTH which stimulates age, allows cells to and grains without phosphorus can cause calcium from the bones to pregnancy, respond ie. bones lack calcium), hyperparathyroidism, maintain plasma (decreased lactation hormones and supplementation: eclampsia(milk fever) seen in feed deficiency and intake, AAFCO: -1% neurotransmitters, limestone, oyster shell, small dogs and cats (decreased nephrosis, urinary growth/repro, - coagulation bone meal, tums growth, bone mineralization, precipitates, wobbler 0.6% adult lameness, spontaneous fractures, syndrome, hip dysplasia, maintenance tetany, convulsions/seizures, osteochondrosis), Ca:P ratio rickets) decreased plasma Ca, is extremely important increased PTH secretion, increased conversion of vit. D, increased uptake and removal from bone Phosphorus Second largest Meat, eggs, milk Low intake leads to intestinal When intake is high, (P) – AAFCO: - constituent of bone products, generally absorption, making kidneys intestinal absorption 0.8% and teeth, RNA and found in pet food, decrease urinary losses, pica, decreases and urinary losses growth/repro, - DNA component, supplementation: bone decreased feed efficiency, increase, bone loss, uroliths, 0.5% adult ATP energy use meal, defluorinated decreased growth, dull coat, decreased weight gain, maintenance transfer, phosphorous, dicalcium spontaneous fractures, rickets, calcified soft tissues, diet phospholipids in cell phosphorus reproductive disorders high in phosphorus, but low membranes, milk in calcium can cause and egg prod., nutritional secondary repro., CHO/protein hyperparathyroidism metabolism, fatty acid transport Page 5 of 9  Animal Nutrition VET227 Nutrients: Vitamins & Minerals Chart Mineral Function Source Deficiency Toxicity Magnesium Needed for Ingredients containing Weakness, ataxia, seizures, Predispose cats to struvite (Mg) – third metabolism of bone (bone meal), gastrointestinal and kidney precipitation, flaccid largest mineral carbs/lipids, enzyme oilseeds (flax and diseases, predispose rats to paralysis, stones in the urine constituent systems, healthy soybean meal), oxalate precipitates, muscle found in the teeth and bones, 20- unrefined grains and weakness, irritability, decreased body, AAFCO: 70% is absorbed and fiber sources, wheat bone mineralization, decreased cats = -0.08% 95% is filtered then bran, oat bran, beet body weight, grass tetany (cattle for reabsorbed pulp, supplements: grazing cereal forages or pasture growth/repro, - magnesium oxide and in early spring leads to 0.04% sulfate incoordination and death) maintenance, Dogs= -0.04% for both life stages, cattl2= 2 parts MgO to 1 pt salt Potassium (K) Most abundant Meat, fruit, vegetables Anorexia, decreased water intake, Paresis, bradycardia, spiked - AAFCO: intracellular cation, dry skin/alopecia, lethargy and t-wave, absent p-wave, , – 0.6% for maintains the acid decreased growth, hypokalemia toxicity is rare unless water dogs and cats base balance, (weakness, cervical ventroflexion), restricted maintains osmotic heart and kidney problems, balance, transmits emaciation nerve impulses, needed for muscle contraction, cofactor in enzymes needed for carb and protein synthesis Sodium (Na) - Electrolyte, regulates Fish, eggs, dried whey, Needs can be increased by repro, They are resistant to salt AAFCO acid-base balance, poultry by-product, soy lactation, rapid growth, heat retention and hypertension – cats 0.2% for maintains the isolate, supplemented stress, high potassium levels, compared to humans, toxicity all life stages, osmotic pressure through salt blocks, exercise, deficiency can lead to is rare unless water dog: water balance, nerve yellow sulfur, or inability to maintain water balance, restricted, high intake will - 0.3% growth impulses, muscle red/brown/purple with decreased growth, anorexia, lead to an increase in water /repro, -0.06% contraction, NaCl and trace fatigue, exhaustion, alkalosis, intake and an increase in for adult hormones regulate minerals, loose salt or working horses can have muscle urination, thirst, constipation, maintenance the Na/K balance in mineral mix and nerve dysfunction (heavy seizures and death the body by perspiration) aldosterone and ADH Page 6 of 9  Animal Nutrition VET227 Nutrients: Vitamins & Minerals Chart Mineral Function Source Deficiency Toxicity Chloride Acid base and water Fish, eggs, dried whey, Unable to maintain water balance, Toxicity is rare unless water balance, HCl in poultry by-product, soy decreased growth, anorexia, restricted – high levels gastric juice which is isolate, supplemented fatigue, exhaustion, alkalosis without H2O can lead to a major component through salt blocks, death, thirst, constipation, of bile, readily yellow sulfur, or seizures and death, absorbed in the small red/brown/purple with intestine and NaCl and trace excreted in the urine minerals, loose salt, or mineral mix Microminerals (ppm) – activators of enzyme systems or components of organic compounds Iron – Hemoglobin Organ meats, beet pulp, Chronic blood loss can lead to Excess should be avoided essential, formation, 70% of the soy mill run, peanut microcytic hypochromic anemia due to the potential 80mg/kg feed body’s iron in here hulls (seen with parasitic infections), antagonism with copper and is adequate and 20% is in muscle weakness, fatigue, can happen zinc, can happen due to over myoglobin, due to low milk in iron or supplementation ie. drops, transported by inadequate intake injectables, blocks, plasma to the bone decreases serum albumin, marrow and used for hepatic dysfunction, reduced hemoglobin growth, diarrhea, metabolic synthesis acidosis Iodine – Synthesis of Fish, eggs, iodized salt This will lower the basal metabolic This will disrupt the thyroid essential, 0.25- thyroxine and and poultry by-product rate, young animals: cretinism, function, the transport of 0.5 mg/kg feed triiodothyronine by meals adults is myxedema, this can lead iodine and the synthesis of thyroid gland, to hypothyroidism: growth rate is thyroxine, this can also cause maintains the basal reduces, brittle haor and dry skin, abnormal growth and metabolic rate, repro. problems, goiter= thyroid development and wlll also thyroid gland enlargement the thyroid tries to cause goiter, this can occur contains highest excrete thyroxine in response to to animals grazing in high concentration but the TSH (iodized salt relieves the rain areas or from excess stomach/abomasum, problem) supplementation salivary glands, skin, mammary gland, ovary, placenta also contain Page 7 of 9  Animal Nutrition VET227 Nutrients: Vitamins & Minerals Chart Mineral Function Source Deficiency Toxicity Copper – Iron absorption, Legumes, whole grains, Bleached hair, abnormal wool Not very well excreted, this essential, 5-10 hemoglobin nuts, shellfish, seeds, growth, alopecia, abnormal can occur from excessive mg/kg feed formation, keratin, organ meats hematopoiesis, anemia, supplementation ie. blocks, elastin, collagen, and cardiovascular lesions, sheep: horse feeds, sheep and melanin synthesis, swayback occurs from calves are most susceptible as well as the degeneration of myelination of the to toxicity, hepatitis which is myelination of CNS, CNS, bone abnormalities, failure increased liver enzymes, to mineralize cartilage, deer- anemia, poisonous plants bone/spinal cord: incoordination in (lupine) impair the ability for the hind end due to slow growth the liver to metabolize Cu, or copper storage disorders (Bedlington terriers) Zinc – Activators of Supplements: salt This can occur due to a high Rare, may occur due to essential, 20- enzymes, protein blocks, found in most increase in calcium, can also be penny ingestion, birds it can 50 mg/kg feed, synthesis, CHO meats, fiber, dicalcium seen with a high fed cereal based occur with galvanized wire AAFCO: dog = metabolism, phosphate diet, anorexia, decreased growth, cages (ataxia, green 120 ppm, cat= promotes wound vomiting, malformation of bone, diarrhea, death) 75 ppm healing and immune slow wound healing, hyper response, fetal keratinization (cracking paws or development and parakeratosis in swine), hair growth, DNA depigmentation replication, maintains the healthy skin and coat Manganese – They aid the Soybeans and blocks Delayed estrus, reduced fertility, Non toxic assumed to be enzymes involved in abortions, deformed young, essential, 5-40 estrus, ovulation, decreased growth, skeletal mg/kg feed fetal developments, abnormalities (short and thickened milk production, legs in birds), as well as egg shell skeletal thickness and strength development, and growth, also aid in the formation of chondroitin sulfate Selenium – Vit. E absorption, 30% is animal origin, This can occur due to decreased Can have vomiting spasms, essential, 0.1-5 immune function, 50% is of plant origin, intake or poor weight gain, can staggered gait or stiffness, mg/kg feed – repro, protects fish, eggs, liver have muscular dystrophy, white salivation, diarrhea, nail/hoof anymore than against oxidative muscle disease, paralysis, heart loss, brittle hair, this can this is toxic stress, as well as cell failure, liver necrosis, renal happen due to livestock function and mineralization overgrazing on selenium or membrane health on plants such as milk vetch, poison vetch, or woody asters Page 8 of 9 Animal Nutrition VET227 Nutrients: Vitamins & Minerals Chart Page 9 of 9